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PREFACE.

THE present work is designed to supply a want which still exists in our School Classical Literature. It has been represented to the editor, from several quarters, that his Larger Classical Dictionary, though well adapted for the use of the higher forms in the public schools, is excluded, both by its size and price, from a great number of schools, which are therefore obliged to put up with the abridgments of Lemprière's obsolete work. In consequence of these representations, the editor has been induced to draw up this Smaller Dictionary. All names have been inserted which a young person would be likely to meet with at the commencement of his classical studies; and only those have been omitted which occur in later writers, or in works not usually read in schools. The quantities have been carefully marked, and the genitive cases inserted. The mythological articles have been illustrated by drawings from ancient works of art, for which the editor is indebted to the skillful pencil of his friend, Mr. George Scharf. In this, as in the Smaller Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, care has been taken not to presume too much on the knowledge of the reader. It is therefore hoped that these two works may be used conjointly with advantage, even in schools where Latin and Greek are not taught.

WILLIAM SMITH.

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ABACAENUM (-i), an ancient town of the Siculi in Sicily, W. of Messana, and S. of Tyn

daris.

ABAE (-arum), an ancient town of Phocis, on the boundaries of Boeotia; celebrated for an ancient temple and oracle of Apollo, who hence derived the surname of Abaeus.

ABANTES, the ancient inhabitants of Euboea. They are said to have been of Thracian origin, to have first settled in Phocis, where they built Abae, aud afterwards to have crossed over to Euboea. The Abantes of Euboea assisted in colonizing several of the Ionic cities of Asia Minor.

ABANTIADES (-ne), any descendant of Abas, but especially Perseus, great-grandson of Abas, and Acrisius, son of Abas. A female descendant of Abas, as Danae and Atalante, was called Abantias.

ĂBĂRIS (-is), a Hyperborean priest of Apollo, came from the country about the Caucasus to Greece, while his native land was visited by a plague. His history is entirely mythical: he is said to have taken no earthly food, and to have ridden on an arrow, the gift of Apollo, through the air. He may perhaps be placed about B.o. 570.

ABAS (-antis). (1) Son of Metanira, was changed by Demeter (Ceres) into a lizard, because he mocked the goddess when she had come on her wanderings into the house of his mother, and drank eagerly to quench her thirst.-(2) Twelfth king of Argos, son of Lynceus and Hypermnestra, grandson of Danans, and father of Acrisius and Proetus. When he informed his father of the death of Danaus, he was rewarded with the shield of his grandfather, which was sacred to Hera (Juno). This shield performed various marvels, and

ABORIGINES.

the mere sight of it could reduce a revolted people to submission.

ABDERA (-ae and ōrum), a town of Thrace, near the mouth of the Nestus, which flowed through the town. It was colonized by Timesius of Clazomenae about B.C. 656, and a second time by the inhabitants of Teos in Ionia, who settled there after their own town had been taken by the Persians, B. c. 544. It was the birthplace of Democritus, Protag oras, Anaxarchus, and other distinguished men; but its inhabitants, notwithstanding, were accounted stupid, and an "Abderite" was a term of reproach.

ABELLA or AVELLA (-ae), a town of Campania, not far from Nola, founded by the Chalcidians in Euboea. It was celebrated for its apples, whence Virgil calls it malifera.

ABGARUS, ACBARUS, or AUGĂRUS (-i), a name common to many rulers of Edessa, the capital of the district of Osrhoëne in Mesopotamia. Of these rulers one is supposed by Eusebius to have been the author of a letter written to Christ, which he found in a church at Edessa and translated from the Syriac. The letter is believed to be spurious.

ABIA (-ae), a town of Messenia, on the Messenian guit.

ABII, a tribe mentioned by Homer, and apparently a Thracian people.

erwards called Claudiopolis, and the capital ABILA (-ōrum), a town of Coele-Syria, aftof the tetrarchy of Abilene (Luke iii. 1).

ABNOBA MONS (-ae), the range of hills covered by the Black Forest in Germany, not a single mountain.

ABORIGINES (-um), the original inhabitants of a country, equivalent to the Greek

ABORRHAS.

Autochthones. But the Aborigines in Italy are not in the Latin writers the original inhabitants of all Italy, but the name of an ancient people who drove the Siculi ont of Latium, and there became the progenitors of the Latini.

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ACERRAE.

Amphoterus. Their father was murdered by Phegeus when they were very young; but as soon as they had grown up, they slew Phegeus, his wife, and his two sons. They afterwards went to Epirus, where Acarnan founded the state called after him Acarnania. ACARNĀNIA (-ae), the most westerly prov

ABORRHAS, a branch of the Euphrates, joining that river on the E. side near Arce-ince of Greece, bounded on the N. by the Amsium; called the Araxes by Xenophon. ABSYKTUS or APSYRTUS (-i), son of Acetes, king of Colchis, whom Medea took with her when she fled with Jason. Being pursued by her father, she murdered her brother, cut his body in pieces, and strewed them on the road, that her father might be detained by gathering the limbs of his child. Tomi, the place where this horror was committed, was believed to have derived its name from (Téμv∞) "cut."

bracian gulf; on the W. and S.W. by the Ionian sea; on the N.E. by Amphilochia, which is sometimes included in Acarnania; and on the E. by Aetolia, from which, at a later time, it was separated by the Achelous. The name of Acarnania does not occur in Homer. In the most ancient times the land was inhabited by the Taphii, Teleboae, and Leleges, and subsequently by the Curetes. At a later time a colony from Argos, said to have been led by ACARNAN, settled in the country. In the seventh century B. C. the Corinthians founded several towns on the coast. The Acarnanians of the Peloponnesian war, B.C. 431. They first emerge from obscurity at the beginning robbery, and they always remained behind were then a rude people, living by piracy and the rest of the Greeks in civilization and refinement. They were good slingers, and are praised for their fidelity and courage. The different towns formed a League, which met at Stratus, and subsequently at Thyrium or Leucas.

ABUS (-1: Humber), a river in Britain. ABYDOS (-i). (1) A town of the Troad on the Hellespont, and a Milesian colony, nearly opposite to Sestos, but a little lower down the stream. The bridge of boats which Xerxes constructed over the Hellespont, B.C. 480, commenced a little higher up than Abydos, and touched the European shore between Sestos and Madets. (2) A city of Upper Egypt, near the W. bank of the Nile; once second only to Thebes, but in Strabo's time (A.D. 14) a small village. It had a temple of Osiris and a Memnonium, both still standing, ACASTUS (-i), son of Pelias, king of Ioland an oracle. Here was found the inscrip-cus, one of the Argonauts and of the Calydotion known as the Table of Abydos, which contains a list of the Egyptian kings.

ABYLA (-ae) or ABILA (-ae) MONS or COLUMNA, a mountain in Mauretania Tingitana, forming the E. extremity of the S. or Africau coast of the Fretum Gaditanum. This and M. Calpe (Gibraltar), opposite to it on the Spanish coast, were called the Columns of Hercules, from the fable that they were originally one mountain, torn asunder by Hercules.

ACADEMIA and -TA (-ae), a piece of land on the Cephissus, 6 stadia from Athens, orig inally belonging to a hero Academus, and subsequently a gymnasium, adorned by Cimon with plane and olive plantations, statues, and other works of art. Here taught Plato, who possessed a piece of land in the neighborhood, and after him his followers,

who were hence called the Academici, or Academic philosophers. Cicero gave the name of Academia to his villa near Puteoli, where he wrote his "Quaestiones Academicae."

ACAMAS (-antis). (1) Son of Theseus and Phaedra, accompanied Diomedes to Troy to demand the surrender of Helen.-(2) Son of Antenor and Theano, one of the bravest Trojans, slain by Meriones.-(3) Son of Eussorus, one of the leaders of the Thracians in the Trojan war, slain by the Telamonian Ajax. ACANTHUS (-i), a town on the Isthmus, which connects the peninsula of Athos with Chalcidice, founded by the inhabitants of Andros.

ACARNAN (-anis), one of the Epigoni, son of Alcmaeon and Callirrhoë, and brother of

nian hunters. His sisters were induced by Medea to cut up their father and boil him, in order to make him young again. Acastus, in consequence, drove Jason and Medea from Iolcus, and instituted funeral games in honour of his father. During these games, Hippolyte, the wife of Acastus, fell in love with Peleus. When Peleus refused to listen to her she accused him to her husband of having attempted her dishonor. Shortly afterwards, while Acastus and Peleus were hunting on mount Pelion, and the latter had fallen asleep, Acastus took his sword from him, and left him alone. He was, in consequence, nearly destroyed by the Centaurs; but he was saved by Chiron or Hermes, returned to Acastus, and killed him, together with his wife. ACBARUS. [ABGARUS.]

the wife of the shepherd Faustulus and the ACCA LAURENTIA OF LARENTĨA (-ae), nurse of Romulus and Remus, after they had be connected with the worship of the Lares, been taken from the she-wolf. She seems to from which her name Larentia is probably derived.

ACCIUS OR ATTĬUS (-i), L., a Roman tragic poet, was born B.c. 170, and lived to a great age. His tragedies were chiefly imitated from the Greek, but he also wrote some on Roman subjects (Praetextatae).

ACCO, a chief of the Senones in Gaul, in

duced his countrymen to revolt against Caesar, B.C. 53, by whom he was put to death.

ACE. [PTOLEMAIS.] ACERBAS. [DIDO.]

ACERRAE (-ārum). (1) A town in Campania, on the Clanius; destroyed by Hannibal,

ACESINES.

but rebuilt. (2) A town of the Insubres in Gallia Transpadana.

ACESINES (-ae: Chenaub), a river in India, into which the Hydaspes flows, and which it

self flows into the Indus.

ACESTA. [SEGESTA.]

ACESTES (-ae), son of a Trojan woman, of the name of Egesta or Segesta, who was sent by her father to Sicily, that she might not be devoured by the monsters which infested the territory of Troy. When Egesta arrived in Sicily, the river-god Crimisus begot by her a son Acestes, who was afterwards regarded as the hero who had founded the town of Segesta. Aeneas, on his arrival in Sicily, was hospitably received by Acestes.

ACHAEI (-ōrum), one of the chief Hellenic races, were, according to tradition, descended from Achaeus, who was the son of Xuthus and Creusa, and grandson of Hellen. The Achaei originally dwelt in Thessaly, and from thence migrated to Peloponnesus, the whole of which became subject to them with the exception of Arcadia, and the country afterwards called Achaia. As they were the ruling nation in Peloponnesus in the heroic times, Homer frequently gives the name of Achaei to the collective Greeks. On the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Heraclidae and the Dorians, 80 years after the Trojan war, many of the Achaei under Tisamenus, the son of Orestes, left their country and took possession of the northern coast of Peloponnesus, then inhabited by Ionians, whom they expelled from the country, which was henceforth called Achaia. The expelled Ionians migrated to Attica and Asia Minor. The Achaei settled in 12 cities: Pellene, Aegira, Aegae, Bura, Helice, Aegium, Rhypae, Patrae, Pharae, Olenus, Dyme, and Tritaea. These 12 cities formed a league for mutual defense and protection. The Achaei had little influence in the affairs of Greece till the time of the successors of Alexander. In B.C. 281, the Achaei, who were then subject to the Macedonians, resolved to renew their ancient league for the purpose of shaking off the Macedonian yoke. This was the origin of the celebrated Achaean League. It at first consisted of only four towns, Dyme, Patrae, Tritaea, and Pharae, but was subsequently joined by the other towns of Achaia, with the exception of Olenus and Helice. It did not, however, obtain much importance till B.C. 251, when Aratus united to it his native town, Sicyon. The example of Sicyon was followed by Corinth and many other towns in Greece, and the League soon became the chief political power in Greece. At length the Achaei declared war against the Romans, who destroyed the League, and thus put an end to the independence of Greece. Corinth, then the chief town of the League, was taken by the Roman general Mummius, in B. C. 146, and the whole of southern Greece made a Roman province under the name of AOHAIA.

ACHAEMENES (-is). (1) The ancestor of the Persian kings, who founded the family of the Achaemenidae, which was the noblest family of the Pasargadae, the noblest of the Persian tribes. The Roman poets use the adjective Achaemenius in the sense of Persian.

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(2) Son of Darius I., was governor of Egypt, and commanded the Egyptian fleet in the expedition of Xerxes against Greece, B.C. 480. He was defeated and killed in battle by Inarus the Libyan, 460.

ACHAEMENIDĒS, OR ACHEMENĪDĒS, a companion of Ulysses, who left him behind in Sicily when he fled from the Cyclops. ACHAEUS. [ACHAEL.]

ACHÃĨA (-ae). (1) The northern coast of the Peloponnesus, originally called Aegialea or Aegialus, i. e. the coast-land, was bounded on the N. by the Corinthian gulf and the Ionian sea, on the S. by Elis and Arcadia, on the W. by the Ionian sea, and on the E. by Sicyonia. Respecting its inhabitants, see AоHAEL. -(2) A district in Thessaly, which appears to have been the original seat of the Achaei. (3) The Roman province, which included Peloponnesus and northern Greece S. of Thessaly. It was formed on the dissolution of the Achaean League in B.C. 146, and hence derived its name.

ACHARNAE (-arum), the principal demus of Attica, 60 stadia N. of Atheus, possessing a numerous and warlike population. One of the plays of Aristophanes bears their name. ACHELOIADES. [ACHELOUS.]

ACHELOUS (-i), the largest river in Greece, rises in Mount Pindus, and flows southward, forming the boundary between Acarnania and Aetolia, and falls into the Ionian sea opposite miles in length. The god of this river is described as the son of Oceanus and Tethys, and as the eldest of his 3000 brothers. He fought with Hercules for Deianira, but was conquered in the contest. He then took the form of a bull, but was again overcome by Hercules, who deprived him of one of his horns, which, however, he recovered by giving up the horn of Amalthea. According to Ovid (Met. ix. 87), the Naiads changed the horn which Hercules took from Achelous into the horn of plenty. Achelous was from the earliest times considered to be a great divinity throughout Greece, and was invoked in prayers, sacrifices, etc. Achelous was regarded as we find in Virgil Achelora pocula, that is, wathe representative of all fresh water; hence brides, as the daughters of Achelous. ter in general. The Sirens are called Ache

the islands called Echinades. It is about 130

ACHERON (-ontis), the name of several rivers, all of which were, at least at one time, believed to be connected with the lower world.

(1) A river in Thesprotia, in Epirus, which flows through the lake Acherusia into the Ionian sea. (2) A river in southern Italy, in Bruttii, on which Alexander of Epirus perished.-(3) The river of the lower world round which the shades hover, and into which the Pyriphlegethon and Cocytus flow. In late writers the name of Acheron is used to designate the whole of the lower world.

ACHERONTĨA (-ae). (1) A town in Apulia, on a summit of Mount Vultur, whence Horace speaks of celsae nidum Acherontiae.-(2) A town on the river Acheron, in Bruttii. [AonERON, No. 2.]

ACHERUSIA (-ae). [ACHERON, No. 1.]

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