ALBINUS or ALBUS (-i), POSTŪMIUS (-i), the name of a patrician family at Rome, many of the members of which held the highest offices of the state from the commence-, ment of the republic to its downfall. The founder of the family was dictator B.c. 498, when he conquered the Latins in the great battle near Lake Regillus. ALBINUS (-i), CLODIUS (-i), was governor of Britain at the death of Commodus in A.D. 192. In order to secure his neutrality, Septimius Severus made him Caesar; but, after Severus had defeated his rivals, he turned his arms against Albinus. A great battle was fought between them at Lugdunum (Lyons), in Gaul, 197, in which Albinus was defeated and killed. ALBION (-onis), another name of BRITANNIA, the white land, from its white cliffs oppo site the coast of Gaul. ALBIS (-is: Elbe), one of the great rivers in Germany, the most easterly which the Romans became acquainted with. The Romans, reached the Elbe for the first time in B.c. 9, under Drusus. The last Roman general who saw the Elbe was Tiberius, in A.D. 5. ALBIUM INGAUNUM or ALBINGAUNUM (-i), a town of the Ingauni on the coast of Liguria, and a municipium. ALBIUM INTEMELIUM or ALBINTEMELIUM (-i), a town of the Intemelii on the coast of Liguria, and a municipium. ALCIBIADES. daughter of Megareus, by slaying the Cithaeronian lion, and succeeded his father-in-law as king of Megara. He restored the walls of Megara, which is therefore sometimes called Alcathoe by the poets. In this work he was assisted by Apollo. The stone upon which the god used to place his lyre while he was at work was believed, even in late times, to give forth a sound, when struck, similar to that of a lyre. ALCESTIS (-is) or ALCESTE (-es), wife of Admetus. [ADMETUS.] ALCIBIADES (-is), son of Clinias and Dinomache, was born at Athens about B.o. 450, and on the death of his father, in 447, was brought up by his relation Pericles. He possessed a beautiful person, transcendent abilties, and great wealth. His youth was disgraced by his amours and debaucheries, and Socrates, who saw his vast capabilities, attempted to win him to the paths of virtue, but in vain. Their intimacy was strengthened by mutual services. At the battle of Potidaea (432) his life was saved by Socrates, and at that of Delium (424) he saved the life of Socrates. After the death of Cleon (422) he be ALBULA (-ae), an ancient name of the riv- came one of the leader TIBER. ALBULAE AQUAE. [ALBUNEA.] ALBUNEA or ALBŪNA (-ae), a prophetic nymph or sybil, to whom a grove was consecrated in the neighborhood of Tibur, with a fountain and a temple. This fountain was the largest of the Albulae aquae, sulphureous springs at Tibur, flowing into the Anio. The temple is still extant at Tivoli. ANKIB Bust of Alcibiades. ing politicians, and the head of the war party in opposition toNicias. In 415 he was appointed, along with Nicias and Lamachus, as commander of the expedi tion to Sicily. While the preparations for ALBURNUS (-i) MONS, a mountain in Lu- the expedition were cania covered with wood, behind Paestum. going on, there ocALCAEUS (-i), of Mytilene in Lesbos, the curred the mysterious earliest of the Aeolian lyric poets, began to mutilation of the busts flourish about B.C. 611. In the war between of the Hermae, which the Athenians and Mytilenaeans for the pos- the popular fears connected with an attempt session of Sigénm (B.c. 696) he incurred the to overthrow the Athenian constitution. Aldsgrace of leaving his arms on the field of cibiades was charged with being the ringleadbattle. Alcaeus belonged by birth to the no- er in this attempt. He demanded an investibles, and was driven into exile with his broth-gation before he set sail, but this his enemies er Antimenidas when the popular party got the upper hand. He attempted by force of arms to regain his country; but all his attempts were frustrated by PITTACUS, who had been chosen by the people Aesymuetes or dictator for the purpose of resisting him and the other exiles. Alcaeus and his brother afterwards traveled into various countries. The time of his death is uncertain. The ex-whose favor he soon gained. Through his tant fragments of his poems, and the excellent imitations of Horace, enable us to understand something of their character. Those which have received the highest praise are his warlike odes, in which he tried to rouse the spirits of the nobles, the Alcari minaces Camenae of Horace. Alcaens is said to have invented the well-known Alcaic metre. ALCĂTHŎUS (-i), son of Pelops and Hippodamia, obtained as his wife Evaechme, the would not grant; but he had not been long in Sicily before he was recalled to stand his trial. On his return homeward he managed to escape at Thurii, and thence proceeded to Sparta, where he acted as the avowed enemy of his country. The machinations of his enemy, Agis II.,induced him to abandon the Spartans and take refuge with Tissaphernes (412), influence Tissaphernes deserted the Spartans and professed his willingness to assist the Athenians, who accordingly recalled Alcibiades from banishment in 411. He did not immediately return to Athens, but remained abroad for the next 4 years, during which the Athenians under his command gained the victories of Cynossema, Abydos, and Cyzicus, and got possession of Chalcedon and Byzan tium. In 407 he returned to Athens, where nesus. ALCIDES. he was received with great enthusiasm, and was appointed commander-in-chief of all the land and sea forces. But the defeat at Notium, occasioned during his absence by the imprudence of his lieutenant, Antiochus, furnished his enemies with a handle against him, and he was superseded in his command (406) He now went into voluntary exile to his fortified domain at Bisanthe, in the Thracian ChersoAfter the fall of Athens (404) he took refuge with Pharnabazus. He was about to proceed to the court of Artaxerxes, when one night his house was surrounded by a band of armed men, and set on tire. He rushed out, sword in hand, but fell, pierced with arrows (404). The assassins were probably either employed by the Spartans or by the brothers of a lady whom Alcibiades had seduced. He left a son by his wife Hipparete named Alcibiades, who never distinguished himself. ALCIDES (-ae), a name of Hercules, as the grandson of Alceus or Alcaens. About 560 they returned from exile, but were again expelled by Pisistratus. In 548 they contracted with the Amphictyonic council to rebuild the temple of Delphi, and obtained great popularity throughout Greece by executing the work in a style of magnificence which much exceeded their engagement. On the expulsion of Hippias, in 510, they were again restored to Athens. They now joined the popular party, and Clisthenes, who was at that time the head of the family, gave a new constitution to Athens. [CLISTHENES.] ALCMAN (-anis), the chief lyric poet of Sparta, by birth a Lydian of Sardis, was brought to Laconia as a slave when very young, and was emancipated by his master, who discovered his genius. He probably flourished about B.C. 631. He is said to have died, like Sulla, of the mo bus pedicularis, Aleman is said by some to have been the inventor of erotic poetry. ALCMENE (-es) or ALCMENA (-ae), daughALCIMEDE (-es), daughter of Phylacus and ter of Electryon, king of Mycenae, promised Clymene, wife of Aeson, and mother of Jason. to marry Amphitryon, provided he avenged ALCINÕUS (-i), son of Nausithons, and the death of her brothers, who had been slain grandson of Poseidon (Neptune), is celebrated by the sons of Pterelaus. Amphitryon underIn the Odyssey as the happy ruler of the Phae- took the task; but, during his absence, Zens acians in the island of Scheria. (Jupiter), in the disguise of Amphitryon, visALCIPHRON (-onis), the most distin-ited Alcmene, and, pretending to be her husguished of the Greek epistolary writers, was, perhaps, a contemporary of Lucian, about A.D. 180. The letters (113 in number) are written by fictitious personages, and the language is distinguished by its purity and elegance. ALCITHŎE (cs) or ALCATHOE (-es), daughter of Minyas, changed, together with her sisters, into bats, for refusing to join the other women of Boeotia in the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus). ALCMAEON (-onis), son of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle, and brother of Amphilochus. Alemaeon took part in the expedition of the Epigoni against Thebes, and on his return home he slew his mother, according to the injunc tion of his father. [AMPHIARAUS.] For this deed he became mad, and was haunted by the Erinnyes. He went to Phegeus, in Psophis, and, being purified by the latter, he married his daughter Arsino or Alphesiboea, to whom he gave the necklace and peplus of Harmonia. But as the land of this country ceased to bear, on account of its harboring a matricide, he left Psophis and repaired to the country at the mouth of the river Achelous. The god Achelous gave him his daughter Callirrhoë in marriage. Callirrhoë, wishing to possess the necklace and peplus of Harmonia, Alcmaeon went to Psophis and obtained them from Phegeus, under the pretext of dedicating them at Delphi; but when Phegeus heard that the treasures were fetched for Calurrhoë, he caused his sons to murder Alcmaeon. band, related in what way he had avenged the death of her brothers. Amphitryon himself returned the next day: Alcmene became the mother of Hercules by Zeus, and of Iphicles by Amphitryon. [HEROULES.] (1) A ALCYONE or HALCYONE (-68). Pleiad, daughter of Atlas and Pleone, and beloved by Poseidon (Neptune).—(2) Daughter of Aeolus and Enareté, and wife of Ceyx. Her husband having perished in a shipwreck, Alcyone, for grief, threw herself into the sea: but the gods, out of compassion, changed the two into birds. While the bird alcyon was breeding there always prevailed calms at sea. ALCYONIUM MARE, the E. part of the Corinthian gulf. ALEA (-ae), a town in Arcadia, S. of the Stymphalean lake. Athena (Minerva) was worshiped under the name of Alea in this place and in Tegea. ALECTO (-us; acc. -6), one of the Furies. [EUMENIDES.] ALEMANNI or ĂLĂMANNI or ALAMANI (-orum) (from the German alle Männer, all men), a confederacy of German tribes' between the Danube, the Rhine, and the Main. They first came into contact with the Romans in the reign of Caracalla, who assumed the surname of Alemannicus on account of a preAfter tended victory over them (a.d. 214). dominions, and in the 5th century were in this time they continually invaded the Roman possession of Alsace and of German Switzer land. ALCMAEONIDAE (-arum), a noble family at Athens, were a branch of the family of the Nelidae, who were driven out of Pylus, in MésALERIA or ALĂLIA (-ne), one of the chief senia, by the Dorians, and settled at Athens. cities of Corsica, on the E. of the island, foundIn consequence of the way in which Mega-ed by the Phocaeans B.C. 564, and made a Rocles, one of the family, treated the insurgents man colony by Sulla. under CYLON (B.C 612), they brought upon themselves the guilt of sacrilege, and were in consequence banished from Athens about 595. ALESA (-ae). [HALESA.] ĂLESIA (-ae), an ancient town of the Mandubii in Gallia Lugdunensis, and situated on ALETRIUM. a high hill (now Auxois), which was washed by the two rivers Lutosa (Oze) and Osera (Ozerain). It was taken and destroyed by Caesar, in B.C. 52, after a memorable siege. ALETRIUM or ĂLATRIUM, an ancient town of the Hernici, subsequently a municipfum and a Roman colony, W. of Sora and E. of Anagnia. ALEUADAE (-arum). [ALEUAS.] XLEUAS (-ae), a descendant of Hercules, was the ruler of Larissa in Thessaly, and the reputed founder of the celebrated family of the Alenadae. They were divided into two branches, the Aleuadae and the Scopadae, of whom the latter inhabited Crannon, while the former remained at Larissa. In the invasion of Greece by Xerxes (B.O. 480), the Aleuadae espoused the cause of the Persiaus, and the family continued to be the predominant one in Thessaly for a long time afterwards. ALEXANDER (-dri), the usual name of PARIS in the Iliad. (1) ALEXANDER SEVERUS. [SEVERUS.] XLEXANDER. I. Kings of Epirus. Son of Neoptolemus and brother of Olympias, the mother of Alexander the Great, was made king of Epirus by Philip, B.C. 336. In 332 Alexander crossed over into Italy to aid the Tarentines against the Lucanians and Bruttii. He was defeated and slain in battle in 326, near Pandosia, on the banks of the Acheron, in Southern Italy.-(2) Son of Pyrrhus and Lanassa, succeeded his father in 272. II. Kings of Macedonia.-(1) Son of Amyntas I., succeeded his father about B. c. 505, was obliged to submit to the Persians, and accompanied Xerxes in his invasion of Greece (B.C. 480). He was secretly inclined to the cause of the Greeks. He died about 455, and was succeeded by Perdiccas II.-(2) Son of Amyntas II., whom he succeeded, reigned 369-367. He was murdered by Ptolemy Alorites.-(3) Ancient Statue of Alexander the Great. Surnamed the GREAT, son of Philip II. and Olympias, was born at Pella, B. c. 356. He was educated by Aristotle, who acquired a great influence over his mind and character. He first distinguished himself at the battle of Chaeronea (338), where the victory was mainly owing to his impetuosity and courage. On the murder of Philip (336), he ascended the throne, at the age of 20, and found himself surrounded by enemies on every side. He first put down rebellion in his own kingdom, and then rapidly marched into Greece. His unexpected activity overawed all opposition; Thebes, which had been most active against him, submitted when he appeared at its gates; and the assembled Greeks at the Isthmus of Corinth elected him to the command against Persia. He now directed his arms against the barbarians of the north, and crossed the Danube (335). A report of his death having reached Greece, the Thebans once more took up arms. But a terrible punishment awaited them. He took Thebes by assault, destroyed all the buildings, with the exception of the house of Pindar, killed most of the inhabitants, and sold the rest as slaves. Alexander now prepared for his great expedition against Persia. In the spring of 334 he crossed the Hellespont, with about 35,000 men. Of these 30,000 were foot and 5000 horse, and of the former only 12,000 were Macedonians. Alexander's first engagement with the Persians was on the river Granicus in Mysia (May, 334), where they were entirely defeated by him. In the following year (333) he collected his army at Gordinm in Phrygia, where he cut or untied the celebrated Gordian knot, which, it was said, was to be loosened only by the conqueror of Asia. From thence he marched to Issus, on the confines of Syria, where he gained a great victory over Darius, the Persian king. Darius himself es caped, but his mother, wife, and children fell into the hands of Alexander, who treated them with the utmost delicacy and respect. Alexander now directed his arms against the cities of Phoenicia, most of which submitted; but Tyre was not taken till the middle of 332, after an obstinate defense of 7 months. He next marched into Egypt, which willingly submitted to him. At the beginning of 331 he founded at the mouth of the Nile the city of ALEXANDRIA, and about the same time visited the temple of Jupiter Ammon, in the desert of Libya, and was saluted by the priests as the son of Jupiter Ammon. In the spring of the same year (331) he set out against Darins, who had collected another army. He crossed the Euphrates and the Tigris, and at length met with the immense hosts of Darius, said to have amounted to more than a million of men, in the plains of Gangamela. The battle was fought in the month of October, 331, and ended in the complete defeat of the Persians. Alexander was now the conqueror of Asia, and began to adopt Persian habits and customs, by which he conciliated the affections of his new subjects. From Ar ALEXANDER. 31 ALEXANDER. about 80 of his generals. He himself took a second wife, Barsine, the eldest daughter of Darius. Towards the close of the year 325 he went to Ecbatana, where he lost his great favorite, HEPHAESTION. From Ecbatana he marched to Babylon, which he intended to make the capital of his empire, as the best point of communication between his eastern and western dominions. His schemes were numerous and gigantic; but he was cut off in the midst of them. He was attacked by a fever, which was probably aggravated by the quantity of wine he had drunk at a banquet given to his principal officers, and he died after an illness of 11 days, in the month of May or June, B.O. 323, at the age of 32, after a reign of 12 years and 8 months. He appointed no one as his successor, but just before his death he gave his ring to Perdiccas. Roxana was with child at the time of his death, and afterwards bore a son who is known by the name of Alexander Aegus.-(4) AEGUS, son of Alexander the Great and Roxana, was born shortly after the death of his father, in B.C. 323, and was acknowledged as the partner of Philip Arrhidaens in the empire, under the guardianship of Perdiccas, Antipater, and Polysperchon, in succession. Alexander and his mother Roxana were imprisoned by Cassander when he obtained possession of Macedonia in 316, and remained in prison till 311, when they were put to death by Cassander. Coin representing Alexander the Great as Jupiter Ammon. bela he marched to Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis, all of which surrendered to him. He is said to have set fire to the palace of Persepolis, and, according to some accounts, in the revelry of a banquet, at the instigation of Thais, an Athenian courtesan. At the beginning of 330 Alexander marched from Persepolis into Media, in pursuit of Darius, whom he followed into Parthia, where the unfortunate king was murdered by Bessus, satrap of Bactria. In 329 Alexander crossed the mountains of the Paropamisus (the Hindoo Koosh), and marched into Bactria against Bessus, who was betrayed to him, and was put to death. During the next 2 years he was chiefly engaged in the conquest of Sogdiana. He also crossed the Jaxartes (the Sir), and defeated several Scythian tribes N. of that river. On the conquest of a mountain fortress he obtained possession of Roxana, the daughter of the Bactrian chief Oxyartes, whom he made his wife. It was about this time that he killed his friend CLITUS in a drunken brawl. He had previously put to death his faithful servant PARMENION, on the charge of treason. In 327 he invaded India, and crossed the Indus, probably near the modern Attock. He met with no resistance till he reached the Hydaspes, where he was opposed by Porus, an Indian king, whom he defeated after a gallant resistance, and took prisoner. Alexander restored to him his kingdom, and treated him with distinguished honor. He founded a town on the Hydaspes, called Bucephala, in honor of his horse Bucephalus, who died here, after carrying him through so many victories. From thence he penetrated as far as the Hyphasis (Garra). This was the farthest point which he reached, for the Macedonians, worn out by long service, and tired of the war, refused to advance farther; and Alexander, notwithstanding his entreaties and prayers, was obliged to lead them back. He returned to the Hydaspes, and then sailed down the river with a portion of his troops, while the remainder marched along the banks in two divisions. He finally reached the Indian ocean about the middle of 326. Nearchus was sent with the fleet to sail along the coast to the Persian gulf (NEARCHUS]; and Alexander marched with the rest of his forces through Gedrosia, in which country his army suffered greatly from want of water and provisions. He reached Susa at the beginning of 325. Here he allowed himself and his troops some rest from their labors; and anxious to form his European and Asiatic subjects into one people, he assigned Asiatic wives to III. Kings of Syria.-(1) Surnamed BALAS, a person of low origin, pretended to be the son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and reigned in Syria B.C. 150-146. He was defeated and dethroned by Demetrius II. Nicator.-(2) Surnamed ZEBINA or ZABINAS, son of a merchant, was set up by Ptolemy Physcon as a pretender to the throne of Syria, B.C. 128. He was defeated by Antiochus Grypus, by whom he was put to death, 122. IV. Literary.-(1) Of AEGAE, a peripatetic philosopher at Rome in the first century after Christ, was tutor to the emperor Nero.-(2) The AETOLIAN, of Pleuron in Aetolia, a Greek poet, lived in the reign of Ptolemaeus Philadelphus (B.c. 285-247), at Alexandria, where he was reckoned one of the 7 tragic poets who constituted the tragic pleiad. (3) Of APHRO DISIAS, in Caria, the most celebrated of the commentators on Aristotle, lived about A.D. 200. Some of his works were edited and translated into Latin at the revival of literature. ALEXANDRIA, oftener -IA, rarely -EA (-ae), the name of several cities founded by, or in memory of, Alexander the Great. Of these the most important are:-(1) The capital of Egypt under the Ptolemies, ordered by Alexander to be founded in B. c. 332. It was built on the narrow neck of land between the Lake Mareotis and the Mediterranean, opposite to the I. of Pharos, which was joined to the city by an artificial dike. On this island a great lighthonse was built in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus (285). Under the care of the Ptolemies, as the capital of a great kingdom, and commanding by its position all the commerce of Europe with the East, Alexandria soon became the most wealthy and splendid city of the known world. It was celebrated for its magnificent library, founded by the first two Ptolemies. The library suffered severely by fire when Julius Caesar was besieged in Alexandria, and was finally destroyed by Amrou, the lieutenant of the Caliph Omar, in A.D. 651. Under the Romans Alexandria retained its commercial and literary importance, and became also a chief seat of Christianity and theological learning. Its site is now covered by a mass of ruins, among which are the two obelisks (vulg. Cleopatra's Needles) which adorned the gateway of the royal palace, and, outside the walls, to the S., the column of Diocletian (vulg. Pompey's Pillar). The modern city stands on the dike uniting the island of Pharos to the main land.-(2) A. TROAS, also TROAS simply, on the sea-coast S. W. of Troy, was enlarged by Antigonus, hence called Antigonia, but afterwards it resumed its first name. It flourished greatly, both under the Greeks and the Romans; and both Julius Caesar and Constantine thought of establishing the seat of empire in it.-(3) A. AD ISSUM, a |