striking would remain; but it would do something more effectual even than that. It would teach the working man to set his face like a flint against the cajolery of the impostor, who pretends to be his friend in urging him to his own ruin as a means of bettering himself. A very short experience of co-operative production would suffice to prove to the men that all that they can get by strikes they can get in that way, not only without trouble and loss of money, but with great and absolute gain to themselves.
These considerations lead to the conclusion that as the principle of co-operative production extends over most or even over many descriptions of business, it cannot but have a most beneficial effect on the conduct and condition of the working classes. The stress of competition tends to concentrate all the interests of each class upon itself, and to impel each competing group to direct all its energies to exclusive acquisition and possession; but when all are working together in freedom and independence, controlled only by a common object, the association, instead of the isolation of interests, takes the place of these less virtuous aims. As in the human body an innate sense of its requirements and of what is necessary to supply them induces an unconscious acknowledgment on the part of each member of its true relation to the movements or the quiescence of the rest, so in the mechanism of industry we require a motive power which will, with a certainty analogous to the influence of the will over the nervous system, keep in their proper places the different classes of men which form its component parts. This principle should regulate their action in co-operation with one another with
a similar harmony, and with results approximately as effective in its own sphere, as that of the brain when it dispenses the aid which the organs of the body give to one another in sustaining the fabric of the human frame. Each member fulfils the particular function assigned to it in nourishing the whole body, and in doing so maintains its own vitality and provides the aliment of its own energies. The qualities which we may expect to be developed in the school of co-operative production, such as reciprocity of consideration and forbearance, mutual support and individual self-restraint, an emulation in each man to play his part honestly and efficiently in forwarding the common success of the society he is working in,—are excellences which constitute the desired elevation of character and sentiment, and are calculated to supply that central motive power and mainspring to industry, for want of which the whole machine is from time to time thrown out of gear, with results which we unhappily have so much reason to deplore. As the quality of work depends on the character of the workman, and as there is a real connection of cause and effect between mental acquirement and superiority of product, so the influences which act on the morale of the men will indirectly determine the value of the work which they turn out. The better it may be, the greater will be its utility; and as utility is the basis of value in exchange, its market value will be correspondingly enhanced. Improved value and improved prices go together, and it is therefore likely enough that prices may, under the co-operative system, go to a permanently higher level. As this condition of things will arise neither from a limitation in the
supply of commodities, nor from an absence of competition among producers, but in consequence of an access of value in the products of industry and a general increase in the wealth of the whole community, no class will be worse off for the prosperity of the working population.
But, at the same time, the working man's friends must not forget that the co-operative method of production discriminates with more impartiality than the wages-system between the capacities of individual workmen, and draws the line between the bad and the good, the skilled and the unskilled, more rigidly than is now the case. As opportunities extend for workmen to become masters or partners in business firms, and of raising themselves from mere hirelings into the position of employers of labour, they will show themselves to be extremely jealous of any encroach
ment on their advantages by any of their fellow-workmen who may not be as industrious, or as skilful, or as fortunate as they have been themselves. Associations of labourers with capitalists, or of working men among themselves, will certainly exclude all those whose low moral qualifications unfit them for any position but one of dependence. A residuum of the most helpless of the working class will therefore always exist in our midst. Such men will be proper objects for the solicitude of the benevolent, not as victims of misapplied economical principles, but as those to whose lot misfortune and poverty have fallen as their inheritance in life. It is in dealing with the unfortunate, not with the capable but wilfully idle, that the philanthropist will find a field where he can put in practice, with the best results, the virtues of sympathy, compassion, and charity.
ACCESS TO MOUNTAINS, by J. Parker Smith, M.P., 259-Professor Bryce's yearly Access to Mountains Bill, ib.- restrictions of deer-forests, 260-the interests of sportsmen, 261-freedom in the southern Highlands of Scotland, 262 views of the Scottish Mountain- eering Club, 263-the Scottish deer- forests, 266-due regard for the con- ditions of sport, 267- the Winans case, 268-is legislative action desira- ble? 270-the rights of the public, 271. ACROSS RANNOCH MOOR, 348. AMONG COTTAGE PEOPLE: A RURAL RE- TROSPECT, 842-village school of the past, 843-education of the agricul tural labourer and the franchise, 844 -changes in dress, ib.-labour ques- tion revolutionised, 846-the John Cross agitation in Dorsetshire, 847- enclosing of commons a just grievance, 848-impending changes, 849. 'Annals of my Early Life, 1806-1846,' by Charles Wordsworth, D.D., D.C.L., reviewed, 712.
ARMY RESERVE, THE FUTURE Rôle of THE, by Major-General F. Chenevix Trench, 639-the question of recruiting again to the front, ib.-the problem to be settled, ib.-the military author- ities and the, 640-method for settling the difficulty, 641-employment for Reservists, 642-the Corps of Commis- sionaires, 643-rewarding soldiers with subordinate posts in the Civil Service, ib. the combatant strength of regi- ments of cavalry and infantry, 646- the question of deferred pay, 645- difficulties of the Reservists in getting work, 646-neglect of the Reserve, 647. AULD HOUSE o' GASK, THE: A SKETCH
FROM STRATHEARN, by John Stuart Blackie, 692.
AUTUMN LIGHTS AND SHADES, by A Son
of the Marshes, 648 studying the autumn foliage, ib.-walking through birch-woods, 669-paucity of bird-life, ib.-meeting a keeper, 650-amongst the hills, 651-three miles of a country track, 652-golden-green moss, 653— herons at work, 654.
BLACK STAG IN MONAR, A: A NOTE ON STALKING, 441-every hill has its name, ib.-the old chief of Tomas, 442-a
day's stalking, ib.—watching deer, 443 -exciting moment, 444-a mysterious miss, ib.-chase after a wounded stag, ib.-a council of war, 446-rifle-shoot- ing delicate work, 447-second day's pursuit, 448-patience about misses, ib.-on the track of the wounded stag, 449-a difficulty, 450-the stag got, 451-duties of the deer-stalker, 452. Bryce's, Professor, Access to Mountains Bill, 259.
CHRONICLES OF WESTERLY: A PRO-
VINCIAL SKETCH: Chapters XIV.- XVI., 60-XVII.-XIX., 209- XX.- XXII., 356-XXIII.-XXVII., 548- XXVIII.-XXX., 663-XXXI.-XXXII,
COOKERY, 166 — its study, ib. - the Roman cuisine, 167-dinner in Catholic times, 168 a Tudor period dinner, ib.-cookery in France, 169-gastrono- mic enjoyment, 172-Dumas' gastro- nomic work, ib.-restaurants in the nineteenth century, 173-decline and fall of French cookery, ib. — dining establishments in London, 175-short- comings of English cookery, ib.-food of soldiers in the Crimea, 176-recent improvements in cooking, 177. CoUNTRY TOWN, A, by Annie S. Swan, 436. CURRENT INFLUENCES ON FOREIGN POLI TICS, by KTPIOZ, 461-renewal of the Triple Alliance, ib. policy of Bismarck, 462-changes in German policy consequent on the retirement of Bismarck, 463-Bismarck's ill-will to Great Britain, 465-relations between Germany and Italy, ib. Hungarian denunciations of German influence, 466-restlessness of the Russian char- acter, ib. dangerous influences at work in Russia, 468- Russian aims in Asia, 469 - Russia's danger its poverty-stricken peasantry, 470-re- lations of Russia and Turkey, ib.- present position in Turkey unsatis factory, 471-position in India and Egypt, 472-Russian and French mis- representation of England, ib. — the passage of the Bosphorus and Dar- danelles, 474-Austria and her con- nection with Turkey, 475-disadvan tage of Bulgaria, 476-unsatisfactory financial condition of Italy, 477-
Italian enterprise in the Red Sea, 478 -position of France, ib. — increasing political importance of Spain, 479- condition of China, 480 - Persia and Afghanistan, ib.-armaments and gen- eral resources of the European powers, 481-German, Austrian, and Russian armies, 481 et seq.
DANOVITCH: A RUSSIAN ROMANCE, 500. Davos-Platz as a winter station, 525. DAY'S RAID INTO NORTHUMBERLAND, A, by Professor John Veitch, 80 - the day's equipage, ib.-the Black Dike and its problem, ib.-"Busy Gap," ib.- tracing the Black Dike, 82 "the Queen's Crag," 83-a Roman road, 84-is the Black Dike a prolongation of the Catrail? 85-the Angles and the Cymri, ib.-the Halley Pike Loch, ib. -old Arthurian legends, 86 Sir Walter Scott's legends, 88. DIAMOND-DIGGING IN SOUTH AFRICA, by Lieut.-Colonel Henry Knollys, 317- bargaining with a diamond-merchant, ib.-visiting a diamond-mine, 318- passing through the tunnels, 319 dynamite-blasting, 320—preparing the earth for the washing-machines, 321— description of the pulsator, ib.-em- ployment of Kaffir convicts, 323-value of the diamonds got, 324-progress of the De Beers Company, 325-system of native labour, ib.-fondness of Kim- berley Kaffirs for cigars, ib.-ingenuity in concealing diamonds, 329-visit to a newly discovered diamond-mine, 330 the Beaconsfield Institute, 331- Kimberley town hospital, 332. 'Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, the,'
by James A. Froude, reviewed, 718. EARLY SETTLERS IN ENGLISH AMERICA, 424-Raleigh's syndicate to establish a colony in Virginia, ib.--the narratives of early adventurers, 425 - Colonel Norwood's experiences, 426 Indian cookery and Indian larders, 429-the Virginian colonists, 430-settlement of New England, 431-the Pilgrim Fathers, 433-encounter with the In- dians, 434. EGYPTIANS, THE, AND THE OCCUPATION, - contrast between ancient and modern Egypt, ib. the country in 1882, 697-sufferings of the peasantry, 698 the hands of the Khedive tied, 699-Britain undertakes the work of reforming Egypt, 700-the character of the Egyptian of to-day, 701-Eng- lish held in honour, 703-abolition of forced labour, 704 doings of the European - protected subjects, 705 prosperity of the country, 707-con- struction of dams across the Nile, ib.— efforts to extend the irrigation of the
country, 709-Mr Gladstone and the occupation, 710. "ELEGIE, THE," 613.
ELIOT, GEORGE, AN ITALIAN ON, 867
-her radically English character un- palatable to Latin minds, ib.-Signor Negri's work on, ib.-apparent contra- dictions in her life and character, 868 -her art essentially realistic, 869- profession of artistic faith, ib. -in- finite variety of her works, 871 analysis of her novels, 872 et seq. 'Middlemarch' a work of pure realism, 876-her moral code, 877.
ELVES, by Will Foster, 546.
ETON MONTEM: A MEMORY OF THE PAST, 414-reminiscences of Montem dates, 415-quaint assemblage, ib.— the spectacle, 416-the captain of Montem, ib.-the collection, 417-the procession and the dresses worn, 418. EVE OF ST JOHN IN A DESERTED CHALET, THE, by Frank Cowper, 21. FRANCESCA'S REVENGE, by the Hon. Kathleen Lyttelton, 179.
'Franco-German War of 1870-71, the,'
by Field-Marshal Count Helmuth von Moltke, reviewed, 679.
French comedies prior to Molière, 490. FRENCH NOVELS, RECENT, 36-L'Argent, par Emile Zola, ib. Honneur d'Ar- tiste, par Octave Feuillet, 42- Une Gageure, par Victor Cherbuliez, 46— L'Ame de Pierre, par Georges Ohnet, 51-Le Roman d'un Enfant, par Pierre Loti, 55.
HISTORICAL CLOCK, AN, by J. A. Owen, 568.
'Honneur d'Artiste,' par Octave Feuillet, reviewed, 42.
IMAGINATION, by Sir Herbert Maxwell, Bart., 576-need of, by men of action, ib.-instance of second-sight supplied by, 578-inability to resist the tempta- tions of fraud, 579-cultivation of, 581 -influence of, on characters and lives, 582-Scott and Balzac's power of, 583 -vice of over-description, 585 — the personality of Wallenstein, 586-in- fluence of, with respect to heroes, ib. -capable of infinite extension, 587. IMPS, by Will Foster, 546. INGLIS, JOHN, JUSTICE GENERAL OF SCOTLAND, 591-the death of the Lord President of the Court of Session, ib.- peculiarities of the law of Scotland, 592-birth and early life of, ib.- becomes a Scottish advocate, 594 success as a lawyer, 595-appointed Lord Advocate and Dean of Faculty, ib.-the Madeline Smith case, 596- a forensic combat, ib.-appointed Pres- ident of the Court of Session and the Justiciary Court, 597-his University
Act, ib.-accepts high university hon- ours, 599 his literary productions, 600-a land-owner and golfer, 601. LABOUR, THE RIGHTS OF CAPITAL AND OF, 878.
'L'Ame de Pierre,' par Georges Ohnet, reviewed, 51.
'L'Argent,' par Emile Zola, reviewed,
'Le Roman d'un Enfant,' par Pierre Loti, reviewed, 55.
'Life's Handicap: being Stories of Mine Own People,' by Rudyard Kipling, re- viewed, 729.
LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL, TO, by W. W. Story, 589.
LOWELL, MR RUSSELL, 454-the death
of, ib.-characteristics of his essays, ib. - his hatred of politics, 455- fluent and eloquent public speaker, 456 his poetry, ib.-delicate irony of "The Fables," 458-the satire of the Biglow Papers,' ib. - his home life, 460.
LUDWEY'S, CAPTAIN, JUMP, by Dorothea Gerard, 537.
LYNEDOCH, LORD: A HISTORICAL BAL- LAD, by John Stuart Blackie, 837. MACBETH AS THE CELTIC TYPE, by Moira O'Neill, 376-psychological character- istics of the play, ib.-types of the Celt, 377 vital imagination, ib. mutability, 378- treachery, 379 eloquence, 380-superstition, 381 character of the Celt difficult to deal with, 383.
MACDONALD, SIR JOHN, by Martin J. Griffin, 157 his loss, ib.-political development of Canada, 159-Sir John enters public life in 1844, ib. - the provinces formed into a confederation, 160 building of the International Railway, 161 inauguration of the national policy, 162-likeness to Lord Beaconsfield, 163 - Sir John as an orator, ib.- -as a student, 164 - his devotion to the Queen and the empire, ib. MNEMOSYNE, by Sir Herbert Maxwell,
Bart., 247-the harp of memory, ib.- aroma and smell, 250-power of sound, 251-delights of salmon-fishing, 252- an enthusiastic angler, 253-a favour- ite pool, 254-effects of grief, ib. what is memory? 256-art of remem- brance, 257.
MOLIÈRE'S DÉBUTS ON THE THEATRE,
by Henry M. Trollope, 486-expresses a desire to be educated, ib.--the voca- tion of an actor held to be an aban- doned calling, 487-refuses the advice of his father, ib.-why he became an actor, 488-his liking for the theatre, 489-French comedies prior to Molière,
490 old farces vulgar, but full of vitality, 491-fortunes of, and his com- rades in the theatre, ib.-the Illustre Théâtre, 493-the actors pitch their tent, ib.-fittings of the theatre, 494- success in Paris, 495-dancing between the acts, 496-removal of the theatre, ib.-law of dramatic copyright, 497- when he left Paris, 499.
NAMES IN FICTION, 230--Balzac search- ing for a name, ib.-lady - names of romance, 231-some names of Dickens, 232-
- some names of Thackeray, An- thony Trollope, and George Eliot, 233 - Spenser and John Bunyan, 234- comedy characters of Meredith, 235- names of medical men in romance, 236. Negri, Gaetano, George Eliot, La sua vita ed i suoi Romanzi,' reviewed, 867. NEW ENGLAND PURITANS, 823-men of the Mayflower, ib. their credulous superstition, 824-character of the New England Puritans, 825-remin- iscences of Captain Roger Clapp, ib.— aboriginal cookery, 828-expedition of Miles Standish, ib.-severe rule of the clergy, 829-theology of the Calvin- ists, 831-the devil on the rampage, 832-Cotton Mather and witchcraft, 833-trial of George Burroughs, 834. NYASSALAND, DAWN IN, by Dr D. Kerr Cross, 657-Blantyre a healthy country, 659 growth of coffee in Central Africa, 660-rush for land, ib. -Chindi mouth of the Zambesi found to be navigable, 661-progress of, ib.- Europeans enjoy comparative health in Central Africa, ib.-under-populated owing to slave-trade, 662. OLD SALOON, THE:-
November: Annals of my Early Life, 1806-1846, by Charles Words- worth, D.D., 712- The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon, by James A. Froude, 718-Life's Handicap: being Stories of Mine own People, by Rudyard Kipling, 729.
OLIPHANT, LAURENCE, 1-conditions of his early training, 3-his father, Sir Anthony, ib.-visits the Crimea and Sebastopol, 7-summoned to meet Lord Raglan, ib.-goes to America with Lord Elgin, ib.-explores the Circassian coast, 9-joins Walker, the filibuster, ib. -with Lord Elgin in China, 10-enters Parliament, 11-seeking for a sign, ib. -joins the Brocton community, 13- pitiable life there, 14-the teaching of Harris, 15-love for Alice le Strange, 16-the Harrises in California, 17- breaks with Harris, 18 settles at Haifa, 19-his mystical books, 20— character and influence, ib. 'Oliphant, Laurence, Memoir of the Life
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