turns to the S., passes by the towns of Lugdunum, Vienna, Avenio, and Arelate, receives several tributaries, and finally falls by several mouths into the Sinus Gallicus in the Mediterranean. The Rhone is a very rapid river, and its upward navigation is therefore difficult, though it is navigable for large vessels as high as Lugdunum (Lyon), and by means of the Arar still farther north. RHOETUS. namely, Lindus, Ialysus, and Camirus; and these cities, with Cos, Cnidus, and Halicarnassus, formed the Dorian Hexapolis, which was established, from a period of unknown antiquity, in the S. W. corner of Asia Minor. Rhodes soon became a great maritime state, or rather confederacy, the island being parceled out between the 3 cities above mentioned. The Rhodians made distant voyages, and founded numerous colonies. At the be RHODE. [RHODOS.] RHODIUS (-i: prob. the brook of the Dar-ginning of the Peloponnesian war, Rhodes danelles), a small river of the Troad, mentioned both by Homer and Hesiod. It rose on the lower slopes of Mount Ida, and flowed N. W. into the Hellespont, between Abydus and Dardanus, after receiving the Selle:s from the W. RHODOPE (-es), one of the highest ranges of mountains in Thrace, extending from Mount Scomius, E. of the river Nestus and the boundaries of Macedonia, in a S. E.-ly direction almost down to the coast. It is highest in its northern part, and is thickly covered with wood. Rhodope, like the rest of Thrace, was sacred to Dionysus (Bacchus). RHODOPIS (-idis), a celebrated Greek courtesan, of Thracian origin, was a fellowslave with the poet Aesop, both of them belonging to the Samian Iadmon. She afterwards became the property of Xanthus, another Samian, who carried her to Naucratis in Egypt, in the reign of Amasis, and at this great sea-port she carried on the trade of an hetaera for the benefit of her master. While thus employed, Charaxus, the brother of the poetess Sappho, who had come to Naucratis as a merchant, fell in love with her, and ransomed her from slavery for a large sum of money. She was in consequence attacked by Sappho in a poem. She continued to live at Naucratis, and with the tenth part of her gains she dedicated at Delphi 10 iron spits, which were seen by Herodotus. She is called Rhodopis by Herodotus, but Sappho in her poem spoke of her under the name of Doricha. It is therefore probable that Doricha was her real name, and that she received that of Rhodopis. which signifies the "rosy-cheeked," on account of her beauty. RHODOS, sometimes called RHODE (-es), daughter of Poseidon (Neptune) and Helia, or of Helios (Sol) and Amphitrite, or of Poseidon and Aphrodite (Venus), or lastly of Oceanus. From her the island of Rhodes is said to have derived its name; and in this island she bore to Helios 7 sons. RHODUS (-: Rhodos, Rhodes), the most easterly island of the Aegaean, or, more specifically, of the Carpathian sea, lies off the S. coast of Caria, due S. of the promontory of Cynossema (C. Aloupo), at the distance of abont 12 geog. miles. Its length, from N.E. to S. W., is about 45 miles; its greatest breadth abont 20 to 25. In early times it was called Aethraea and Ophiussa, and several other names. There are various mythological stories about its origin and peopling. Its Hellenic colonization is ascribed to Tlepolemns, the son of Hercules, before the Trojan war, and after that war to Althaemenes. Homer mentions the 3 Dorian settlements in Rhodes, rus. was one of those Dorian maritime states which were subject to Athens; but in the 20th year of the war, B.C. 412, it joined the Spartan alliance, and the oligarchical party, which had been depressed, and their leaders, the Eratidae, expelled, recovered their former power, under Dorieus. In 408 the new capital, called RHODES, was built, and peopled from the 3 ancient cities of Ialysus, Lindus, and Camidians submitted to Alexander, but upon his At the Macedonian conquest the Rhodeath expelled the Macedonian garrison. In the ensuing wars they formed an alliance with Ptolemy, the son of Lagus, and their city, Rhodes, successfully endured a most famous siege by the forces of Demetrius Poliorcetes, who at length, in admiration of the valor of the besieged, presented them with the engines he had used against the city, from the sale of which they defrayed the cost of the celebrated Colossus. At length they came into connection with the Romans, whose alliance they joined, with Attalus, king of Pergamus, in the war against Philip III. of Macedon. the ensuing war with Antiochus the Rhodiaus gave the Romans great aid with their fleet; and, in the subsequent partition of the Syrian possessions of Asia Minor, they were rewarded by the supremacy of S. Caria, where they had had settlements from an early period. A temporary interruption of their alliance with Rome was caused by their espousing the cause of Perseus, for which they were severely punished, 168; but they recovered the favor of Rome by the important naval aid they rendered in the Mithridatic war. In the civil wars they took part with Caesar, and suffered in consequence from Cassius, 42, but were afterwards compensated for their losses by the favor of Antonius. They were at length deprived of their independence by Claudius: and their prosperity received its final blow from an earthquake, which laid the city of Rhodes in ruins, in the reign of Antoninus Pins, a.d. 155. In RHOECUS (-i). (1) A Centaur, who, in conjunction with Hylaeus, pursued Atalanta in Arcadia, but was killed by her with an arrow. The Roman poets call him Rhoetus, and relate that he was wounded at the nuptials of Pirithous.-(2) Son of Phileas or Philaeus, of Samos, an architect and statuary, flourished about B.C. 640. He invented the art of casting statues in bronze and iron. RHOETEUM (-i: C. Intepeh or Barbieri), a promontory, or a strip of rocky coast, breaking into several promontories, in Mysia, on the Hellespont, near Aeantium, with a town of the same name (prob. Paleo Castro). RHOETUS. (1) A Centaur. [RHOECUS.) (2) One of the giants who was slain by Dionysus; he is usually called Eurytus. RHOXOLĀNI or ROXOLANI (-ōrum), a warlike people in European Sarmatia, on the coast of the Palus Maeotis, and between the to be the ancestors of the modern Russians. RHYNDĂCUS (-i: Edrenos), or Lycus, a considerable river of Asia Minor. Rising in Mount Dindymene, opposite to the sources of the Hermus, it flows N. through Phrygia, then turns N. W., then W., and then N. through the lake Apolloniatis, into the Propontis. From the point where it left Phrygia, it formed the boundary of Mysia and Bithynia. Borysthenes and the Tanais, usually supposed RHYPES, one of the 12 cities of Achaia, situated between Aegium and Patrae. It was destroyed by Augustus, and its inhabitants removed to Patrae. RHYTIUM (-i), a town in Crete, mentioned by Homer. RİCİMER (-éris), the Roman "King-Maker," was the son of a Suevian chief, and was brought up at the court of Valentinian III. In A.D. 472 he took Rome by storm, and died 40 days afterwards. ROMA. tiñus to the city. The same king also built a fortress on the Janiculus, a hill on the other side of the Tiber, as a protection against the Etruscans, and connected it with the city by means of the Pons Sublicius. Rome was still further improved and enlarged by Tarquinius Pri-cus and Servius Tullius. The completion of the city, however, was ascribed to Servius Tullius. This king added the Mons Vimina lis and Mons Esquilinus, and surrounded the whole city with a line of fortifications, which comprised all the seven hills of Rome (Palatinus, Capitolinus, Quirinalis, Caelius, Aven tinus, Viminalis, Esquilinus). Hence Rome was called Urbs Septicollis. These fortifications were about 7 miles in circumference. In B.C. 390 Rome was entirely destroyed by the Gauls, with the exception of a few houses on the Palatine. On the departure of the barbarians it was rebuilt in great haste and confusion, without any attention to regularity, and with narrow and crooked streets. After the conquest of the Carthaginians and of the monarchs of Macedonia and Syria, the city began to be adorned with many public buildiugs and handsome private houses; and it was still further embellished by Augustus, who used to boast that he had found the city of at Rome in the reign of Nero (A.D. 64) destroybrick and had left it of marble. The great fire ROBIGUS or ROBĪGO (-i or Inis), is described by some Latin writers as a divinity worshiped for the purpose of averting blighted two thirds of the city. Nero availed himor too great heat from the young corn-fields, The festival of the Robigalia was celebrated on the 25th of April, and was said to have been instituted by Numa. ROBUS (-i), a fortress in the territory of the Kauraci, in Gallia Belgica. B.O. 753. self of this opportunity to indulge his passion for building; and the city now assumed a still more regular and stately appearance. emperor Aurelian surrounded Rome with new walls, which embraced the city of Servius The Tullius and all the suburbs which had subseROMA (-ae: Rome), the capital of Italy and quently grown up around it, such as the M. of the world, was situated on the left bank of Janiculus on the right bank of the Tiber, and the river Tiber, on the N. W. contines of Lati- the Collis Hortulorum, or M. Pincianus, on the um, about 16 miles from the sea. Rome is left bank of the river, to the N. of the Quirisaid to have been a colony from Alba Longa, nalis. The walls of Aurelian were about 11 and to have been founded by Romulus about miles in circumference. They were restored [ROMULUS.] All traditions agree by Honorius, and were also partly rebuilt by that the original city comprised only the Belisarius. Rome was divided by Servius Mons Palatinus or Palatium, and some por- Tullins into 4 Regiones or districts, corretion of the ground immediately below it. It sponding to the 4 city tribes. Their names was surrounded by walls, and was built in a were: 1, Suburana, comprehending the space square form, whence it was called Roma Qua- from the Subura to the Caelius, both includrata. On the neighboring hills there also sive: 2, Esquilina, comprehending the Esquiexisted from the earliest times settlements line hill; 3, Collina, extending over the Quiriof Sabines and Etruscans. The Sabine town, nal and Viminal; 4, Palatina, comprehendprobably called Quirium, and inhabited by ing the Palatine hill. The Capitoline, as the Quirites, was situated on the hills to the N. seat of the gods, and the Aventine, were not of the Palatine, that is, the Quirinalis and included in these Regiones. These Regiones Capitolinus, or Capitolium, on the latter of were again subdivided into 27 Sacella Argaewhich hills was the Sabine Arx or citadel. orum, which were probably erected where According to traditions, the Sabines were two streets (compita) crossed each other. The united with the Romans, or Latins, in the division of Servius Tullins into 4 Regiones reign of Romulus, and thus was formed one remained unchanged till the time of Auguspeople, under the name of "Populus Roma- tus, who made a fresh division of the city into nus (et) Quirites." The Etruscans were settled 14 Regiones, viz.: 1, Porta Capena; 2, Caelion Mons Caels, and extended over Mons Cis-montium; 3, Isis et Serapis; 4, Via Sacra; pius and Mons Oppius, which are part of the Esquiline. These Etruscans were at an early period incorporated in the Roman state, but were compelled to abandon their seats on the hills, and to take up their abode in the plains between the Caelins and the Esquiline, whence the Vicus Tuscus derived its name. Under the kings the city rapidly grew in population and in size. Ancus Martius added the Mons Aven 5, Esquilina cum Colle Viminali; 6, Alta Semita; 7, Via Lata; S, Forum Romanum; 9, Circus Flaminius; 10, Palatium; 11, Circus Maximus; 12, Piscina Publica; 13, Aventinus; and, 14, Trans Tiberim, the only region on the right bank of the river. Each of these Regiones was subdivided into a certain number of Vici, analogous to the Sacella of Servius Tullius. The houses were divided into 2 different classes, called respectively | Rome, but only 1790 domus. We learn from domus and insulae. The former were the dwellings of the Roman nobles, corresponding to the modern palazzi; the latter were the habitations of the middle and lower classes. Each insula contained several apartments or sets of apartments, which were let to different families; and it was frequently surrounded with shops. The number of insulae of course greatly exceeded that of the domi. It is stated that there were 46,602 insulae at the Monumentum Ancyranum that the plebs urbana. in the time of Augustus, was 320,000. This did not include the women, nor the senators nor knights: so that the free population could not have been less than 650.000. To this number we must add the slaves, who must have been at least as numerous as the free population. Consequently the whole population of Rome in the time of Augustus must have been at least 1,300,000, and in all ROMULEA. probability greatly exceeded that number. Moreover, as we know that the city continued to increase in size and population down to the time of Vespasian and Trajan, we shall not be far wrong in supposing that the city contained nearly 2 millions of inhabitants in the reigns of those emperors. The Aqueducts (Aquaeductus) supplied Rome with an abundance of pure water from the hills which surround the Campagna. The Romans at first 338 had recourse to the Tiber and to wells sunk in the city. It was not till .c. 313 that the first aqueduct was constructed, but their number was gradually increased, till they amounted to 14 in the time of Procopius, that is, the 6th century of the Christian era. ROMULEA (-ne), an ancient town of the Hirpini in Samnium, on the road from Beneventum to Tarentum. RÖMÜLUS (-i), the founder of the city of Rome, must not be regarded as a real personage. The stories about him are mythical. According to the common legend, Romulus and Remus were the sons of Rhea Silvia by Mars. Silvia was the daughter of Numitor (a descendant of Iulus, the son of Aeneas), who had been excluded from the throne of Alba Longa by his brother, Amulius; and as Silvia was a vestal virgin, she and her twin offspring were condemned to be drowned in the Tiber. The cradle in which the children were exposed having stranded, they were suckled by a she-wolf, which carried them to her den, where they were discovered by Faustulus, the king's shepherd, who took the children to his own house, and gave them into the care of his wife, Acca Larentia. When they were grown up, Romulus and Remus left Alba to found a city on the banks of the Tiber. A strife arose between the brothers as to where the city should be built, and after whose name it should be called, in which Remus was slain by his brother. As soon as the city was built, Romulus found his people too few in numbers. He therefore set apart, on the Capitoline hill, an asylum, or sanctuary, in which homicides and runaway slaves might take refuge. The city thus became filled with men, but they wanted women. Romulus therefore proclaimed that games were to be celebrated in honor of the god Consus, and invited his neighbors, the Latins and Sabines, to the festival, during which the Roman youths rushed upon their guests, and carried off the virgins. This produced a war between the two nations; but during a long and desperate battle the Sabine women rushed in between the armies, and prayed their husbands and fathers to be reconciled. Their prayer was heard; the two people not only made peace, but agreed to form only one nation. But this union did not last long. Titus Tatius, the Sabine king, who reigned conjointly with Romulus, was slain at a festival at Lavinium by some Laureutines, to whom he had refused satisfaction for outrages which had been committed by his kinsmen. Henceforward Romulus ruled alone over both Romaus and Sabines. After reigning 37 years, he was at length taken away from the world by his father, Mars, who carried him up to heaven in a fiery chariot. RUBRA SAXA. Shortly afterwards he appeared in more than mortal beauty to Julius Proculus, and bade him tell the Romans to worship him as their guardian god, under the name of Quirinus. Such was the glorified end of Romulus in the genuine legend; but, according to another tale, the senators, discontented with the ty rannical rule of their king, murdered him during the gloom of a tempest, cut up his body, and carried home the mangled pieces under their robes. RÕMULUS AUGUSTŪLUS. [AUGI STU LUS.] ROMULUS SILVIUS. [SILVIUS.] ROSCIĀNUM (-i: Rossano), a fortress on the E. coast of Bruttium between Thurii and Paternum. ROSCIUS. (1) L., a Roman embassador sent to Fidenae in B.c. 438.(2) SEX., of Ameria, a town in Umbria, accused of the murder of his father, and defended by Cicero (1.0. 80) in an oration which is still extant.(3) Q., the most celebrated comic actor at Rome, was a native of Solonium, a small place in the neighborhood of Lanuvium. His histrionic powers procured him the favor of many of the Roman nobles, and, among others, of the dictator Sulla, who presented him with a gold ring, the symbol of equestrian rank. Roscins enjoyed the friendship of Cicero, who constantly speaks of him in terms both of admiration and affection. Roscius was considered by the Romans to have reached such perfection in his profession that it became the fashion to call every one who became particularly distinguished in the histrionic art by the name of Roscius. He realized an immense fortune by his profession, and died in 62. ROTOMAGUS. [RATOMAGUS.] ROXANA, daughter of Oxyartes the Bactrian, fell into the hands of Alexander on his capture of the hill-fort in Sogdiana named "the Rock," B. C. 327. Alexander was so captivated by her charms that he married her. Soon after Alexander's death (233) she gave birth to a son (Alexander Aegus), who was admitted to share the nominal sovereignty with Arrhidaeus, under the regency of Perdiccas. Roxana afterwards crossed over to Europe with her son, placed herself under the protection of Olympias, and threw herself into Pydna along with the latter. Pydna was taken by Cassander; Olympias was put to death; and Roxana and her son were placed in confinement in Amphipolis, where they were murdered by Cassander's orders in 311. ROXOLĀNI. [RHOXOLANI.] In 316 the road from Canusium to Brundusium. RŪBI (-ōrum: Ruvo), a town in Apulia, on RUBICO (-ōnis), a small river in Italy, falling into the Adriatic a little N. of Ariminum, formed the boundary in the republican period between the province of Gallia Cisalpina and Italia proper. It is celebrated in history on account of Caesar's passage across it at the head of his army, by which act he declared war against the republic. RUBRA SAXA, called Rubrae breves (sc. petrae) by Martial, a small place in Etruria, only a few miles from Rome, uear the river Cremera, and on the Via Flaminia. RUBRESUS LACUS. [NARBO.] RUBRUM MARE. [ERYTHRAEUM MARE.] RUDIAE (-arum: Rotigliano or Ruge), a town of the Peucetii in Apulia, on the road from Brundusium to Venusia, was originally a Greek colony, and afterwards a Roman municipium. Rudiae is celebrated as the birthplace of Eunius. RÜGII (-ōrum), an important people in Germany, originally dwelt on the coast of the Baltic between the Viadus (Oder) and the Vistula. After disappearing a long time from history, they are found at a later time in Attila's army; and after Attila's death they founded a new kingdom on the N. bank of the Danube, in Austria and Hungary, the name of which is still preserved in the modern Rugiland. They have left traces of their name in the country which they originally inhabited, in the modern Rügen, Rügenwalde, Rega, Regenwalde. RULLUS, P. SERVILIUS (-i), tribune of the plebs B.O. 63, proposed an agrarian law, which Cicero attacked in 3 orations, which have come down to us. RŪPĪLIUS (-i), P., consul в.c. 132, prosecuted with the utmost vehemence all the ad herents of Tib. Gracchus, who had been slain in the preceding year. As proconsul in Sicily in the following year he made various regnlations for the government of the province, which were known by the name of Leges Rupiliae. Rupilius was condemned in the tribunate of C. Gracchus, 123, on account of his illegal and cruel acts in the prosecution of the friends of Tib. Gracchus. RUSCINO (-ōnis), a town of the Sordones or Sordi, in the S. E. part of Gallia Narbonensis, at the foot of the Pyrenees. S. SABATE. RUSELLAE (-arum: nr. Grosseto, Ru.), one of the most ancient cities of Etruria, situated on an eminence E. of the lake Prelius and on the Via Aurelia. The walls of Rusellae still remain, and are some of the most ancient in Italy. RUSTICUS (-i), L. JŪNIUS ARULĒNUS, was a friend and pupil of Paetus Thrasea, and an ardent admirer of the Stoic philosophy. He was put to death by Domitian, because he had written a panegyric upon Thrasea. RUTENI (-ōrum), a people in Gallia Aquitanica, on the frontiers of Gallia Narbonensis, in the modern Rovergne. RUTILIUS LUPUS. (LUPUS.] RÜTILIUS RUFUS (-i), P., a Roman statesman and orator. He was military tribune under Scipio in the Numantine war, praetor B.C. 111, consul in 105, and legatus in 95 under acting in this capacity he displayed so much Q. Mucius Scaevola, proconsul of Asia. While honesty and firmness in repressing the extortions of the publicani, that he became an obAccordingly, on his return to Rome, he was ject of fear and hatred to the whole body. impeached of malversation (de repetundis), found guilty, and compelled to withdraw into banishment, 92. of Liguria, which flows into the sea near AlRUTUBA (-ae: Roya), a river on the coast bum Intemelium. RÜTÜLI (-orum), an ancient people in Italy, inhabiting a narrow slip of country on the coast of Latium, a little to the S. of the Tiber. Their chief town was Ardea, which was the residence of Turnus. They were subdued at an early period by the Romans, and disappear from history. RUTUPAE or RŪTŪPIAE (Richborough), a port of the Cantii, in the S.E. of Britain, where there are still several Roman remains. otus. SABA (-ae). (1) (O. T. Sheba), the capital | 25th dynasty of that writer. The account of of the SABAEI, in Arabia Felix, lay on a high Manetho is to be preferred to that of Herodwoody mountain, and was pointed out by an Arabian tradition as the residence of the "Queen of Sheba."-(2) There was another city of the same name in the interior of Arabia Felix, where a place Sabea is still found, nearly in the centre of El-Yemen.—(3) A seaport town of Aethiopia, on the Red Sea, S. of Ptolemais Theron. SABAEI or SĂBAE (-ōrum or ārum; O. T. Shebatim), one of the chief peoples of Arabia, dwelt in the S. W. corner of the peninsula, in the most beautiful part of Arabia Felix, the N. and centre of the province of El-Yemen, So at least Ptolemy places them; but the fact SABACON, a king of Ethiopia, who invad-atives of a race which, at an early period, seems to be that they are the chief represented Egypt in the reign of the blind king Anysis, was widely spread on both sides of the S. whom he dethroned and drove into the marsh- part of the Red Sea, where Arabia and AethioThe Ethiopian conqueror then reigned pia all but joined at the narrow strait of Babover Egypt for 50 years, but at length quitted el-Mandeb; and hence, probably, the confusion the country in consequence of a dream, where- often made between the Sheba and Seba of upon Anysis regained his kingdom. This is Scripture, or between the Shebaiim of Arabia the account which Herodotus received from and the Sebaum of Aethiopia. Their country the priests (ii. 137-140); but it appears from produced all the most precious spices and Manetho that there were 3 Ethiopian kings perfumes of Arabia. who reigned over Egypt, named Sabacon, Sebichus, and Taracus, whose collective reigns amount to 40 or 50 years, and who form the es. SABATE, a town of Etruria, on the road from Cosa to Rome, and on the N. W. corner |