ambitious temper. On the accession of his elder brother Artaxerxes Mnemon, 404, he formed the design of dethroning his brother, to accomplish which he obtained the aid of a force of 13,000 Greek mercenaries, set out from Sardis in the spring of 401, and, having crossed the Euphrates at Thapsacus, marched down the river to the plain of Cunaxa, 500 stadia from Babylon. Here he met the king's army. In the battle which followed his Greek troops were victorious, but Cyrus himself was slain. The character of Cyrus is drawn by Xenophon in the brightest colors. It is enough to say that his ambition was gilded by all those brilliant qualities which win men's hearts.-(3) A river of Armenia, rising in the Caucasus, flowing through Iberia, and, after forming the boundary between Albania and Armenia, uniting with the Araxes, and falling into the W. side of the Caspian.

CYTHERA (-ae: Cerigo), an island off the S.E. point of Laconia, with a town of the same name in the interior, the harbor of which was called SCANDEA. It was colonized at an early time by the Phoenicians, who introduced the worship of Aphrodite (Venus) into the island, for which it was celebrated.

DIAE. [DAHAE.]

DAHAE.

This goddess was hence called CYTHERAEA, CYTHEREIS; and, according to some traditions, it was in the neighborhood of this island that she first rose from the foam of the

sea.

CYTHNUS (-i: Thermia), an island in the

Aegean sea, one of the Cyclades. CYTINIUM (-i), one of the 4 cities in Doris, on Parnassus.

CYTORUS or -UM (-i), a town on the coast of Paphlagonia, a commercial settlement of Sinope, stood upon the mountain of the same name, celebrated for its box-trees.

CYZICUS (-i), one of the most ancient and powerful of the Greek cities in Asia Minor, stood upon an island of the same name in the Propontis (Sea of Marmora). This island lay close to the shore of Mysia, to which it was united by two bridges, and afterwards (under Alexander the Great) by a mole, which has accumulated to a considerable isthmus. The most noted passages in its history are its shaking off the Persian yoke after the peace of Antaleidas, and its gallant resistance against Mithridates (B.O. 75), which obtained for it the rank of a "libera civitas."

D.

the Athenians and Cretans. He is sometimes

DACIA (-ae), as a Roman province, lay be- called an Athenian, and sometimes a Cretween the Danube and the Carpathian mount- tan, on account of the long time he lived in ains, and comprehended the modern Transyl- Crete. He devoted himself to sculpture, and vania, Wallachia, Moldavia, and part of Hun-made great improvements in the art. He ingary. The Daci were of the same race and structed his sister's son, Calos, Talus, or Perspoke the same language as the Getae, and dix, who soon came to surpass him in skill are therefore usually said to be of Thracian and ingenuity, and Daedalus killed him origin. They were a brave and warlike peo- through envy. [PERDIX.] Being condemned ple. In the reign of Domitian they became to death by the Areopagus for this murder, so formidable under their king DECEBALUS he went to Crete, where the fame of his skill that the Romans were obliged to purchase a obtained for him the friendship of Minos. He peace of them by the payment of tribute. made the well-known wooden cow for PasiTrajan delivered the empire from this dis- phaë; and when Pasiphae gave birth to the grace; he crossed the Danube, and after a Minotaur, Daedalus constructed the labywar of 5 years (A.D. 101-106) conquered the rinth at Cnossus in which the monster was country, and made it a Roman province. At kept. For his part in this affair, Daedalus a later period Dacia was invaded by the was imprisoned by Minos; but Pasiphaë reGoths; and, as Aurelian considered it more leased him; and, as Minos had seized all the prudent to make the Danube the boundary ships on the coast of Crete, Daedalus procured of the empire, he resigned Dacia to the bar- wings for himself and his son Icarus, and fastbarians, removed the Roman inhabitants to ened them on with wax. [ICARUS.] DaedaMoesia, and gave the name of Dacia (Aureli- lus flew safely over the Aegaean, alighting, ana) to that part of the province along the according to some accounts, at Cumae, in Danube where they were settled. Italy. He then fled to Sicily, where he was hospitably entertained by Cocalus, Minos, who sailed to Sicily in pursuit of him, was slain by Cocalus or his daughters. Several other works of art were attributed to Daeda us, in Greece, Italy, Libya, and the islands of the Mediterranean. They belong to the period when art began to be developed. The name of Daedala was given by the Greeks to and bright colors, and real drapery, the earthe wooden statues, ornamented with gilding, liest known forms of the images of the gods.

DACTYLI (-ōrum), fabulous beings, to whom the discovery of iron, and the art of working it by means of fire, was ascribed. Mount Ida, in Phrygia, is said to have been the original seat of the Dactyls, whence they are usually called Idaean Dactyls. In Phrygia they were connected with the worship of Rhea, or Cybele. They are sometimes confounded or identified with the Curetes, Corybantes, and Cabiri.

DAEDALUS (-i), a mythical personage, under whose name the Greek writers personified the earliest development of the arts of sculpture and architecture, especially among

DĂHAE (-arum), a great Scythian people, who led a nomad life over a great extent of country, on the E. of the Caspian, in Hyrca

DAMASTES.

DAMASTES of Sigeum, a Greek historian, and a contemporary of Herodotus and Hellanicus of Lesbos; his works are lost.

DAMIA. [AUXESIA.]

137

DAMNONII (-ōrum). (1) Or DUMNONII or DUMNUNII, a powerful people in the S. W. of Britain, inhabiting Cornwall, Devonshire, and the W. part of Somersetshire, from whom was called the promontory DAMNONIUM, also OCRINUM (C. Lizard), in Cornwall.-(2) Or DAMNII, a people in N. Britain, inhabiting parts of Perth, Argyle, Stirling, and Dumbarton-shires. DAMO, a daughter of Pythagoras and Theano, to whom Pythagoras intrusted his writings, and forbade her to give them to any one. This command she strictly observed, although she was in extreme poverty, and received many requests to sell them.

DAMOCLES (-is), a Syracusan, one of the companions and flatterers of the elder Dionysius. Damocles having extolled the great felicity of Dionysius on account of his wealth and power, the tyrant invited him to try what his happiness really was, and placed him at a magnificent banquet, in the midst of which Damocles saw a naked sword suspended over his head by a single horse-hair-a sight which quickly dispelled all his visions of happiness. The story is alluded to by Horace. (Carm. iii. 1, 17.)

DANAUS.

DANA (-ae), a great city of Cappadocia, probably the same as the later TYANA.

DANAE (-es), daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos, was confined by her father in a brazen tower, because an oracle had declared that she would give birth to a son who should kill his grandfather. But here she became the mother of Perseus by Zeus (Jupiter), who visited her in a shower of gold, and thus mocked the precautions of the king. Acrisius shut up both mother and child in a chest, which he cast into the sea; but the chest floated to the island of Seriphus, where both were rescued by Dictys. As to the fulfillment of the oracle, see PERSEUS. An Italian legend related that Danae came to Italy, built the town of Ardea, and married Pilumnus, by whom she became the mother of Daunus, the

ancestor of Turnus.

DANAI. [DANAUS.]

DANAIDES (-um), the 50 daughters of Danaus. [DANAUS.]

DANALA (-ōrum), a city in the territory of the Trocmi, in the N.E. of Galatia, notable in the history of the Mithridatic war as the place where Lucullus resigned the command to Pompey.

DANAPRIS. [BORYSTHENES.]
DANASTRIS. [TYRAS.]

DĂNĂUS (-i), son of Belus, and twin-brothDAMON (-onis). (1) Of Athens, a celebra-er of Aegyptus. Belus had assigned Libya to ted musician and Sophist, a teacher of Pericles, with whom he lived on the most intimate terms. He was said to have been also a teacher of Socrates. (2) A Pythagorean, and friend of PHINTIAS (not Pythias). When the latter was condemned to die for a plot against Dionysius I. of Syracuse, he obtained leave of the tyrant to depart, for the purpose of arranging his domestic affairs, upon Damon offering himself to be put to death instead of his friend, should he fail to return. Phintias arrived just in time to redeem Damon; and Dionysius was so struck with this instance of friendship on both sides that he pardoned the criminal, and entreated to be admitted as a third into their bond of brotherhood.

Danaus, but the latter, fearing his brother and his brother's sons, fled with his 50 daughters to Argos. Here he was elected king by the Argives in place of Gelanor, the reigning monarch. The story of the murder of the 50 sons of Aegyptus by the 50 daughters of Danaus (the Danaides) is given under AEGYPTUS. There was one exception to the murderous deed. The life of Lynceus was spared by his wife Hypermnestra; and according to the common tradition he afterwards avenged the death of his brothers by killing his father-inlaw, Danaus. According to the poets the Danaides were punished in Hades by being compelled everlastingly to pour water into a sieve. From Danaus the Argives were called

Danaides. (Visconti, Mus. Pio Clem., vol. 4, tav. 36.)

DAMOXENUS (-i), an Athenian comic poet | of the new comedy, and perhaps partly of the middle.

Danai, which name, like that of the Argives, was often applied by the poets to the collect ive Greeks.

DANUBIUS.

DĀNŬBĬUS (-i: Danube, in Germ. Donau), called ISTER by the Greeks, one of the chief rivers of Europe, rising in M. Abnoba, the Black Forest, and falling into the Black Sea after a course of 1770 miles. The Danube formed the N. boundary of the empire, with the exception of the time that DACIA was a Roman province. In the Roman period the upper part of the river from its source as far as Vienna was called Danubius, while the lower part to its entrance in the Black Sea was named Ister.

DAPHNE (-es). (1) Daughter of the rivergod Peneus, in Thessaly, was pursued by Apollo, who was charmed by her beauty; but as she was on the point of being overtaken by him, she prayed for aid, and was metamorphosed into a laurel-tree (dápvn), which became in consequence the favorite tree of Apollo.-(2) A beautiful spot, 5 miles S. of Antioch in Syria, to which it formed a sort of park or pleasure garden. for the grove and temple dedicated to Apollo. It was celebrated DAPHNIS (-idis), a Sicilian shepherd, son of Hermes (Mercury) by a nymph, was taught by Pan to play on the flute, and was regarded as the inventor of bucolic poetry. to whom he proved faithless punished him A Naiad with blindness, whereupon his father Hermes translated him to heaven.

138

DATAMES.

the destruction of Troy, bearing the title Da retis Phrygii de Excidio Trojae Historia, and purporting to be a translation of the work of Dares by Cornelius Nepos. But the Latin work is evidently of much later origin; and it is supposed by some to have been written even as late as the 12th century.

485, son of Hystaspes, was one of the 7 Persian chiefs who destroyed the usurper SMERDĀRIUS (-i). (1) King of Persia, B.c. 521DIS. The 7 chiefs agreed that the oue of them time and place should become king; and as whose horse neighed first at an appointed the horse of Darius neighed first, he was declared king. He divided the empire into 20 satrapies, assigning to each its amount of tribute. A few years after his accession the Babylonians revolted, but after a siege of 20 months, Babylon was taken by a stratagem Scythia, and penetrated into the interior of of ZOPYRUS, about 516. He then invaded ber of men by famine, and being unable to modern Russia, but after losing a large nummeet with the enemy, he was obliged to rehis forces, under Megabazus, to subdue Thrace treat. On his return to Asia, he sent part of and Macedonia, which thus became subject event in the reign of Darius was the comto the Persian empire. The most important mencement of the great war between the Persians and the Greeks. The history of this

DARDĂNI (-ōrum), a people in Upper Moe-war belongs to the biographies of other men. sia, occupying part of Illyricum.

DARDANIA (-ae). (1) A district of the Troad, lying along the Hellespont, S.W. of Abydos, and adjacent to the territory of Ilium. Its people (Dardani) appear in the Trojan war, under Aeneas, in close alliance with the Trojans, with whose name theirs is often interchanged, especially by the Roman poets. (2) A city in this district. See Dardanus, No. 2.

DARDANUS (-i). (1) Son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Electra, the mythical ancestor of the Trojans, and through them of the Romans. The Greek traditions usually made him a king in Arcadia, from whence he emigrated first to Samothrace, and afterwards to Asia, where he received a tract of land from king Teucer, on which he built the town of Dardania. His grandson Tros removed to Troy the Palladium, which had belonged to his grandfather. According to the Italian traditions, Dardanus was the son of Corythus, an Etruscan prince of Corythus (Cortona); and, as in the Greek tradition, he afterwards emigrated to Phrygia.-(2) Also DARDANUM and -IUM, a Greek city in the Troad on the Hellespont, 12 Roman miles from Ilium, built by Aeolian colonists, at some distance from the site of the ancient city Dardania. From Dardanus arose the name of the Castles of the Dardanelles, after which the Hellespont is now called.

DARES (-étis), a priest of Hephaestus (Vulcan) at Troy, mentioned in the Iliad, to whom was ascribed in antiquity an Iliad, believed to be more ancient than the Homeric poems. This work, which was undoubtedly the composition of a Sophist, is lost; but there is extant a Latin work in prose in 44 chapters, on

TIADES.] In 501 the Ionian Greeks revolted; [ARISTAGORAS, HISTIAEUS, MARDONIUS, MILthey were assisted by the Athenians, who burned Sardis, and thus provoked the hostility of Darius. Darius sent against the Greeks Mardonius in 492, and afterwards Datis and Artaphernes, who sustained a memorable defeat by the Athenians at Marathon, 490. Darius now resolved to call out the whole force Greece; but, after 3 years of preparation, his of his empire for the purpose of subduing attention was called off by the rebellion of Egypt. He died in 485, leaving the execution Persia, 424-405, named OcHus before his ac of his plans to his son XERXES.-(2) King of cession, and then surnamed NoTHUS, or the Bastard, from his being one of the bastard by putting his brother Sogdianus to death, sons of Artaxerxes 1. He obtained the crown and married Parysatis, by whom he had 2 sons, Artaxerxes IL, who succeeded him, and Cyrus the younger. Darius was governed by eunuchs, and the weakness of his government was shown by repeated insurrections of his satraps. (3) Last king of Persia, 336-331, named CODOMANUS before his accession, was raised to the throne by Bagoas, after the by Alexander the Great, and of his death, is murder of ARSES. The history of his conquest given in the life of ALEXANDER.

DASSARĒTII (-ōrum), or DASSARITAE,
Illyria on the borders of Macedonia; their
DASSARETAE (-arum), a people in Greek
chief town was LYCHNIDUS, on a hill, on the
N. side of the lake LYCHNITIS, which was so
called after the town.

general, a Carian by birth, was satrap of Ci-
DATAMES (-is), a distinguished Persian
licia under Artaxerxes II. (Muemon), but re