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ject limits apply, the term “high-sided specification" may be used.

Two-sided specification. A specification with both upper and lower rejection limits applicable.

Sample. Any number of sample units to be used for inspection of a lot.

Sample unit. A container, the entire contents of a container, a portion of the contents of a container, a composite mixture of a product, or any other unit of container or commodity to be used for inspection.

Sampling allowance. The amount that the sample quality may deviate from the lot quality due solely to the fact that only a portion has been taken from the whole lot.

Subgroup. Generally a small group of sample units representing a portion of a sample. The term "subgroup" is synonymous with the term "sample" when the sample contains only one subgroup.

Variable. Any measurable product characteristic.

[38 FR 10447, Apr. 27, 1973; 38 FR 12729, May 15, 1973. Redesignated at 42 FR 32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203, Dec. 31, 1981]

RECORDS

$52.205 Records.

(a) General. Records required for use in the implementation of these standards consist of a data sheet, referred to as an "X and R data sheet," on which numerical values are recorded, and/or a control chart on which certain numerical values are recorded in the form of plottings. It is desirable to use both forms. The control chart may be incorporated on the same sheet with the X and R data sheet. However, one of these forms may be used in lieu of both as desired at the option of the packer. (b) X and R data sheets. A separate data sheet shall be maintained for each item. When a single item is simultaneously produced on more than one processing line, it is desirable to maintain one data sheet for the item. In such instances, the processing line designation shall be recorded with the corresponding data.

The X and R data sheets shall provide for recording the following information:

(1) The time a sample unit or subgroup has been drawn;

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(c) X and R control charts. Control charts consist of an X chart and may consist of an R chart. When both are used they are contained on the same sheet with the limits for the X chart on the top portion and the limits for the R chart on the lower portion with a space separating the two such that plottings from one does not overlap those of the other.

Separate control charts shall be maintained for each item. More than one day's production of an item may be plotted on a single control chart.

(1) Ẵ charts. (i) The X charts for twosided specifications shall consist of lines and values properly representing both the upper and lower reject and warning limit(s), and may require the use of minimum and maximum specification lot averages.

(ii) The X chart for one-sided specifications shall consist of lines and values properly representing, as applicable, the upper or lower reject and warning limit(s), and the minimum or maximum specification lot average.

(2) R charts. When the R chart is used, it shall consist of lines and values properly representing R', Rmax, and the lower limit for R. For subgroup sizes of 6 or less the value of the lower limit for R will always be zero.

[38 FR 10447, Apr. 27, 1973; 38 FR 12729, May 15, 1973. Redesignated at 42 FR 32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203, Dec. 31, 1981]

PROCEDURE

§ 52.206 Sampling.

(a) General. In order to obtain the most reliable results, sampling should be performed at a point where no further change in the variable can occur. Sample units or subgroups shall be drawn separately for each code, container size, and style.

(b) Subgroup sampling. Sampling by subgroups consists of drawing more than one sample unit at approximately the same time. This type of sampling is required in the use of the conventional X and R determinations for variables.

When a single code is processed on more than one line simultaneously, it is desirable to obtain a subgroup representing a single line, alternating the lines each time a subgroup is drawn for that code. If the processing procedure prohibits obtaining a subgroup representing a single line, it shall be necessary to sample by code only, omitting line identity. Each subgroup thus obtained will generally represent more than one line and consequently reflect variations in the code as a whole but not variations for a single line.

(c) Sample unit sampling. This procedure consists of drawing a single sample unit at random at specified intervals from a production. This type of sampling may employ the use of a moving average and is applicable to a variable or a process when subgroup sampling is not feasible.

$52.207 Measurements,

and recording data.

calculations,

(a) General. Immediately after the sample unit or subgroup has been taken, measurements and calculations shall be made and recorded on the appropriate form as required.

(b) Recording data on the X and R data sheet. The data to be recorded on the X and R data sheet is as follows:

(1) The time the sample unit or subgroup is taken;

(2) The value for each individual measurement (X value);

(3) The total value for all the X values in the subgroup, when applicable; (4) The average value (X) for each subgroup, when applicable;

(5) The (Mi) value for each subgroup, when applicable;

(6) The range value (R) for each subgroup, when applicable;

(7) The sample median value (Mi) when the median is used;

(8) The sample average value (X) when required; and

(9) The average range value (Ř) when applicable.

(c) Recording data on the X and R control chart. The data to be recorded on the X and R control chart is as follows:

(1) Individual measurements (X values). The values representing the individual measurements of each subgroup (X value) shall be plotted on the X chart. The distance between the smallest and

largest value of the individual measurements in the subgroup may be used for R in lieu of plotting the range on the R chart. It is desirable to plot all the values for a subgroup on the same linear segment of the chart. Identical values are plotted adjacently in such a manner as to associate such values with the subgroup in which they occur.

(2) The median. When the median option is used, the median for each subgroup shall be identified on the X chart in such a manner as to make it readily distinguishable from the rest of the values in the subgroup. When a subgroup consists of an even number of individual measurements, the median represented by the arithmetic mean of the two middle values shall also be plotted on the X chart in such a manner as to associate it with the subgroup from which it was calculated.

When the median option is used for a particular production, it is not permissible to change to the option for conventional averages during the same shift.

(3) Subgroup averages (X values). When the option for conventional averages is used, the average of each subgroup is calculated and recorded on the X and R data sheet. The subgroup average is then plotted on the X chart in such a manner as to associate it with the subgroup from which it was calculated. When this option is used, it is not permissible to change to the median option during the same shift.

(4) The range (R value). The range of each subgroup, when required, shall be plotted on the R chart.

(5) The average median (Mi value) and sample average (X value). When the plotted values obviously indicate the acceptability of the lot, Mi or X need not be obtained. When the plotted values for Mi or X or both indicate the acceptability of a lot may be questionable, Mi in the case of the median option, or X in the case of the option for conventional averages must be obtained and recorded. Acceptability of the lot with respect to the sample median or sample average may then be determined in accordance with accept- ance criteria

§ 52.208

as prescribed under §52.209(a) of these standards.

[38 FR 10447, Apr. 27, 1973; 38 FR 12729, May 15, 1973. Redesignated at 42 FR 32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203, Dec. 31, 1981]

$52.208 Application of sampling allow

ance.

The amount of sampling allowance is obtained from the sampling allowance chart in these standards. The actual value for the sampling allowance is obtained from the point of intersection of a horizontal line drawn from a point on the vertical axis representing the sample size to the diagonal line for the item involved. The value on the horizontal axis corresponding to the vertical line nearest to this point of intersection is the sampling allowance.

The sampling allowances are applied to the specified lot averages to allow for deviations from these averages that are inherent in any sampling procedure. These allowances are applied to the specified lot averages only when the sample average (X or Mi) is less than X'min or greater than X'max. When this occurs, the specification average is adjusted by subtracting the allowance from X'min or adding to X'max, whichever is applicable.

§ 52.209 Acceptance and rejection criteria.

(a) Conventional averages and the median-(1) Acceptance. A lot shall be accepted as meeting specified requirements for a variable provided that:

(i) All X values are equal to or greater than LRL and equal to or less than URL:

(ii) All Mi or X values are equal to or greater than LRL, and equal to or less than URLxi

(iii) Mi or X is equal to or less than X'max adjusted and equal to or greater than X'min adjusted; and

(iv) The condition under paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section does not exist.

(2) Rejection. A lot shall be rejected for failure to meet specified requirements for a variable under the following conditions:

(i) Failure to meet any of the requirements under paragraph (a)(1), (1), (ii), or (iii) of this section; or

(ii) All Mi or X values are less than X'min or greater than X'max.

(b) Moving averages—(1) Acceptance. A lot shall be accepted as meeting specified requirements for a variable provided that:

(1) All X values are equal to or greater than LRL and equal to or less than URL;

(11) All X values are equal to or greater than LRL, and equal to or less than URLxi.

(iii) X is equal to or less than X'max adjusted and equal to or greater than X'min adjusted; and

(iv) The condition under paragraph (b)(2)(ii) of this section does not exist.

(2) Rejection. A lot shall be rejected for failure to meet specified requirements for a variable under the following conditions:

(i) Failure to meet any of the conditions under paragraph (b)(1) (i), (ii), and (iii) of this section; or

(ii) All X values are less than X'min or greater than X', max.

[38 FR 10447, Apr. 27, 1973; 38 FR 12729, May 15, 1973. Redesignated at 42 FR 32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203, Dec. 31, 1981]

SAMPLING ALLOWANCE CHART

§ 52.210 Sampling allowance chart.

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Subpart-United States Standards for Determination of Fill Weights

SOURCE: 38 FR 10450, Apr. 27, 1973, unless otherwise noted. Redesignated at 42 FR 32514, June 27, 1977 and at 46 FR 63203, Dec. 31, 1981.

GENERAL

$52.221 Purpose.

These proposed standards supplement the proposed U.S. Standards for Inspection by Variables so as to adapt them to the determination of fill of container, based on fill weights, for canned fruits, vegetables, and related products.

§ 52.222 Explanation.

(a) The variables inspection standards may be used, where applicable, by any food processor for quality control purposes. Certification by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) of fill weights based on these standards, however, is applicable only under on-line inspection when a USDA inspector is present at time of packing and maintains appropriate records of the filling process.

(b) The procedure for determination and certification of fill of container, based on drained weights, may be used in the case of lot inspection as well as in-line inspection. This procedure, where applicable, is outlined in the U.S. standards for the respective products.

$52.223 Options.

The options of the median or conventional average may be used for determining compliance of fill weights with specified minimum a average fill

weight.

$52.224 Type of specification and applicable limits.

(a) For the determination of fill weights, a low-sided specification applies.

(b) The specification limits, and values for such limits, are specified in those U.S. Standards for Grades of canned fruits, vegetables, and related products which incorporate the fill weight procedure. Suggested specification limits, and the values for such limits, for those products for which fill

weights have been established-but are not yet incorporated in the USDA grade standards-may be obtained as supplements to these standards upon request to:

Chief, Processed Products Standardization and Inspection Branch, Fruit and Vegetable Division, AMS, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 20250.

(c) All of these limits, whether stated in the USDA grade standards or supplements hereof, are to be applied in accordance with the proposed U.S. Standards for Inspection by Variables.

PROCEDURE

§ 52.225 Preparation of forms.

(a) Prepare the data sheet and control charts prior to the start of a processing period. Draw lines representing the X'min, LRL, and LRL values applicable for the product, container size, and style on the appropriate linear segment of the X chart in such a manner as to be clearly visible when posted in the plant. Lines representing LWLx and LWL may be drawn on the chart at the option of the user; how- ever, all the values representing each limit (Xmin, LWLX, LRLx, LWL and LRL) are placed on the X chart adjacent to the appropriate limit and identified (in brief form) as X', WLx, RL, WL, or RL accordingly).

(b) When the R chart is used, it is desirable to place it on the lower portion of the control chart, using the bottom as zero, which is the lower limit for R. (c) Space the limits for R' and Rmax the appropriate linear segment above the zero line. The upper portion of the control chart is then used for the X chart.

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(d) Attachment 1 is an example of an X and R data sheet. Attachment 2 is an example of a control chart which combines the X chart and the R chart. However, use of the R chart is not required. The X chart illustrates the use of the median option as prescribed in the proposed U.S. Standards for Inspection by Variables. The dots plotted on the X chart represent the X values for the subgroup. The encircled dot represents the median of each subgroup. For easier identification the circle

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