nia (which still bears the name of Daghestan), on the banks of the Margus, the Oxus, and even the Jaxartes. DALMATIA or DELMATIA (-ae), a part of the country along the E. coast of the Adriatic sea, included under the general name of Illyricum, and separated from Liburnia on the N. by the Titius (Kerka), and from Greek Illyria on the S. by the Drilo (Drino), thus nearly corresponding to the modern Dalmatia. The capital was DALMINIUM OF DELMINIUM, from which the country derived its name. The next most important town was SALONA, the residence of Diocletian. The Dalmatians were a brave and warlike people, and gave much trouble to the Romans. In B.C. 119 their country was overrun by L. Metellus, who assumed, in consequence, the surname Dalmaticus, but they continued independent of the Romans. In 39 they were defeated by Asinius Pollio, of whose Dalmaticus triumphus Horace speaks; but it was not till the year 23 that they were finally subdued by Statilius Taurus. They took part in the great Pannonian revolt under their leader Bato: but after a three-years' war were again reduced to subjection by Tiberius, A.D. 9. DALMINIUM. [DALMATIA.] DAMĂLIS (-is) or BOUS (-i), a small place in Bithynia, on the shore of the Thracian Bosporus, N. of Chalcedon; celebrated by tradition as the landing-place of Io. DAMARATUS. [DEMARATUS.] DAMASCUS (-i), one of the most ancient cities of the world, mentioned as existing in the time of Abraham (Gen. xiv. 15), stood in the district afterwards called Coele-Syria, upon both banks of the river Chrysorrhoas or Bardines (Burada). Its fruits were celebrated in ancient, as in modern times; and altogether the situation of the city is one of the finest on the globe. For a long period Damascus was the seat of an independent kingdom, called the kingdom of Syria, which was subdued by the Assyrians, and passed succesthe Persians, the Greek kings of Syria, and sively under the dominion of the Babylonians, the Romans. It flourished greatly under the emperors. Diocletian established in it a great factory for arms; and hence the origin of the fame of the Damascus blades. Its position on one of the high roads from Lower to Upper Asia gave it a considerable trade. DAMASIPPUS (-i). (1) A Roman senator, fought on the side of the Pompeians in Africa, and perished, B.o. 47.-(2) A contemporary of Cicero, who mentions him as a lover of statues, and speaks of purchasing a garden from Damasippus. He is probably the same person as the Damasippus ridiculed by Horace. (Sat. ii. 3, 16, 64.) It appears from Horace that Damasippus had become bankrupt, in consequence of which he intended to put an end to himself; but he was prevented by the Stoic Stertinius, and then turned Stoic himself, or at least affected to be one by his long beard. DAMASTES. DAMASTES of Sigeum, a Greek historian, and a contemporary of Herodotus and Hellanicus of Lesbos; his works are lost. DAMIA. [AUXESIA.] DANA (-ae), a great city of Cappadocia, probably the same as the later TYANA. DANAE (-es), daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos, was confined by her father in a brazen tower, because an oracle had declared that she would give birth to a son who should kill his grandfather. But here she became the mother of Perseus by Zeus (Jupiter), who visited her in a shower of gold, and thus mocked the precautions of the king. Acrisius shut up both mother and child in a chest, which he cast into the sea; but the chest of the oracle, see PERSEUS. An Italian legend were rescued by Dictys. As to the fulfillment related that Danae came to Italy, built the town of Ardea, and married Pilumnus, by whom she became the mother of Daunus, the DAMNONII (-ōrum). (1) Or DUMNONII or DUMNUNII, a powerful people in the S. W. of Britain, inhabiting Cornwall, Devonshire, and the W. part of Somersetshire, from whom was called the promontory DAMNONIUM, also OCRINUM (C. Lizard), in Cornwall.-(2) Or DAMNII, a people in N. Britain, inhabiting parts of Perth, Argyle, Stirling, and Dumbarton-shires. DAMO, a daughter of Pythagoras and The-floated to the island of Seriphus, where both ano, to whom Pythagoras intrusted his writings, and forbade her to give them to any one. This command she strictly observed, although she was in extreme poverty, and received many requests to sell them. DAMOCLES (-is), a Syracusan, one of the companions and flatterers of the elder Dionysius. Damocles having extolled the great felicity of Dionysius on account of his wealth and power, the tyrant invited him to try what his happiness really was, and placed him at a magnificent banquet, in the midst of which Damocles saw a naked sword suspended over his head by a single horse-hair-a sight which quickly dispelled all his visions of happiness. The story is alluded to by Horace. (Carm. iii. 1, 17.) ancestor of Turnus. DANAI. [DANAUS.] DÄNAIDES (-um), the 50 daughters of Danaus. [DANAUS.] DANALA (-ōrum), a city in the territory of the Trocmi, in the N.E. of Galatia, notable in the history of the Mithridatic war as the place where Lucullus resigned the command to Pompey. DANAPRIS. [BORYSTHENES.] DĂNĂUS (-i), son of Belus, and twin-brothDAMON (-Ŏnis). (1) Of Athens, a celebra-er of Aegyptus. Belus had assigned Libya to ted musician and Sophist, a teacher of Pericles, with whom he lived on the most intimate terms. He was said to have been also a teacher of Socrates.-(2) A Pythagorean, and friend of PHINTIAS (not Pythias). When the latter was condemned to die for a plot against Dionysius I. of Syracuse, he obtained leave of the tyrant to depart, for the purpose of arranging his domestic affairs, upon Damon offering himself to be put to death instead of his friend, should he fail to return. Phintias arrived just in time to redeem Damon; and Dionysius was so struck with this instance of friendship on both sides that he pardoned the criminal, and entreated to be admitted as a third into their bond of brotherhood. Danaus, but the latter, fearing his brother and his brother's sons, fled with his 50 daughters to Argos. Here he was elected king by the Argives in place of Gelanor, the reigning monarch. The story of the murder of the 50 sons of Aegyptus by the 50 daughters of Danaus (the Danaides) is given under AEGYPTUS. There was one exception to the murderous deed. The life of Lynceus was spared by his wife Hypermnestra; and according to the common tradition he afterwards avenged the death of his brothers by killing his father-inlaw, Danaus. According to the poets the Danaides were punished in Hades by being compelled everlastingly to pour water into a sieve. From Danaus the Argives were called Danaides. (Visconti, Mus. Pio Clem., vol. 4, tav. 36.) DAMOXENUS (-i), an Athenian comic poet | of the new comedy, and perhaps partly of the middle. Danai, which name, like that of the Argives, was often applied by the poets to the collect ive Greeks. DANUBIUS. DĀNÜBĬUS (-1: Danube, in Germ. Donau), called ISTER by the Greeks, one of the chief rivers of Europe, rising in M. Abnoba, the Black Forest, and falling into the Black Sea after a course of 1770 miles. The Danube formed the N. boundary of the empire, with the exception of the time that DACIA was a Roman province. In the Roman period the upper part of the river from its source as far as Vienna was called Danubius, while the lower part to its entrance in the Black Sea was named Ister. DAPHNE (-es). (1) Daughter of the rivergod Peneus, in Thessaly, was pursued by Apollo, who was charmed by her beauty; but as she was on the point of being overtaken by him, she prayed for aid, and was metamorphosed into a laurel-tree (dapvn), which became in consequence the favorite tree of Apollo.-(2) A beautiful spot, 5 miles S. of Antioch in Syria, to which it formed a sort of park or pleasure garden. It was celebrated for the grove and temple dedicated to Apollo. DAPHNIS (-idis), a Sicilian shepherd, son of Hermes (Mercury) by a nymph, was taught by Pan to play on the flute, and was regarded as the inventor of bucolic poetry. A Naiad to whom he proved faithless punished him with blindness, whereupon his father Hermes translated him to heaven. DARDANI (-ōrum), a people in Upper Moesia, occupying part of Illyricum. DARDĂNĨA (-ae). (1) A district of the Troad, lying along the Hellespont, S. W. of Abydos, and adjacent to the territory of Ilium. Its people (Dardani) appear in the Trojan war, under Aeneas, in close alliance with the Trojans, with whose name theirs is often interchanged, especially by the Roman poets. (2) A city in this district. See Dardanus, No. 2. 138 DARDANUS (-i). (1) Son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Electra, the mythical ancestor of the Trojans, and through them of the Romans. The Greek traditions usually made him a king in Arcadia, from whence he emigrated first to Samothrace, and afterwards to Asia, where he received a tract of land from king Teucer, on which he built the town of Dardania. His grandson Tros removed to Troy the Palladium, which had belonged to his grandfather. According to the Italian traditions, Dardanus was the son of Corythus, an Etruscan prince of Corythus (Cortona); and, as in the Greek tradition, he afterwards emigrated to Phrygia.-(2) Also DARDANUM and -IUM, a Greek city in the Troad on the Hellespont, 12 Roman miles from Ilium, built by Aeolian colonists, at some distance from the site of the ancient city Dardania. From Dardanus arose the name of the Castles of the Dardanelles, after which the Hellespont is now called. DATAMES. the destruction of Troy, bearing the title Da retis Phrygii de Excidio Trojae Historia, and purporting to be a translation of the work of Dares by Cornelius Nepos. But the Latin work is evidently of much later origin; and it is supposed by some to have been written even as late as the 12th century. DARIUS (-i). (1) King of Persia, B.C. 521485, son of Hystaspes, was one of the 7 Persian chiefs who destroyed the usurper SMERDIS. The 7 chiefs agreed that the one of them whose horse neighed first at an appointed time and place should become king; and as the horse of Darius neighed first, he was declared king. He divided the empire into 20 satrapies, assigning to each its amount of tribute. A few years after his accession the Babylonians revolted, but after a siege of 20 months, Babylon was taken by a stratagem of ZOPYRUS, about 516. He then invaded Scythia, and penetrated into the interior of modern Russia, but after losing a large number of men by famine, and being unable to meet with the enemy, he was obliged to retreat. On his return to Asia, he sent part of his forces, under Megabazus, to subdue Thrace and Macedonia, which thus became subject to the Persian empire. The most important event in the reign of Darius was the commencement of the great war between the Persians and the Greeks. The history of this war belongs to the biographies of other men. [ARISTAGORAS, HISTIAEUS, MARDONIUS, MILTIADES.] In 501 the Ionian Greeks revolted; they were assisted by the Athenians, who burned Sardis, and thus provoked the hostility of Darius. Darius sent against the Greeks Mardonius in 492, and afterwards Datis and Artaphernes, who sustained a memorable defeat by the Athenians at Marathon, 490. Darius now resolved to call out the whole force of his empire for the purpose of subduing Greece; but, after 3 years of preparation, his attention was called off by the rebellion of Egypt. He died in 485, leaving the execution of his plans to his son XERXES.-(2) King of Persia, 424-405, named Ocнys before his accession, and then surnamed NOTHUS, or the Bastard, from his being one of the bastard Sons of Artaxerxes I. He obtained the crown by putting his brother Sogdianus to death, and married Parysatis, by whom he had g sons, Artaxerxes IL, who succeeded him, and Cyrus the younger. Darius was governed by eunuchs, and the weakness of his government was shown by repeated insurrections of his satraps.-(3) Last king of Persia, 336-331, named CODOMANUS before his accession, was raised to the throne by Bagoas, after the murder of ARSES. The history of his conquest by Alexander the Great, and of his death, is given in the life of ALEXANDER. DASSARETII (-orum), or DASSARITAE, DASSARETAE (-arum), a people in Greek Illyria on the borders of Macedonia; their chief town was LYCHNIDUS, on a hill, on the N. side of the lake LYCHNITIS, which was so called after the town. DARES (-etis), a priest of Hephaestus (Vulcan) at Troy, mentioned in the Iliad, to whom was ascribed in antiquity an Iliad, believed to be more ancient than the Homeric poems. This work, which was undoubtedly the com- DATAMES (-is), a distinguished Persian position of a Sophist, is lost; but there is ex- general, a Carian by birth, was satrap of Citant a Latin work in prose in 44 chapters, onlicia under Artaxerxes II. (Mnemon), but re volted against the king. He defeated the generals who were sent against him, but was at length assassinated, B.C. 362. Cornelius Nepos, who has written his life, calls him the bravest and most able of all barbarian generals, except Hamilcar and Hannibal. DATIS (-is), a Mede, commanded, along with Artaphernes, the Persian army which was defeated at Marathon, B.C. 490. DATUM or DATUS (-i), a Thracian town, on the Strymonic gulf, subject to Macedonia, with gold mines in Mount Pangaeus, in the neighborhood, whence came the proverb, a "Datum of good things." DAULIS (-idis) or DAULIA (-he), an ancient town in Phocis, situated on a lofty hill, celebrated in mythology as the residence of the Thracian king TEREUS, and as the scene of the tragic story of PHILOMELA and PROCNE. Hence DAULIAS is the surname both of Procne and Philomela. DAUNIA. [APULIA.] DAUNUS (-i), son of Pilumnus and Danae, wife of Venilia, and ancestor of Turnus. DECEBALUS (-i), a celebrated king of the Dacians, to whom Domitian paid an annual tribute. He was defeated by Trajan, and put an end to his own life, whereupon Dacia became a Roman province, A.D. 106. DECELEA or -IA (-ae), a demus of Attica, N.W. of Athens, on the borders of Boeotia, near the sources of the Cephissus, seized and fortified by the Spartans in the Peloponnesian war. DECETIA (-ae: Desize), a city of the Aedui, in Gallia Lugdunensis, on an island in the Liger (Loire). DECIDIUS SAXA. [SAXA.] DECIUS (-i) MUS (Mūris), P., plebeians. (1) Consul B.o. 340 with T. Manlius Torquatus, in the great Latin war. Each of the consuls had a vision in the night before fighting with the Latins, announcing that the general of one side and the army of the other were devoted to death. The consuls thereupon agreed that the one whose wing first began to waver should devote himself and the army of the enemy to destruction. Decius commanded the left wing, which began to give way; whereupon he devoted himself and the army of the enemy to destruction, then rushed into the thickest of the enemy, and was slain, leaving the victory to the Romans.-(2) Son of the preceding, 4 times consul, imitated the example of his father by devoting himself to death at the battle of Sentiuum, B.c. 295.-(3) Son of No. 2, consul in 279, in the war against Pyrrhus. DECIUS (-1), Roman emperor, A.D. 249-251, a native of Pannonia, and the successor of Philippus, whom he slew in battle. He fell in battle against the Goths, together with his DECUMATES AGRI. 140 DELPHI. son, in 251. In his reign the Christians were creased by the downfall of Corinth, when Depersecuted with great severity. DECUMĀTES AGRI. [AGRI DecuMates.] DEIANIRA (-ae), daughter of Althaea and Oeneus, and sister of Meleager. Achelous and Hercules both loved Deianira, and fought for the possession of her. Hercules was victorious, and she became his wife. She was the unwilling cause of her husband's death by presenting him with the poisoned robe which the centaur Nessus gave her. In despair she put an end to her own life. For details, see HEROULES DEIDAMIA (-ae), daughter of Lycomedes, in the island of Scyrus. When Achilles was concealed there in maiden's attire, she became by him the mother of Pyrrhus or Neoptolemus. DEIŎCES (-is), first king of Media, after the Medes had thrown off the supremacy of the Assyrians, reigned B.o. 709-656. He built the city of Ecbatana, which he made the royal residence. He was succeeded by his son, PHRAORTES. DEIONIDES (-ae), son of Deione, by Apollo, i. e. Miletus. DEIOTARUS (-i), tetrarch of Galatia, adhered to the Romans in their wars against Mithridates, and was rewarded by the senate with the title of king. In the civil war he sided with Pompey, and was present at the battle of Pharsalia, B.O. 45. He is remarkable as having been defended by Cicero before Caesar, in the house of the latter at Rome, in the speech (pro Rege Deiotaro) still extant. DEIPHOBE (-es), the Siby at Cumae, daughter of Glauens. [SIBYLLA.] DEIPHŎBUS (-i), son of Priam and Hecuba, who married Helen after the death of Paris. On the capture of Troy by the Greeks he was slain and fearfully mangled by Mene laus. los became the chief emporium for the trade in slaves. The city of Delos stood on the W. side of the island at the foot of Mount Cynthus (whence the god's surname of Cynthius). It contained a temple of Leto, and the great temple of Apollo. With this temple were connected games, called Delia, which were celebrated every 4 years, and were said to have been founded by Theseus. A like origin is ascribed to the sacred embassy (Theoria) which the Athenians sent to Delos every year. The greatest importance was attached to the preservation of the sanctity of the island; and its sanctity secured it, though wealthy and unfortified, from plunder. DELPHI (-ōrum: Kastri), a small town in Phocis, but one of the most celebrated in It was situated on a steep declivity on the S. Greece, on account of its oracle of Apollo. slope of Mount Parnassus, and its site resembled the cavea of a great theatre. It was shut in on the N. by a barrier of rocky mountains, which were cleft in the centre into 2 great cliffs with peaked summits, between which issued the waters of the Castalian spring. It was regarded as the central point of the whole earth, and was hence called the "navel of the earth." It was originally called PYTHо, by which name it is alone mentioned in Homer. Delphi was colonized at an early period by Doric settlers from the neighboring town of Lycorea, on the heights of Parnassus. The government was in the hands of a few distin DELIUM (-i), a town on the coast of Boeo-guished families of Doric origin. From them tia, in the territory of Tanagra, near the Attic frontier, named after a temple of Apollo sim ilar to that at Delos. Here the Athenians were defeated by the Boeotians, B.C. 424. DELIUS (-i) and DELIA (-ae), surnames of Apollo and Artemis (Diana) respectively, from the island of DELOS. DELOS or DELUS (-i), the smallest of the islands called Cyclades, in the Aegaean sea. According to a legend, it was called out of the deep by the trident of Poseidon (Neptune), but was a floating island until Zeus (Jupiter) fastened it by adamantine chains to the bottom of the sea, that it might be a secure resting-place to Leto (Latona) for the birth of Apollo and Artemis (Diana). Hence it became the most holy seat of the worship of Apollo. We learn from history that Delos was peopled by Ionians, for whom it was the chief centre of political and religious union, in the time of Homer. It was afterwards the common treasury of the Greek confederacy for carrying on the war with Persia: but the treasury was afterwards transferred to Athens. It was long subject to Athens; but it possessed an extensive commerce, which was in were taken the chief magistrates and the priests. The temple of Apollo contained immense treasures; for not only were rich offerings presented to it by kings and private persons, but many of the Greek states had in the temple separate thesauri, in which they deposited, for the sake of security, many of their valuable treasures. In the centre of the temple there was a small opening in the ground, from which, from time to time, an intoxicating vapor arose. Over this chasm there stood a tripod, on which the priestess, called Pythia, took her seat whenever the oracle was to be consulted. The words which she uttered after inhaling the vapor were believed to contain the revelations of Apollo. They were carefully written down by the priests, and afterwards communicated in hexameter verse to the persons who had come to consult the oracle. If the Pythia spoke in prose, her words were immediately turned into verse by a poet employed for the purpose. The oracle is said to have been discovered by its having thrown into convulsions some goats which had strayed to the mouth of the cave. The Pythian games were celebrated at Delphi, and it was one of the 2 |