DIOSCURI. 151 DODONA. were born at the same time with their sister Helen out of an egg. [LEDA.] According to others again, Pollux and Helen only were children of Zeus, and Castor was the son of Tyndareus. Hence Pollux was immortal, while Castor was subject to old age and death like other mortals. The fabulous life of the Dioscuri is marked by 3 great events. 1. Their expedition against Athens, where they rescued their sister Helen, who had been carried off by Theseus, and placed in Aphidnae, which they took. 2. Their part in the expedition of the Argonauts, during which Pollux killed, in a boxing-match, Amycus, king of Bebryces. During the Argonautic expedition they founded the town of Dioscurias, in Colchis. 3. Their battle with the sons of Aphareus, Idas and Lynceus. Castor, the mortal, fell by the hands of Idas, but Pollux slew Lynceus, and Zeus killed Idas by a flash of lightning. At the request of Pollux, Zeus allowed him to share his brother's fate, and to live alternately one day under the earth, and the other in the heavenly abodes of the gods. According to a different form of the story, Zeus rewarded the attachment of the two brothers by placing them among the stars as Gemini. These heroic youths received divine honors at Sparta, from whence their worship spread over other parts of Greece, and over Sicily and Italy. They were worshiped more especially as the protectors of sailors, for Poseidon (Neptune) had rewarded their brotherly love by giving them power over winds and waves. Hence they are called by Horace, "Fratres Helenae, lucida sidera." Whenever they appeared they were seen riding on magnificent white steeds. They were regarded as presidents of the public games, as the inventors of the war dance, and the patrons of poets and bards. They are usually represented in works of art as youthful horsemen, with egg-shaped helmets, crowned with stars, and with spears in their hands. At Rome, the worship of the Dioscuri was introduced at an early time. They | were believed to have assisted the Romans FETTI Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux). (Millin. Gal. Myth., pl. 108.) DIRAE (-arum), a name of the Furiae. [EUMENIDES.] DIRCE (-es), wife of Lycus, who married her, after divorcing his former wife Antiope. Dirce treated Antiope with great cruelty: and accordingly, when Amphion and Zethus, the sons of Antiope by Zeus (Jupiter), obtained possession of Thebes, they took a sig nal vengeance upon Dirce. They tied her to a wild bull, which dragged her about till she perished. They then threw her body into a fountain near Thebes, which was henceforth called the fountain of Dirce. The adjective Dircaeus is frequently used as equivalent to Boeotian. DIS (gen. Ditis), contracted from Dives, a name sometimes given to Pluto, and hence also to the lower world. DISCORDIA. [ERIS.] DIUM. (1) An important town in Macedonia on the Thermaic gulf.-(2) A town in Chalcidice in Macedonia, on the Strymonic gulf. DIVICO (-ōnis), the leader of the Helvetians in the war against L. Cassins in B.C. 107, was at the head of the embassy sent to Julius Caesar, nearly 50 years later, B.C. 58, when he was preparing to attack the Helvetians. DIVITIACUS (-i), an Aeduan noble and brother of Dumnorix, was a warm adherent of the Romans and of Caesar, who, in consideration of his entreaties, pardoned the treason of Dumnorix in B.C. 58. DIVODURUM (-i: Metz), subsequently Mediomatrici, and still later Metis or Mettis, the capital of the Mediomatrici in Gallia Belgica. DIVONA. [Cadurci.] DOBERUS (-i), a town in Paeonia in Macedonia, E. of the river Echedorns. DŪDŌNA (-ae), the most ancient oracle in Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux). (From a Coin in the Brit- Greece, situated in Epirus, founded by the ish Museum.) against the Latins in the battle of Lake Regillus; and the dictator A. Postumius Albinns during the battle vowed a temple to them. This temple was erected in the forum, opposite the temple of Vesta. The equites regarded the Dioscuri as their patrons, and went every year, on the 15th of July, in a magnificent procession on horseback, to visit their temple. Pelasgians, and dedicated to Zeus (Jupiter). The responses of the oracle were given from lofty oaks or beech-trees. The will of the god was declared by the wind rustling through the trees, and in order to render the sounds more distinct, brazen vessels were suspended on the branches of the trees, which being set in motion by the wind came in contact with one another. These sounds were interpreted in early times by men, but afterwards by aged women. The priests, who had the manage DOLABELLA. ment of the temple were called Selli or Helli. The oracle of Dodona had less influence in historical times than in the heroic age, and was supplanted to a great extent by the oracle of Delphi. 152 DORISCUS. murdered by the connivance of his wife, Domitia. DOMITIUS AFER. [AFER.] DOMITIUS AHENOBARBUS. [AHENOBARBUS.] DOMITIUS CALVINUS. (CALVINUS.] DOMITIUS CORBULO. [CORBulo.] DOMITIUS ULPIANUS. [ULPIANUS.] DŌNĀTUS (-i). (1) A celebrated grammarian, who taught at Rome in the middle of the 4th century, and was the preceptor of St. JeLatin Grammar, which has formed the groundHis most famous work is a system of DŎLĀBELLA (-ae), the name of a celebrated patrician family of the Cornelia gens. Those most deserving of notice are: (1) CN. CORNELIUS DOLABELLA, Consul B.O. 81, whom the young Julius Caesar accused in 77 of extortion in his province.- (2) CN. CORNELIUS DOLABELLA, praetor urbanus in 81. With Verres as his legate, he plundered his province in Cilicia, and upon his return was accused, betrayed by Verres, and condemned.-(3) P. CORNELIUS DOLABELLA, the son-in-law of Cic-work of most elementary treatises upon the rome. same subject from his own time to the presof a Life of Virgil in 25 chapters, prefixed to ent day. (2) TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS, the author many editions of Virgil. DONUSA or DONUSIA (-ae), one of the smaller Sporades in the Aegaean sea, near Naxos. It produced green marble, whence Virgil calls the island viridis. Under the Roman emperors it was used as a place of ban ero, whose daughter Tullia he married in 51. DOLON (-ōnis), a spy of the Trojans in the DŪRA (-ae), DŌRUS, DŪRUM (-i), called DoR in the O. T., the most southerly town of Phoenicia on the coast, on a kind of peninsula at the foot of Mount Carmel. DORIS (-idis). (1) Daughter of Oceanns and Thetis, wife of her brother Nereus, and mother of the Nereides. The Latin poets DOLOPES (-um), a powerful people in sometimes use the name of this divinity for Thessaly, dwelt on the Enipeus, and fought the sea itself.-(2) One of the Nereides, daughbefore Troy. At a later time they dwelt at ter of the preceding.-(3) A small and mountthe foot of Mount Pindus; and their country, ainous country in Greece, formerly called called DŎLOPIA, was reckoned part of Epirus. DRYOPIS, bounded by Thessaly on the N., by DOMITIĀNUS (-i), or with his full name Aetolia on the W., by Locris on the S., and by T. FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS AUGUSTUS, Roman Phocis ou the E. It contained 4 towns-Boum, emperor, A.D. 81-96, was the younger son of Citinium, Erineus, and Pindus-which formVespasian, and was born at Rome A.D. 51. ed the Dorian tetrapolis. These towns never During the reigns of Vespasian (69-79) and of attained any consequence; but the country his brother Titus (79-81) he was not allowed is of importance as the home of the Dorians to take any part in public affairs. During the (Dores), one of the great Hellenic races, who first few years of his reign his government conquered Peloponnesus. It was related that was much better than had been expected. Aegimius, king of the Dorians, had been But his conduct was soon changed for the driven from his dominions by the Lapithae, worse. His wars were mostly unfortunate; but was reinstated by Hercules; that the chiland his want of success both wounded his dren of Hercules hence took refuge in this vanity and excited his fears, and thus led him laud when they had been expelled from Pelto delight in the misfortunes and sufferings oponnesus; and that it was to restore them of others. In 83 he undertook an expedition to their rights that the Dorians invaded Pelagainst the Chatti, which was attended with oponnesus. Accordingly, the conquest of no result, though on his return to Rome in Peloponnesus by the Dorians is usually called the following year he celebrated a triumph, the Return of the Heraclidae. [HERACLIDAE.] and assumed the name of Germanicus. In So The Dorians were divided into three tribes: Agricola, whose success and merits excited the Hylleis, Pamphyli, and Dymanes. They his jealousy, was recalled to Rome. [AGRIC- were the ruling class throughout PeloponneOLA.] After his war with the Dacians, sus; the old inhabitants were reduced to which terminated very unfavorably [DECEBA-slavery, or became subjects of the Dorians 1.US], he gave full sway to his cruelty and under the name of Perioeci.-(4) A district in tyranny. The silent fear which prevailed in Asia Minor consisting of the Dorian settleRome and Italy during the latter years of ments on the coast of Caria and the neighborDomitian's reign is briefly but energeticallying islands. Six of these towns formed a described by Tacitus in the introduction to his Life of Agricola, and his vices and tyranny are exposed in the strongest colors by the withering satire of Juvenal. Many conspiracies had been formed against his life, which had been discovered; but he was at length league, called the Dorian hexapolis, consisting of Lindus, Ialysus, and Camirus in the island of Rhodes, the island of Cog, and Cnidus aud Halicarnassus on the mainland. DORISCUS (-i), a town in Thrace at the mouth of the Hebrus, in the midst of an ex DORUS. tensive plain of the same name, where Xerxes reviewed his vast forces. DORUS (-i), a son of Hellen, and the myth ical ancestor of the Dorians. DORYLAEUM (-i), a town in Phrygia Epictetus, on the river Thymbris, with warm baths, which are used at the present day. DOSSENNUS FĂBIUS, or DORSENUS, an ancient Latin comic dramatist, censured by Horace on account of the exaggerated buffoonery of his characters. DRABESCUS (-i), a town in the district Edonis in Macedonia, on the Strymon. DRACON (-ōnis), the author of the first written code of laws at Athens. In this code he affixed the penalty of death to almost all crimes-to petty thefts, for instance, as well as to sacrilege and murder-which gave occasion for the remark that his laws were written, not in ink, but in blood. His legislation is placed in .c. 621. After the legislation of Solon (594), most of the laws of Dracon fell into disuse. DRANGIANA (-ae), a part of Ariana, bounded by Gedrosia, Carmania, Arachosia, and Aria. It sometimes formed a separate satrapy, but was more usually united to the satrapies either of Arachosia or of Gedrosia, or of Aria. In the N. of the country dwelt the DRANGAE, a warlike people, from whom the province derived its name. The Ariaspae inhabited the S. part of the province. DRĀVUS (-1: Drave), a tributary of the Danube, flowing through Noricum and Pannonia; and after receiving the Murius (Muhr), falling into the Danube E. of Mursa (Esseck). DREPĂNUM (-i), that is, a sickle. (1) Also DEEPANA (-ōrum), more rarely DREPANE (-es: Trapani), a sea-port town in the N. W. corner of Sicily, founded by the Carthaginians. It was here that Anchises died, according to Virgil.-(2) Also DREPANE, a town in Bithynia, the birthplace of Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, in whose honor it was called HELENOPOLIS, and made an important place. DRUENTIA (-ne: Durance), a large and rapid river in Gallia Narbonensis, rising in the Alps, and flowing into the Rhone near Avenio (Avignon). DRUSILLA (-ne). (1) LIVIA (-ae), mother of the emperor Tiberius and wife of Augustus. [LIVIA.)-(2) Daughter of Germanicus and Agrippina, lived in incestuous intercourse with her brother Caligula, who loved her most tenderly and deified her at her decease, A.D. 38.-(3) Daughter of Herodes Agrippa L., king of the Jews, married Felix, the procurator of Judaea, and was present with her husband when St. Paul preached before Felix in A.D. 60. DRUSUS (-1), the name of a distinguished family of the Livia gens. It is said that one of the Livii acquired the cognomen Drusus for himself and his descendants by having slain in combat one Drausus, a Gallic chieftain. (1) M. LIVIUS DRUSUs, tribune of the plebs with C. Gracchus, B.O. 122. He was a stanch adherent of the aristocracy, and gained popularity for the senate by proposing almost the same measures as he had opposed when brought forward by Gracchus. He was No. 1, an eloquent orator, was tribune of the consul in 111.-(2) M. LIVIUS DRUSUS, son of plebs, 91. Although, like his father, he befonged to the aristocratical party, he meditated the most extensive changes in the Roman state. He proposed and carried some portion of his scheme; but eventually his measures became very unpopular. The senate, perceiving the dissatisfaction of all parties, voted that all the laws of Drusus, being carried against the auspices, were null and void from the beginning. Drusus now began the government; but one evening, as he was to organize a formidable conspiracy against entering the hall of his own house, he was stabbed, and died a few hours afterwards. The death of Drusus destroyed the hopes of the Socii, to whom he had promised the Roman citizenship, and was thus immediately followed by the Social war.-(3) LIVIUS DRUmother of the emperor Tiberius. He was one SUS CLAUDIANUS, father of Livia, who was the of the gens Claudia, and was adopted by a Livius Drusus. Being proscribed by the triumvirs (42), he put an end to his own life.. (4) NERO CLAUDIUS DRUSUS, commonly called by the moderus DRUSUS SENIOR, to distinguish him from No. 5, was the son of Tib. Claudius Nero and Livia, and younger brother of the emperor Tiberius. He was born in the house of Augustus three months after the marriage of Livia and Augustus, B. c. 38. Drusus, as he grew up, was more liked by the people than was his brother. He married Antonia, the daughter of the triumvir, and was greatly trusted by Augustus, who employed him in He carried on the war important offices. against the Germans, and in the course of 4 campaigns (B.c. 12-9) he advanced as far as the Albis (Elbe). In his first campaign he dug a canal (Fossa Drusiana) from the Rhine near Arnheim to the Yssel, near Doesberg; and he made use of this canal to sail from the On the return of the Rhine into the ocean. army from the Elbe to the Rhine, he died in happened through a fall from his horse.—(5) consequence of a fracture of his leg, which DRUSUS CAESAR, Commonly called by modern writers DRUSUS JUNIOR, was the son of the emperor Tiberius by his 1st wife, Vipsania. He married Livia, the sister of Germanicus. He was poisoned by Sejanus, the favorite of Tiberius, who aspired to the empire, A.D. 23. (6) DRUSUs, second son of Germanicus and Agrippina, also fell a victim to the ambition of Sejanus a few years after No. 5. DRYADES. [NYMPHAE.] DRYAS (-adis), father of the Thracian king Lycurgus, who is hence called Dryantides. DRYMAEA (-ae) or DRYMUS (-i), a town in Phocis, a little S. of the Cephissus. DRYMUS (-i). (1) See DRYMAEA.-(2) A strong place in Attica, on the frontiers of Boeotia. DRYMUSSA (-ae), an island off the coast of Ionia, opposite Clazomenae. DRYOPE (-es), daughter of king Dryops, was beloved by Apollo, by whom she became the mother of ÁMPHISSUS. She was afterwards DRYOPES. carried off by the Hamadryades, and became a nymph. DRYOPES (-um), a Pelasgic people, who dwelt first in Thessaly, from the Spercheus to Parnassus, and afterwards in Doris, which was called from them DRYOPIS. Driven out of Doris by the Dorians, they migrated to other countries, and settled in Peloponnesus, Euboea, and Asia Minor. DUBIS (-is: Doubs), a river in Gaul, rising in M. Jurassus (Jura), flowing past Vesontio (Besançon), and falling into the Arar (Saône) near Cabillonum (Châlons). DUBRIS PORTUS (Dover), a sea-port town of the Cantii in Britain: here was a fortress erected by the Romans against the Saxon pirates. DUILIUS (-i), consul B.Q. 260, gained a vic Columna Rostrata. tory over the Carthaginian fleet by means of grappling-irons, which drew the enemy's ships towards his, and thus changed the seafight into a land-fight. This was the first naval victory that the Romans had ever gained, and the memory of it was perpetuated by a column which was erected in the forum, and adorned with the beaks of the conquered ships (Columna Rostrata). DULGIBINI (-orum), a people in Germany, dwelling on the W. bank of the Weser. DULICHIUM. [EOHINADES.] DUMNŎRIX (-Igis), a chieftain of the Aedui, and brother of Divitiacus. He was an enemy of the Romans, and was put to death by Caesar's order, B.C. 54. DUNIUM. [DUROTRIGES.] DŪRIUS (-i: Duero, Douro), one of the chief rivers of Spain, near Numantia, and flowing into the Atlantic. DUROCORTŌRUM (-i: Rheims), the capital of the Remi in Gallia Belgica, subsequently called Remi. DURONIA, a town in Samnium, in Italy, W. of the Candine passes. DUROTRIGES (-um), a people in Britain, in Dorsetshire and the W. of Somersetshire; their chief town was Dunium (Dorchester). DUROVERNUM or DARVERNUM (-1: Canterbury), a town of the Cantii in Britain, afterwards called Cantuaria. DYMAS (-antis), father of Hecuba, who is hence called Dýmantis. DYME (-es) or DYMAE (-arum), a town in the W. of Achaia, near the coast; one of the 12 Achaean towns. DYRRHACHIUM (-i: Durazzo), formerly called EPIDAMNUS, a town in Greek Illyria, on a peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. It was founded by the Corcyreans, and received the name of Epidamnus; but since the Romans regarded this name a bad omen, as reminding them of damnum, they changed it into Dyrrhachium. It was the usual place of landing for persons who crossed over from Brundisi um. E. EBORĂCUM or EBURĂCUM (-i: York), a | town of the Brigantes in Britain, made a Roman station by Agricola, and became the chief Roman settlement in the island. It was both a municipium and a colony, and the residence of the Roman emperors when they visited Britain. Here the emperors Septimius Severus and Constantins Chlorus died. EBUDAE or HEBŪDAE (-ārum Hebrides), islands in the Western Ocean off Britain. EBURONES (-um), a German people, who crossed the Rhine and settled in Gallia Belgica, between the Rhine and the Mosa (Maas). EBUROVICES. [AULEROL.] EBUSUS or EBUSUS (-i: Iviza), the largest of the Pityusae insulae, off the E. coast of |