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striking would remain; but it would do something more effectual even than that. It would teach the working man to set his face like a flint against the cajolery of the impostor, who pretends to be his friend in urging him to his own ruin as a means of bettering himself. A very short experience of co-operative production would suffice to prove to the men that all that they can get by strikes they can get in that way, not only without trouble and loss of money, but with great and absolute gain to themselves.

These considerations lead to the conclusion that as the principle of co-operative production extends over most or even over many descriptions of business, it cannot but have a most beneficial effect on the conduct and condition of the working classes. The stress of competition tends to concentrate all the interests of each class upon itself, and to impel each competing group to direct all its energies to exclusive acquisition and possession; but when all are working together in freedom and independence, controlled only by a common object, the association, instead of the isolation of interests, takes the place of these less virtuous aims. As in the human body an innate sense of its requirements and of what is necessary to supply them induces an unconscious acknowledgment on the part of each member of its true relation to the movements or the quiescence of the rest, so in the mechanism of industry we require a motive power which will, with a certainty analogous to the influence of the will over the nervous system, keep in their proper places the different classes of men which form its component parts. This principle should regulate their action in co-operation with one another with

a similar harmony, and with results approximately as effective in its own sphere, as that of the brain when it dispenses the aid which the organs of the body give to one another in sustaining the fabric of the human frame. Each member fulfils the particular function assigned to it in nourishing the whole body, and in doing so maintains its own vitality and provides the aliment of its own energies. The qualities which we may expect to be developed in the school of co-operative production, such as reciprocity of consideration and forbearance, mutual support and individual self-restraint, an emulation in each man to play his part honestly and efficiently in forwarding the common success of the society he is working in,—are excellences which constitute the desired elevation of character and sentiment, and are calculated to supply that central motive power and mainspring to industry, for want of which the whole machine is from time to time thrown out of gear, with results which we unhappily have so much reason to deplore. As the quality of work depends on the character of the workman, and as there is a real connection of cause and effect between mental acquirement and superiority of product, so the influences which act on the morale of the men will indirectly determine the value of the work which they turn out. The better it may be, the greater will be its utility; and as utility is the basis of value in exchange, its market value will be correspondingly enhanced. Improved value and improved prices go together, and it is therefore likely enough that prices may, under the co-operative system, go to a permanently higher level. As this condition of things will arise neither from a limitation in the

supply of commodities, nor from an absence of competition among producers, but in consequence of an access of value in the products of industry and a general increase in the wealth of the whole community, no class will be worse off for the prosperity of the working population.

But, at the same time, the working man's friends must not forget that the co-operative method of production discriminates with more impartiality than the wages-system between the capacities of individual workmen, and draws the line between the bad and the good, the skilled and the unskilled, more rigidly than is now the case. As opportunities extend for workmen to become masters or partners in business firms, and of raising themselves from mere hirelings into the position of employers of labour, they will show themselves to be extremely jealous of any encroach

ment on their advantages by any of their fellow-workmen who may not be as industrious, or as skilful, or as fortunate as they have been themselves. Associations of labourers with capitalists, or of working men among themselves, will certainly exclude all those whose low moral qualifications unfit them for any position but one of dependence. A residuum of the most helpless of the working class will therefore always exist in our midst. Such men will be proper objects for the solicitude of the benevolent, not as victims of misapplied economical principles, but as those to whose lot misfortune and poverty have fallen as their inheritance in life. It is in dealing with the unfortunate, not with the capable but wilfully idle, that the philanthropist will find a field where he can put in practice, with the best results, the virtues of sympathy, compassion, and charity.

INDEX TO VOL. CL.

ACCESS TO MOUNTAINS, by J. Parker
Smith, M.P., 259-Professor Bryce's
yearly Access to Mountains Bill, ib.-
restrictions of deer-forests, 260-the
interests of sportsmen, 261-freedom
in the southern Highlands of Scotland,
262 views of the Scottish Mountain-
eering Club, 263-the Scottish deer-
forests, 266-due regard for the con-
ditions of sport, 267- the Winans
case, 268-is legislative action desira-
ble? 270-the rights of the public, 271.
ACROSS RANNOCH MOOR, 348.
AMONG COTTAGE PEOPLE: A RURAL RE-
TROSPECT, 842-village school of the
past, 843-education of the agricul
tural labourer and the franchise, 844
-changes in dress, ib.-labour ques-
tion revolutionised, 846-the John
Cross agitation in Dorsetshire, 847-
enclosing of commons a just grievance,
848-impending changes, 849.
'Annals of my Early Life, 1806-1846,' by
Charles Wordsworth, D.D., D.C.L.,
reviewed, 712.

ARMY RESERVE, THE FUTURE Rôle of
THE, by Major-General F. Chenevix
Trench, 639-the question of recruiting
again to the front, ib.-the problem
to be settled, ib.-the military author-
ities and the, 640-method for settling
the difficulty, 641-employment for
Reservists, 642-the Corps of Commis-
sionaires, 643-rewarding soldiers with
subordinate posts in the Civil Service,
ib. the combatant strength of regi-
ments of cavalry and infantry, 646-
the question of deferred pay, 645-
difficulties of the Reservists in getting
work, 646-neglect of the Reserve, 647.
AULD HOUSE o' GASK, THE: A SKETCH

FROM STRATHEARN, by John Stuart
Blackie, 692.

AUTUMN LIGHTS AND SHADES, by A Son

of the Marshes, 648 studying the
autumn foliage, ib.-walking through
birch-woods, 669-paucity of bird-life,
ib.-meeting a keeper, 650-amongst
the hills, 651-three miles of a country
track, 652-golden-green moss, 653—
herons at work, 654.

BLACK STAG IN MONAR, A: A NOTE ON
STALKING, 441-every hill has its name,
ib.-the old chief of Tomas, 442-a

day's stalking, ib.—watching deer, 443
-exciting moment, 444-a mysterious
miss, ib.-chase after a wounded stag,
ib.-a council of war, 446-rifle-shoot-
ing delicate work, 447-second day's
pursuit, 448-patience about misses,
ib.-on the track of the wounded stag,
449-a difficulty, 450-the stag got,
451-duties of the deer-stalker, 452.
Bryce's, Professor, Access to Mountains
Bill, 259.

CHRONICLES OF WESTERLY: A PRO-

VINCIAL SKETCH: Chapters XIV.-
XVI., 60-XVII.-XIX., 209- XX.-
XXII., 356-XXIII.-XXVII., 548-
XXVIII.-XXX., 663-XXXI.-XXXII,

808.

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COOKERY, 166 — its study, ib. - the
Roman cuisine, 167-dinner in Catholic
times, 168 a Tudor period dinner,
ib.-cookery in France, 169-gastrono-
mic enjoyment, 172-Dumas' gastro-
nomic work, ib.-restaurants in the
nineteenth century, 173-decline and
fall of French cookery, ib. — dining
establishments in London, 175-short-
comings of English cookery, ib.-food
of soldiers in the Crimea, 176-recent
improvements in cooking, 177.
CoUNTRY TOWN, A, by Annie S. Swan, 436.
CURRENT INFLUENCES ON FOREIGN POLI
TICS, by KTPIOZ, 461-renewal of
the Triple Alliance, ib. policy of
Bismarck, 462-changes in German
policy consequent on the retirement of
Bismarck, 463-Bismarck's ill-will to
Great Britain, 465-relations between
Germany and Italy, ib. Hungarian
denunciations of German influence,
466-restlessness of the Russian char-
acter, ib. dangerous influences at
work in Russia, 468- Russian aims
in Asia, 469 - Russia's danger its
poverty-stricken peasantry, 470-re-
lations of Russia and Turkey, ib.-
present position in Turkey unsatis
factory, 471-position in India and
Egypt, 472-Russian and French mis-
representation of England, ib. — the
passage of the Bosphorus and Dar-
danelles, 474-Austria and her con-
nection with Turkey, 475-disadvan
tage of Bulgaria, 476-unsatisfactory
financial condition of Italy, 477-

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Italian enterprise in the Red Sea, 478
-position of France, ib. — increasing
political importance of Spain, 479-
condition of China, 480 - Persia and
Afghanistan, ib.-armaments and gen-
eral resources of the European powers,
481-German, Austrian, and Russian
armies, 481 et seq.

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DANOVITCH: A RUSSIAN ROMANCE, 500.
Davos-Platz as a winter station, 525.
DAY'S RAID INTO NORTHUMBERLAND, A,
by Professor John Veitch, 80 - the
day's equipage, ib.-the Black Dike and
its problem, ib.-"Busy Gap," ib.-
tracing the Black Dike, 82 "the
Queen's Crag," 83-a Roman road,
84-is the Black Dike a prolongation
of the Catrail? 85-the Angles and the
Cymri, ib.-the Halley Pike Loch, ib.
-old Arthurian legends, 86 Sir
Walter Scott's legends, 88.
DIAMOND-DIGGING IN SOUTH AFRICA, by
Lieut.-Colonel Henry Knollys, 317-
bargaining with a diamond-merchant,
ib.-visiting a diamond-mine, 318-
passing through the tunnels, 319
dynamite-blasting, 320—preparing the
earth for the washing-machines, 321—
description of the pulsator, ib.-em-
ployment of Kaffir convicts, 323-value
of the diamonds got, 324-progress of
the De Beers Company, 325-system
of native labour, ib.-fondness of Kim-
berley Kaffirs for cigars, ib.-ingenuity
in concealing diamonds, 329-visit to
a newly discovered diamond-mine, 330
the Beaconsfield Institute, 331-
Kimberley town hospital, 332.
'Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, the,'

--

696

by James A. Froude, reviewed, 718.
EARLY SETTLERS IN ENGLISH AMERICA,
424-Raleigh's syndicate to establish a
colony in Virginia, ib.--the narratives
of early adventurers, 425 - Colonel
Norwood's experiences, 426 Indian
cookery and Indian larders, 429-the
Virginian colonists, 430-settlement
of New England, 431-the Pilgrim
Fathers, 433-encounter with the In-
dians, 434.
EGYPTIANS, THE, AND THE OCCUPATION,
- contrast between ancient and
modern Egypt, ib. the country in
1882, 697-sufferings of the peasantry,
698 the hands of the Khedive tied,
699-Britain undertakes the work of
reforming Egypt, 700-the character
of the Egyptian of to-day, 701-Eng-
lish held in honour, 703-abolition of
forced labour, 704 doings of the
European - protected subjects, 705
prosperity of the country, 707-con-
struction of dams across the Nile, ib.—
efforts to extend the irrigation of the

country, 709-Mr Gladstone and the
occupation, 710.
"ELEGIE, THE," 613.

ELIOT, GEORGE, AN ITALIAN ON, 867

-her radically English character un-
palatable to Latin minds, ib.-Signor
Negri's work on, ib.-apparent contra-
dictions in her life and character, 868
-her art essentially realistic, 869-
profession of artistic faith, ib. -in-
finite variety of her works, 871
analysis of her novels, 872 et seq.
'Middlemarch' a work of pure realism,
876-her moral code, 877.

ELVES, by Will Foster, 546.

ETON MONTEM: A MEMORY OF THE
PAST, 414-reminiscences of Montem
dates, 415-quaint assemblage, ib.—
the spectacle, 416-the captain of
Montem, ib.-the collection, 417-the
procession and the dresses worn, 418.
EVE OF ST JOHN IN A DESERTED CHALET,
THE, by Frank Cowper, 21.
FRANCESCA'S REVENGE, by the Hon.
Kathleen Lyttelton, 179.

'Franco-German War of 1870-71, the,'

by Field-Marshal Count Helmuth von
Moltke, reviewed, 679.

-

French comedies prior to Molière, 490.
FRENCH NOVELS, RECENT, 36-L'Argent,
par Emile Zola, ib. Honneur d'Ar-
tiste, par Octave Feuillet, 42- Une
Gageure, par Victor Cherbuliez, 46—
L'Ame de Pierre, par Georges Ohnet,
51-Le Roman d'un Enfant, par Pierre
Loti, 55.

HISTORICAL CLOCK, AN, by J. A. Owen,
568.

'Honneur d'Artiste,' par Octave Feuillet,
reviewed, 42.

IMAGINATION, by Sir Herbert Maxwell,
Bart., 576-need of, by men of action,
ib.-instance of second-sight supplied
by, 578-inability to resist the tempta-
tions of fraud, 579-cultivation of, 581
-influence of, on characters and lives,
582-Scott and Balzac's power of, 583
-vice of over-description, 585 — the
personality of Wallenstein, 586-in-
fluence of, with respect to heroes, ib.
-capable of infinite extension, 587.
IMPS, by Will Foster, 546.
INGLIS, JOHN, JUSTICE GENERAL OF
SCOTLAND, 591-the death of the Lord
President of the Court of Session, ib.-
peculiarities of the law of Scotland,
592-birth and early life of, ib.-
becomes a Scottish advocate, 594
success as a lawyer, 595-appointed
Lord Advocate and Dean of Faculty,
ib.-the Madeline Smith case, 596-
a forensic combat, ib.-appointed Pres-
ident of the Court of Session and the
Justiciary Court, 597-his University

Act, ib.-accepts high university hon-
ours, 599 his literary productions,
600-a land-owner and golfer, 601.
LABOUR, THE RIGHTS OF CAPITAL AND
OF, 878.

'L'Ame de Pierre,' par Georges Ohnet,
reviewed, 51.

'L'Argent,' par Emile Zola, reviewed,

36.

'Le Roman d'un Enfant,' par Pierre
Loti, reviewed, 55.

'Life's Handicap: being Stories of Mine
Own People,' by Rudyard Kipling, re-
viewed, 729.

LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL, TO, by W. W.
Story, 589.

LOWELL, MR RUSSELL, 454-the death

a

of, ib.-characteristics of his essays,
ib. - his hatred of politics, 455-
fluent and eloquent public speaker,
456 his poetry, ib.-delicate irony
of "The Fables," 458-the satire of
the Biglow Papers,' ib. - his home
life, 460.

6

LUDWEY'S, CAPTAIN, JUMP, by Dorothea
Gerard, 537.

LYNEDOCH, LORD: A HISTORICAL BAL-
LAD, by John Stuart Blackie, 837.
MACBETH AS THE CELTIC TYPE, by Moira
O'Neill, 376-psychological character-
istics of the play, ib.-types of the
Celt, 377 vital imagination, ib.
mutability, 378- treachery, 379
eloquence, 380-superstition, 381
character of the Celt difficult to deal
with, 383.

MACDONALD, SIR JOHN, by Martin J.
Griffin, 157 his loss, ib.-political
development of Canada, 159-Sir John
enters public life in 1844, ib. - the
provinces formed into a confederation,
160 building of the International
Railway, 161 inauguration of the
national policy, 162-likeness to Lord
Beaconsfield, 163 - Sir John as an
orator, ib.- -as a student, 164 - his
devotion to the Queen and the empire,
ib.
MNEMOSYNE, by Sir Herbert Maxwell,

-

Bart., 247-the harp of memory, ib.-
aroma and smell, 250-power of sound,
251-delights of salmon-fishing, 252-
an enthusiastic angler, 253-a favour-
ite pool, 254-effects of grief, ib.
what is memory? 256-art of remem-
brance, 257.

MOLIÈRE'S DÉBUTS ON THE THEATRE,

by Henry M. Trollope, 486-expresses
a desire to be educated, ib.--the voca-
tion of an actor held to be an aban-
doned calling, 487-refuses the advice
of his father, ib.-why he became an
actor, 488-his liking for the theatre,
489-French comedies prior to Molière,

490 old farces vulgar, but full of
vitality, 491-fortunes of, and his com-
rades in the theatre, ib.-the Illustre
Théâtre, 493-the actors pitch their
tent, ib.-fittings of the theatre, 494-
success in Paris, 495-dancing between
the acts, 496-removal of the theatre,
ib.-law of dramatic copyright, 497-
when he left Paris, 499.

NAMES IN FICTION, 230--Balzac search-
ing for a name, ib.-lady - names of
romance, 231-some names of Dickens,
232-

- some names of Thackeray, An-
thony Trollope, and George Eliot, 233
- Spenser and John Bunyan, 234-
comedy characters of Meredith, 235-
names of medical men in romance, 236.
Negri, Gaetano, George Eliot, La sua
vita ed i suoi Romanzi,' reviewed, 867.
NEW ENGLAND PURITANS, 823-men of
the Mayflower, ib. their credulous
superstition, 824-character of the
New England Puritans, 825-remin-
iscences of Captain Roger Clapp, ib.—
aboriginal cookery, 828-expedition of
Miles Standish, ib.-severe rule of the
clergy, 829-theology of the Calvin-
ists, 831-the devil on the rampage,
832-Cotton Mather and witchcraft,
833-trial of George Burroughs, 834.
NYASSALAND, DAWN IN, by Dr D.
Kerr Cross, 657-Blantyre a healthy
country, 659 growth of coffee in
Central Africa, 660-rush for land, ib.
-Chindi mouth of the Zambesi found
to be navigable, 661-progress of, ib.-
Europeans enjoy comparative health
in Central Africa, ib.-under-populated
owing to slave-trade, 662.
OLD SALOON, THE:-

November: Annals of my Early
Life, 1806-1846, by Charles Words-
worth, D.D., 712- The Divorce of
Catherine of Aragon, by James A.
Froude, 718-Life's Handicap: being
Stories of Mine own People, by Rudyard
Kipling, 729.

OLIPHANT, LAURENCE, 1-conditions of
his early training, 3-his father, Sir
Anthony, ib.-visits the Crimea and
Sebastopol, 7-summoned to meet Lord
Raglan, ib.-goes to America with Lord
Elgin, ib.-explores the Circassian coast,
9-joins Walker, the filibuster, ib.
-with Lord Elgin in China, 10-enters
Parliament, 11-seeking for a sign, ib.
-joins the Brocton community, 13-
pitiable life there, 14-the teaching of
Harris, 15-love for Alice le Strange,
16-the Harrises in California, 17-
breaks with Harris, 18 settles at
Haifa, 19-his mystical books, 20—
character and influence, ib.
'Oliphant, Laurence, Memoir of the Life

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