CORIOLI. His original name was C. or Cn. Marcius, and he received the surname Coriolanus from the heroism be displayed at the capture of the Volscian town of Corioli. His haughty bearing towards the commons excited their fear and dislike, and he was impeached and condemned to exile, B.c. 491. He took refuge among the Volscians, and promised to assist them in war against the Romans. Attius Tullius, the king of the Volscians, appointed Coriolanus general of the Volscian army. Coriolanus took many towns, and advanced unresisted till he came to the Cluilian dike close to Rome, 489. Here he encamped, and the Romans in alarm sent to him embassy after embassy, consisting of the most distinguished men of the state. But he would listen to none of them. At length the noblest matrons of Rome, headed by Veturia, the mother of Coriolanus, and Volumnia his wife, with his two little children, came to his tent. His mother's reproaches, and the tears of his wife and the other matrons, bent his purpose. He led back his army, and lived in exile among the Volscians till his death; though other traditions relate that he was killed by the Volscians on his return to their country. CORIOLI (-ōrum), a town in Latium, capital of the Volsci, from the capture of which, in B.C. 493, C. Marcius obtained the surname of Coriolanus. at the Olympic games, B.c. 776: from this time the Olympiads begin to be reckoned. CORŌNE (-es), a town in Messenia on the W. side of the Messenian gulf, founded B.0. 371 by the Messenians after their return to their native country, with the assistance of the Thebans. CORONEA (-ae), a town in Boeotia, S.W. of the lake Copaís, and a member of the Boeotian League. CORONIS (-idis). (1) Daughter of Phlegyas, and mother by Apollo of Aesculapius, who is hence called Coronides. [AESCULA PIUS.1-(2) Daughter of Phoroneus, king of Phocis, metamorphosed by Athena (Minerva) into a crow, when pursued by Poseidon (Neptune). CORSICA (-ne), called CYRNUS by the Greeks, a mountainous island in the Mediterranean, N. of Sardinia. Honey and wax were the principal productions of the island; but the honey had a bitter taste from the yewtrees with which the island abounded. The inhabitants were addicted to robbery, and paid little attention to agriculture. The most ancient inhabitants appear to have been Ibe rians; but in early times Ligurians, Tyrrhenians, Carthagenians, and even Greeks (ALERIA], settled in the island. It was subject to the Carthaginiaus at the commencement of CORMASA (-ae), an inland town of Pam-into the hands of the Romans, and subsethe 1st Punic war, but soon afterwards passed phylia, or of Pisidia, taken by the consul Man- quently formed part of the Roman province lius. CORNELIA (-ne). (1) Daughter of P. Scipio Africanus the elder, wife of Ti. Sempronins Gracchus, and mother of the two tribunes Tiberius and Caius. She was virtuous and accomplished, and superintended with the greatest care the education of her sons, whom she survived. She was almost idolized by the people, who erected a statue to her, with the inscription, CORNELIA, MOTHER OF THE GRACOHL (2) Daughter of L. Cinna, wife of Caesar the dictator. (3) Daughter of Metellus Scipio, married first to P. Crassus, son of the trium vir; afterwards to Pompey the Great, by whom she was tenderly loved. She accompanied him to Egypt after the battle of Pharsalia, and saw him murdered. She afterwards returned to Rome, and received from Caesar the ashes of her husband, which she preserved on his Alban estate. CORNELIA ORESTILLA. [ORESTILLA.] CORNELIA GENS, the most distinguished of all the Roman gentes. All its great families belonged to the patrician order. The names of the most distinguished patrician families are: CETHEGUS, CINNA, Cossus, DoLABELLA, LENTULUS, SCIPIO, and SULLA. The names of the plebeian families are BALBUS and GALLUS. CORNELIUS NEPOS. [NEPOS.] CORNICULUM (-i), a town in Latium in the mountains N. of Tibur, celebrated as the residence of the parents of Servius Tullius. COROEBUS (-i). (1) A Phrygian, son of Mygdon, loved Cassandra, and for that reason fought on the side of the Trojans.-(2) An Elean, who gained the victory in the stadium of Sardinia. CORSOTE (-es), a city of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates, which Xenophon found already deserted. CORTONA (-ae), one of the 12 cities of Etruria, lay N.W. of the Trasimene lake, and was one of the most ancient cities in Italy. It is said to have been originally called Corythus, from its reputed founder Corythus, who is represented as the father of Dardanus. It was an important place when possessed by the Etruscans, and also previously when possessed by the Pelasgians, as is attested by the remains of the Pelasgic walls, which are some of the most remarkable in all Italy. Under the Romans it sank into insignificance. CORUNCĂNIUS (-i), TL, consul B.C. 280, with P. Valerius Laevinus, was the first plebeian who was created Pontifex Maximus, and the first person at Rome who gave regu lar instruction in law. CORVINUS MESSALA. [MESSALA] CORVUS, M. VĂLĒRIUS (-i), one of the most illustrious men in the early history of Rome. He obtained the surname of Corvus, or "Raven," because, when serving as military tribune under Camillus, B.C. 349, he ac cepted the challenge of a gigantic Gaul to single combat, and was assisted in the conflict by a raven which settled upon his helmet, and flew in the face of the barbarian. He was six times consul, and twice dictator, and by his military abilities rendered the most memorable services to his country. He reached the age of 100 years, and is frequently referred to by the later Roman writers as a memorable example of the favors of fortune. CORYBANTES. 127 CRAGUS. CORYBANTES (-ium), priests of Cybele, can cities.-(2) A town in Lucania near Thuor Rhea, in Phrygia, who celebrated her wor-rii. ship with enthusiastic dances, to the sound of the drum and the cymbal. They are often identified with the Curetes and the Idaean Dactyli, and thus are said to have been the nurses of Zeus (Jupiter) in Crete. CORYCIA (-ae), a nymph, who became by Apollo the mother of Lycorus or Lycoreus, and from whom the Corycian cave on Mount Parnassus was believed to have derived its name. The Muses are sometimes called by the poets Coricides Nymphae. CORYCUS (-i). (1) A high, rocky hill on the coast of Ionia, forming the S. W. promontory of the Erythraean peninsula.-(2) A city of Pamphylia, near Phaselis and Mount Olympus.-(3) A city in Cilicia Aspera, with a good harbor, and a grotto in the mountains, called the Corycian Cave, celebrated by the poets, and also famous for its saffron. At the dis COSSAEA (-ae), a district on the confines of Media and Persia, inhabited by a rude, warlike, predatory people, the Cossaei, whom the Persian kings never subdued. They were conquered by Alexander (B.O. 325, 324), but after his death they soon regained their independence. COSSUS, CORNELIUS (-i), the name of several illustrious Romans in the early history of the republic. Of these the most celebrated was Ser. Cornelius Cossus, consul B.C. 428, who killed Lar Tolumnius, the king of the Veii, in single combat, and dedicated his spoils in the temple of Jupiter Feretrins-the second of the three instances in which the spolia opima were won. island in the Mediterranean near Malta. COSYRA or COSSYRA (Pantelaria), a small COTISO (-ōnis), a king of the Dacians, con tance of 100 stadia (10 geog. miles) from Cory-quered in the reign of Augustus by Lentulus. cus was a promontory of the same name. CORYPHASIUM (-i), a promontory in MesCOTTA (-ne), AURELIUS (-i). (1) C., consenia, inclosing the harbor of Pylos on the N., sul B.C. 75 with L. Octavius, was one of the with a town of the same name upon it. most distinguished orators of his time, and is CORYTHUS (-), an Italian hero, son of Ju- introduced by Cicero as one of the speakers piter, husband of Electra, and father of Dar- in the De Oratore and the De Natura Deorum. danus, is said to have founded Corythus, aft-(2) L., praetor in 70, when he carried the erwards called CORTONA. celebrated law (lex Aurelia judiciaria) which and tribuni aerarii. intrusted the judicia to the senators, equites, cos, coos, COUS (Coi: Kos, Stanco), one of the islands called Sporades, lay off the coast of Caria, at the mouth of the Ceramic gulf, opposite to Halicarnassus. It was colonized by Aeolians, but became a member of the Dorian confederacy. Near its chief city, Cos, stood the Asclepicum, or temple of Asclepius, to whom the island was sacred. Its chief productions were wine, ointments, and the light, transparent dresses called "Coae vestes." It was the birthplace of the physician Hippocrates, of the poet Philetas, and of the painter Apelles, whose picture of Aphrodite (Venus) Anadyomene adorned the Asclepiéum. COTTA, L. AURUNCULEIUS (-i), one of Caesar's legates in Gaul, perished along with Sabinus in the attack made upon them by Ambiorix, B.c. 54. [AMBIORIX.] COTTIUS (-i), king of several Ligurian tribes in the Cottian Alps, which derived their name from him. [ALPES.] He submitted to Augustus, who granted him the sovereignty over 12 of these tribes, with the title of Praefectus. Cottius thereupon made roads over the Alps, and erected (B.c. 8) at Segusio (Suza) a triumphal arch in honor of Augustus, extant at the present day. His authority was transmitted to his son, upon whom Claudins conferred the title of king. On his death his kingdom was made a Roman province by Nero. COTTUS (-i), a giant with 100 hands, son of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth). COTYORA (-orum), a colony of Sinope, on the coast of Pontus Polemoniacus, celebrated as the place where the 10,000 Greeks embarked for Sinope. COTYS (-yos or yis) or COTYTTÖ (-us), a Thracian divinity, whose festival, the Cotttia, resembled that of the Phrygian Cybele, and was celebrated with licentious revelry. In later times her worship was introduced at Athens and Corinth. Her worshipers were called Baptae, from the purifications which were connected with her rites. COTYS (-yos or is), the name of several kings of Thrace. Ovid, during his exile at Tomi, addressed an epistle to one of those kings. CRĂGUS (-i), a mountain consisting of 8 summits, being a continuation of Taurus to the W., and forming at its extremity the S. W. promontory of Lycia. At its foot was a town legate in Gaul from 58 to 55, was slain at the of the same name, on the sea-shore, be- same time. tween Pydna and Patara. Parallel to it, N. CRATERUS (-i). (1) A distinguished genof the river Glaucus, was the chain of Anti-eral of Alexander the Great, on whose death crågus. CRĂNĂE (-es), the island to which Paris first carried Helen from Peloponnesus. Its locality is uncertain. CRANĂUS (-i), king of Attica, the son-inlaw and successor of Cecrops. CRANII or -IUM, a town of Cephallenia on the S. coast. CRANTOR (-oris). (1) The armor-bearer of Peleus, slain by the Centaur Demoleon.(2) of Soli in Cilicia, an Academic philosopher, studied at Athens under Xenocrates and Polemo, and flourished B.C. 300. He was the author of several works, chiefly on moral subjects, all of which are lost. Cicero commends him as a writer, and made great use of his work On Grief, in the 3d book of his Tusculan Disputations, and in the Consolatio, which he composed on the death of his daughter Tullia. (B.O. 323) he received, in common with Antipater, the government of Macedonia and Greece. He fell in a battle against Eumenes, in 321.-(2) A Greek physician, who attended the family of Atticus; mentioned also by Horace. CRATES (-etis). (1) A celebrated Athenian poet of the old comedy, began to flourish B.C. 449.—(2) Of Thebes, a pupil of the Cynic Diogenes, and one of the most distinguished of the Cynic philosophers, flourished about 320. (3) Of Mallus in Cilicia, a celebrated grammarian, founded the school of grammar at Pergamus, and wrote a commentary on the Homeric poems, in opposition to Aristarchus. CRATHIS (-is or idis). (1) A river in Achaia, falling into the sea near Aegae.-(2) A river in Lower Italy, forming the boundary on the E. between Lucania and Bruttii, and falling into the sea near Sybaris. Its waters were fabled to dye the hair blonde. CRĂTINUS (-i), one of the most celebrated of the Athenian poets of the old comedy, born B.C. 519; began to exhibit in 454, when he was 65 years of age; and died in 422, at the age of 97. He gave the old comedy its peculiar character, and did not, like Aristophanes, live to see its decline. He is frequently attacked by Aristophanes, who charges him with habitual intemperance, an accusation which was admitted by Cratinus himself. CRATIPPUS (-i), a Peripatetic philosopher of Mytilene, accompanied Pompey in his flight after the battle of Pharsalia, B. c. 48. He afterwards settled at Athens, where young M. Cicero was his pupil in 44. CREMERA (-ae), a small river in Etruria, which falls into the Tiber a little above Rome: memorable for the death of the 300 Fabii. CRASSUS (-i), the name of a distinguished family in the Gens Licinia, the most distinguished persons in which were-(1) L. LICINITS CRASSUS, the orator, who was consul, B.O. 95, censor in 92, and died in 91. As an orator he surpassed all his contemporaries. In the treatise De Oratore Cicero introduces him as one of the speakers, and he is understood to express Cicero's own sentiments.-(2) M. LIOINIUS CRASSUS, surnamed DIVES. His father, who was consul B.C. 97 and censor in 89, took part with Sulla in the civil war, and put an end to his own life when Marius and Cinna returned to Rome at the end of 87. Young Crassus fought with Sulla against the Marian party, and on the defeat of the latter was rewarded by donations of confiscated property. His ruling passion was the love of money; and, that he might add to his wealth, he left no stone unturned. He bought multitudes of slaves, and, in order to increase their value, CREMONA (-ae: Cremona), a Roman colohad them instructed in lucrative arts. ny in the N. of Italy, near the confluence of He worked silver mines, cultivated farms, and the Addua and the Po, was founded, together built houses, which he let at high rents. with Placentia, B.C. 219, as a protection against In 71 he was appointed praetor in order to carry the Gauls and Hannibal's invading army. It on the war against Spartacus and the gladia-Soon became a place of great importance; tors; he defeated Spartacus, who was slain but, having espoused the cause of Vitellius, it in the battle, and he was honored with an was totally destroyed by the troops of Vespaovation. In 70 he was consul with Pompey, sian, A.D. 69. and entertained the populace most sumptuously at a banquet of 10,000 tables. A jealousy sprang up between Pompey and Crassus, which was reconciled by Caesar, and thus was formed the so-called Triumvirate in 60. In 55 he was consul with Pompey again, and received the province of Syria, where he hoped to add greatly to his wealth. He was defeated by the Parthians in the plains of Mesopotamia near Carrhae, the Haran of Scripture. He was shortly afterwards slain at an interview with the Parthian general. His head was cut off and sent to Orodes, who caused melted gold to be poured into the mouth of his fallen enemy, saying, "Sate thyself now with that metal of which in life thou wert so greedy." His son, who was Caesar's CREMONIS JUGUM. [ALPES.] CREON (-ontis). (1) King of Corinth, whose daughter, Glauce or Creusa, married Jason. Medea, thus forsaken, sent Glauce a garment which burned her to death when she put it on; the palace took fire, and Creon perished in the flames.-(2) Son of Menoecus, and brother of Jocaste, the wife of Laius. After the death of Laius, Creon governed Thebes for a short time, and then surrendered the kingdom to Oedipus, who had delivered the country from the Sphinx. [OEDIPUS.] After the death of Eteocles and Polynices, the sons of Oedipus, he again assumed the reins of government at Thebes. His cruelty in forbidding burial to the corpse of Polynices, and his sentencing Antigone to death for dis CREOPHYLUS. obeying his orders, occasioned the death of his own son Haemon. For details, see AN TIGONE. CREOPHYLUS (-i), of Chios, one of the earliest epic poets, said to have been the friend or son-in-law of Homer. towns in Phocis, regarded by some writers as the same place; but it seems more probable that Crissa was a town inland S. W. of Delphi, and that Cirrha was its port in the Crissaean gulf. The inhabitants of these towns levied contributions upon the pilgrims frequenting the Delphic oracle, in consequence of which the Amphictyons declared war against them, B.C. 595, and eventually destroyed them. This territory, the rich Crissaean plain, was deAclared sacred to the Delphic god, and was forthis plain by the inhabitants of Amphissa led bidden to be cultivated. The cultivation of to the Sacred war, in which Philip was chosen general of the Amphictyons, 338. Crissa remained in ruins, but Cirrha was afterwards rebuilt, and became the harbor of Delphi. CRESPHONTES (-is), an Heraclid, son of Aristomachus, and one of the conquerors of Peloponnesus, obtained Messenia for his share. During an insurrection of the Messenians, he and two of his sons were slain. third son, Aepytus, avenged his death. [AE PYTUS.] CRESTONIA (-ae), a district in Macedonia between the Axins and Strymon, near Mount Cercine, inhabited by the Crestonaei, a Thracian people; their chief town was Creston or Crestone, founded by the Pelasgians. CRITIĀS (-ae), a pupil of Socrates, one of Spartans, B.C. 404, was conspicuous above all the 30 tyrants established at Athens by the his colleagues for rapacity and cruelty. CRITOLAUS (-i). (1) Of Phaselis in Lycia, succeeded Ariston at Athens as the head of the Peripatetic school. In B.C. 155 he was sent by the Athenians as embassador to Rome with Carneades and Diogenes. [CARNEADES.] -(2) General of the Achaean League, 147, distinguished by his bitter enmity to the Romans. He was defeated by Metellus, and was never heard of after the battle. CRITON (-ōnis), a rich citizen of Athens, and a friend and disciple of Socrates. CRETA (-ae: Candia), one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean sea, about 160 miles in length, and from 35 to 6 miles in breadth. It was celebrated for its fertility and salubrity, and was inhabited at an early period by a numerous and civilized population. Homer speaks of its hundred cities; and before the Trojan war mythology told of a king MINOS, who resided at Crossus, and ruled over the greater part of the island. He is said to have given laws to Crete, and to have been the first prince who had a navy, with which he suppressed piracy in the Aegaean. Cnossus, Gortyna, and Cydonia were the most important cities. In the historical CROCUS (-i), the beloved friend of Smilax, period the ruling class were the Dorians, who was changed by the gods into a saffron plant. settled in Crete about 60 years after the DoCROESUS (-i), last king of Lydia, son of rian conquest of Peloponnesus, and introduced into the island the social and political Alyattes, reigned B.O. 560-546. He subdued institutions of the Dorians. Subsequently all the nations between the Aegaean and the Doric customs disappeared, and great degen-river Halys, and made the Greeks in Asia Mieracy in morals prevailed. The apostle Paul, quoting the Cretan poet Epimenides, describes them as "always liars, evil beasts, slow bellies." The Cretans were celebrated as archers, and frequently served as mercenaries in the armies of other nations. The island was conquered by Q. Metellus, who received in consequence the surname Creticus (B. c. 68-66), and it became a Roman prov ince. CRETEUS or CATREUS (-čos), son of Minos by Pasiphae or Crete, and father of Al themenes. CREŪSA (-ne). (1) Daughter of Erechthens and Praxithea, wife of Xuthus, and mother of Achaeus and Ion.-(2) Daughter of Priam and Hecuba, wife of Aeneas, and mother of Ascanius. She perished on the night of the capture of Troy, having been separated from her husband in the confusion.-(3) Daughter of Creon, who fell a victim to the vengeance of Medea. [CREON, No. 1.] CRIMISUS or CRIMISSUS, a river in the W. of Sicily falling into the Hypsa; on its banks Timoleon defeated the Carthaginians, B.O. 339. CRISSA or CRISA, and CIRRHA (-ae), nor tributary to him. The fame of his power and wealth drew to his court at Sardis all the wise men of Greece, and among them Solon, whose interview with the king was celebrated in antiquity. In reply to the question, who was the happiest man he had ever seen, the sage taught the king that no man should be deemed happy till he had finished his life in Persia, the army of Croesus was defeated, a happy way. In a war with Cyrus, king of and his capital, Sardis, was taken. Croesus was condemned by the conqueror to be burned to death. As he stood before the pyre, the warning of Solon came to his mind, and he thrice uttered the name of Solon. Cyrus inquired who 12 was that he called on; and upon hearing the story repented of his purpose, and not only spared the life of Croesus, but made him his friend. Croesus survived Cyrus, and accompanied Cambyses in his expedition against Egypt. CROMMYON or CROMYON, a town in Megaris, on the Saronic gulf, afterwards belonged to Corinth; celebrated in mythology on account of its wild sow, which was slain by Theseus. CRONUS (-i), called SATURNUS (-i) by the Romans, the youngest of the Titans, son of Uranus and Ge (Heaven and Earth), father, by Rhea, of Hestia, Demeter (Ceres), Hera (Juno), Hades (Pluto), Poseidon (Neptune), and Zeus (Jupiter). He deprived his |