SYRINX (-ingis), an Arcadian nymph, who being pursued by Pau fled into the river Ladon, and at her own prayer was metamorphosed into a reed, of which Pan then made his flute. STROS or SYRUS (-1: Syra), an island in the Aegaean sea, and one of the Cyclades, lying between Rhenea and Cythnus. SYRTICA REGIO (W. part of Tripoli), the special name of that part of the N. coast of Africa which lay between the 2 Syrtes, from the river Triton, at the bottom of the Syrtis Minor, on the W., to the Philaenorum Arae, at the bottom of the Syrtis Major, on the E. It was for the most part a very narrow strip of sand, interspersed with salt marshes, between the sea and a range of mountains form ing the edge of the Great Desert (Sahara), with only here and there a few spots capable of cultivation, especially about the river Cinyps. It was peopled by Libyan tribes. Under the Romans it formed a part of the province of Africa. It was often called TRIPOLITANA, from its 3 chief cities, ABROTO NUM, OEA, and LEPTIS MAGNA; and this became its usual name under the later empire, and has been handed down to our own time in the modern name of the regency of Tripoli. SYRTIS (-is and idis) and SYRTES (-ium), the 2 great gulfs in the E. half of the N. coast TACITUS. of Africa. Both were proverbially dangerous, SYRUS (-), PUBLIUS, a slave brought to Rome some years before the downfall of the republic, who soon became highly celebrated as a mimographer. He may be said to have flourished 1. c. 45. A compilation containing probably many lines from his mimes is still extant under the title Publii Syri Sententia. T. TABERNAE. [TRES TABERNAE.] TABURNUS (-i: Taburno), a mountain belonging half to Campania and half to Samnium. It shut in the Candine pass on its S. side. TACAPE (-es: Khabs, large Ru.), a city of N. Africa, in the Regio Syrtica, at the inner most angle of the Syrtis Minor, to which the modern town gives its name. celebrated in that year. Agricola died at Rome in 93, but neither Tacitus nor the daughter of Agricola was then with him. It is not known where Tacitus was during the last illness of Agricola. In the reign of Nerva, 97, Tacitus was appointed consul suffectus, in the place of T. Virginius Rufus, who had died in livered. Tacitus and Pliny were most intithat year, and whose funeral oration he de mate friends. In the collection of the letters TACFARINAS, a Numidian, and Roman of Pliny there are 11 letters addressed to Tacauxiliary, who deserted, and became the lead-itus. The time of the death of Tacitus is uner of the Musulamii, a people bordering on Mauretania. He was at length defeated and slain in battle by Dolabella, A.D. 24. known, but he appears to have survived Trajan, who died in 117. The extant works of Tacitus are a Life of Agricola, his father-inTACHOMPSO, also TACOMPSOS, aft. law: the Historiae, which comprehended the CONTRAPSELCIS, a city in the Dodeca-period from the second consulship of Gal schoenus-that is, the part of Aethiopia immediately above Egypt. TACHOS, king of Egypt, succeeded Acoris, and maintained the independence of his country for a short time during the latter end of the reign of Artaxerxes II. ba, 68, to the death of Domitian, 96, the author designing to add the reigns of Nerva and Trajan- the first 4 books alone are extant in a complete form: the 5th book is imperfect: the Annales, which commence with the death of Augustus in 14, and comprise the TACITUS (-i). (1) C. CORNELIUS, the his- period to the death of Nero in 68, a space of torian. The time and place of his birth are 54 years; the greater part of the 5th book is unknown. He was a little older than the lost, and also the 7th, Sth, 9th, 10th, the beginyounger Pliny, who was born A.D. 61. Tac-ning of the 11th, and the end of the 16th, which itus was first promoted by the emperor Ves. pasian, and he received other favors from his sons Titus and Domitian. In 78 he married the daughter of C. Julius Agricola, to whom he had been betrothed in the preceding year, while Agricola was consul. In the reign of Domitian, and in 88, Tacitus was practor, and he assisted as one of the quindecemviri at the solemnity of the Ludi Seculares which were is the last book: the treatise De Moribus et Populis Germaniae, describing the Germanic nations: and lastly the Dialogus de Oratoribus, a work whose geunineness has been disputed, but probably without reason. The moral dignity of Tacitus is impressed upon his works; the consciousness of a love of truth, of the integrity of his purpose. His great power is in the knowledge of the human mind, his insight into the motives of human conduct; and he found materials for this study in the history of the emperors, and particularly Tiberius, the arch-hypocrite, and perhaps half madman. The style of Tacitus is peculiar, though it bears some resemblance to that of Sallust. In the Annals it is concise, vigorous, and pregnant with meaning; labored, but elaborated with art, and stripped of every superfluity. A single word sometimes gives effect to a sentence, and if the meaning of the word is missed, the sense of the writer is not reached.-(2) M. CLAUDIUS, Roman emperor from the 25th of September, A.1. 275, until April, A.D. 276. Tacitus was at the time of his election 70 years of age, and was with difficulty persuaded to accept the purple. The high character which he had borne before his elevation to the throne he amply sustained during his brief reign. He died either at Tarsus or at Tyana, about the 9th of April, 276. TANTALUS. a river in Britain, on which stood Londinium, flowing to the sea on the E. coast. Caesar crossed the Thames at the distance of 80 Roman miles from the sea, probably at Cowey Stakes, near Oatlands and the confluence of the Wey. TAMOS, a native of Memphis in Egypt, was lieutenant-governor of Ionia under Tissaphernes, and afterwards attached himself to the service of the younger Cyrus. nia, rising in the Apennines, which, after flowTANAGER (-gri: Negro), a river of Lucag in a N.E.-ly direction, loses itself under miles, and finally falls into the Silarus near the earth near Polla for a space of about 2 Forum Popilii. TANĀGRA (-ae: Grimadha or Grimala), a celebrated town of Boeotia, situated on a steep ascent on the left bank of the Asopus, 13 stadia from Oropus, and 200 stadia from also called Poemandris. Tanagra was supPlataene, in the district Tanagraea, which was posed to be the same town as the Homeric Graea. Being near the frontiers of Attica, it Athenians; and near it the Athenians suswas frequently exposed to the attacks of the tained a celebrated defeat, B.C. 457. TAENARUM (-i: C. Matapan), a promontory in Laconia, forming the S.-ly point of the Peloponnesus, on which stood a celebrated temple of Poseidon (Neptune), possessing an inviolable asylum. A little to the N. of the temple and the harbor of Achilleus was a town also called TAENARUM OF TAENARUS, and at a later time CAENEPOLIS. On the promonTANAÏS (-is or idis). (1) (Don, i. e. Water), tory was a cave, through which Hercules is a great river, which rises in the N. of Sarmasaid to have dragged Cerberus to the upper tia Europaea (about the centre of Russia), and world. Here also was a statue of Arion seat-flows to the S. E. till it comes near the Volga, ed on a dolphin, since he is said to have landed when it turns to the S. W., and falls into the at this spot after his miraculous preservation N. E. angle of the Palus Maeotis (Sea of Azov). by a dolphin. In the time of the Romans It was usually considered the boundary bethere were celebrated marble quarries on the tween Europe and Asia.-(2) (Ru., near Kaspromontory. satcher), a city of Sarmatia Asiatica, on the N. distance from the sea. side of the S. mouth of the Tanaïs, at a little TAGES (-étis), a mysterious Etruscan being, who is described as a boy with the wisdom of an old man. Tages, the son of a Genius Jovialis, and grandson of Jupiter, rose suddenly out of the ground, and instructed Tarchon and the Etruscans in the art of the haruspices. The Etruscans afterwards wrote down all he had said, and thus arose the books of Tages, which, according to some, were 12 in number. TAGUS (-1: Spanish Tajo, Portuguese Tego, English Tagus), one of the chief rivers in Spain, rising in the land of the Celtiberians, between the mountains Orospeda and Idubeda, and, after flowing in a W.-ly direction, falling into the Atlantic. TĂLĂUS (-i), son of Bias and Pero, and king of Argos. He was married to Lysimache (Eurynome, or Lysianassa), and was father of Adrastus, Parthenopaeus, Pronax, Mecistens, Aristomachus, and Eriphyle. The patronymic Taluronides is given to his sons Adrastus and Mecisteus. TALOS. [PERDIX.] offered to him. TĂMASSUS or TĂMĂSUS (-i), probably the same as the Homeric TEMESE, a town in the middle of Cyprus, N.W. of Olympus, and 29 miles S. E. of Soloë. TĂMĒSIS (-is) or TĂMĚSA (-ae: Thames), TĂNĂQUIL. [TARQUINIUS.] TANETUM (-i : Taneto), a town of the Boii, in Gallia Cispadana, between Mutina and Parma. TANIS (O. T. Zoan: San, Ru.), a very an cient city of Lower Egypt, in the E. part of the Delta, on the right bank of the arm_of the Nile, which was called after it the Tanitic, and on the S. W. side of the great lake between this and the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, which was also called, after the city, Tanis (Lake of Menzaleh). It was one of the capitals of Lower Egypt under the early kings, and the chief city of the Tanites Nomos. TANTĂLUS (-i). (1) Son of Zeus (Jupiter) and the nymph Pluto. His wife is called by some Euryanassa, by others Taygete or Dione, and by others Clytia or Eupryto. He was the father of Pelops, Broteas, and Niobe. All traditions agree in stating that he was a wealthy king; but while some call him king of Lydia, others describe him as king of celebrated in ancient story for the terrible Argos or Corinth. Tantalus is particularly punishment inflicted upon him after his death. According to the common account, Tantalus divulged the secrets intrusted to him by Zeus, and was punished in the lower world by being afflicted with a raging thirst, and at the same time placed in the midst of a lake, the waters of which always receded from him as soon as he attempted to drink them. Over his head, TAOCHI. Tantalus. (From an ancient Gem.) 385 moreover, hung branches of fruit, which receded in like manner when he stretched out his hand to reach them. In addition to all this there was suspended over his head a huge rock, ever threatening to crush him. Another tradition relates that, wishing to test the gods, he cut his son Pelops in pieces, boiled them, and set them before the gods at a repast; while a third account states that he stole nectar and ambrosia from the table of the gods. According to a fourth story, Tantalus incurred his punishment by receiving a golden dog, which Rhea had appointed to watch Zeus and his nurse, and which was stolen by Pandareus. The punishment of Tantalus was proverbial in ancient times, and from it the English language has borrowed the verb "to tantalize," that is, to hold out hopes or prospects which can not be realized.-(2) Son of Thyestes, who was killed by Atreus.-(3) Son of Amphion and Niobe. TARPEIA. 100 stadia in circuit, forming an excellent harbor, and being a portion of the great gulf of Tarentum. The city stood in the midst of a beautiful and fertile country, S. of Mount Aulon and W. of the mouth of the Galaesus. It was originally built by the Iapygians, who are said to have been joined by some Cretan colonists from the neighboring town of Uria, and it derived its name from the mythical Taras, a son of Poseidon. The greatness of Tarentum, inhabitants were expelled, and the town was however, dates from B.C. 708, when the original taken possession of by a strong body of Lacedaemonian Partheniae under the guidance of Phalanthus. [PHALANTHUS.] It soon became the most powerful and flourishing city in the whole of Magna Graecia, and exercised a kind of supremacy over the other Greek cities in Italy. With the increase of wealth the citizens became luxurious and effeminate, and being hard pressed by the Lucanians and other barbarians in the neighborhood, they were obliged to apply for aid to the mother-country. Archidamus, son of Agesilaus, was the first who came to their assistance, in B.O. 338; and he next prince whom they invited to succor them fell in battle fighting on their behalf. The was Alexander, king of Epirus, and uncle to considerable success, but was eventually deAlexander the Great. At first he met with feated and slain by the Bruttii in 326, near Pandosia, on the banks of the Acheron. Short TAŎCHI (-ōrum), a people of Pontus, only af erwards the Tarentines had to encounter the borders of Armenia. TAPHIAE INSULAE (-arum), a number of small islands in the Ionian sea, lying between the coasts of Leucadia and Acarnania. They were also called the islands of the Teleboae, and their inhabitants were in like manner named TAPHI, or TELEBOAE. largest of these islands is called TAPHUS by The Homer, but TAPHIUS OF TAPHIUSA by later writers. TAPHUS. [TAPHIAE.] TAPROBĂNE (-es: Ceylon), a great island of the Indian Ocean, opposite to the S. extremity of India intra Gangem. TARAS. [TARENTUM.] TARBELLI (-ōrum), one of the most important people in Gallia Aquitanica, between the ocean and the Pyrenees. Their chief town was AQUAE TARBELLICAE OF AUGUSTAE, on the Aturus (Dacqs, on the Adour). TARCHON (-onis or ontis), son of Tyrrhenus, who is said to have built the town of Tarquinii. [TARQUINII.] Virgil represents him as coming to the assistance of Aeneas against Turuus. TARENTINUS SINUS (G. of Tarentum), a great gulf in the S. of Italy, between Bruttium, Lucania, and Calabria, beginning W. near the Prom. Lacinium, and ending E. near the Prom. Iapygium, and named after the town of Tarentum. TĂRENTUM (-i), called TXRAS (-antis) by the Greeks (Taranto), an important Greek city in Italy, situated on the W. coast of the peninsula of Calabria, and on a bay of the sea, about insulted the Roman embassadors who had Kereh, Ru.), a town of Galilee, at the S. end TARNE (-es), a city of Lydia, on Mount As the governor of the Roman citadel on the TARPHE (-es), a town in Locris, on Mount | position, he set out for Rome, riding in a Oeta, mentioned by Homer, and subsequently called Pharygne. TARQUINIA. [TARQUINIUS.] chariot with his wife, and accompanied by a large train of followers. When they had reached the Janiculus, an eagle seized his cap, and, after carrying it away to a great TARQUINII (-ōrum: Turchina, nr. Cor- height, placed it again upon his head. Tananeto), a city of Etruria, situated on a hill and quil, who was skilled in the Etruscan science on the river Marta, S. E. of Cosa, and on a road of augury, bade her husband hope for the leading from the latter town to Rome. It highest honor from this omen. Her predicwas one of the 12 Etruscan cities, and was tions were soon verified. The stranger was probably regarded as the metropolis of the received with welcome, and he and his folconfederation. It is said to have been found- lowers were admitted to the rights of Roman ed by Tarchon, the son or brother of Tyrrhe-citizens. He took the name of L. TARQUINIUS, nus, who was the leader of the Lydian colony from Asia to Italy. It was at Tarquinii that Demaratus, the father of Tarquinius Priscus, settled; and it was from this city that the Tarquinian family came to Rome. Tarquinii was subsequently made a Roman colony and a municipium; but it gradually declined in importance; and in the 8th or 9th century of the Christian aera it was deserted by its inhabitants, who founded Corneto on the opposite hill. Some of the most interesting remains of Etruscan art have been discovered at Tarquinii. TARQUINIUS (-i), the name of a family in early Roman history, to which the 5th and 7th kings of Rome belonged. The legend of the Tarquins ran as follows: Demaratus, their ancestor, who belonged to the noble family of the Bacchindae at Corinth, settled at Tarquinii in Etruria, where he married an Etrnscan wife, by whom he had two sons, Lucamo and Aruns. Demaratus bequeathed all his property to Lucumo, and died himself shortly afterwards. But although Lucumo was thus one of the most wealthy persons at Tarquinii, and had married Tanaquil, who belonged to a family of the highest rank, he was excluded, as a stranger, from all power and influence in the state. Discontented with this inferior to which Livy adds PRISOUS. His wealth, his courage, and his wisdom gained him the love both of Ancus Marcins and of the people. The former appointed him guardian of his children; and, when he died, the senate and the people unanimously elected Tarquinius to the vacant throne. The reign of Tarquinius was distinguished by great exploits in war, and by great works in peace. He defeated the Latins and Sabines; and the latter people ceded to him the town of Collatia, where he placed a garrison under the command of Egerius, the son of his deceased brother Aruns, who took the surname of Collatinus. Some traditions relate that Tarquinins defeated the Etruscans likewise. He erected many public buildings, and other works, at Rome, the most celebrated of which are the vast sewers which still remain. Tarqninius also made some important changes in the constitution of the state. He was murdered after a reign of 38 years, at the instigation of the sons of Ancus Marcius. But the latter did not secure the reward of their crime, for Servins Tullius, with the assistance of Tanaquil, succeeded to the vacant throne. Servius Tullius, whose life is given under TULLIUS, was murdered, after a reign of 44 years, by his son-in-law, L. Tarquinius, who ascended TARSUS. erful king of Clusium, who marched against Rome at the head of a vast army. The history of this memorable expedition is related under PORSENA. After Porsena quitted Rome, Tarquinius took refuge with his son-in-law, Manilius Octavius of Tusculum. Under the guidance of the latter, the Latin states espoused the cause of the exiled king, and declared war against Rome. Regillus, in which the Romans gained the decided by the celebrated battle of the lake The contest was victory by the help of Castor and Pollux. Tarquinius now fled to Aristobulus at Cumae, where he died a wretched and childless old man. cording to the ancient writers; but it contains numerous inconsistencies, and must not Such is the story of the Tarquins acbe received as a real history. ciently called ANXUR (-ŭris), an ancient town of Latium, situated 58 miles S. E. of TARRĂCINA (-ae: Terracina), more anRome, on the Via Appia and upon the coast, with a strongly fortified citadel upon a high hill, on which stood the temple of Jupiter Auxurus. (See illustration on p. 388.) TARRACO (-ōnis: Tarragona), an ancient rock 760 feet high, between the river Iberus town on the E. coast of Spain, situated on a founded by the Massilians, and was made the and the Pyrenees, on the river Tulcis. It was head-quarters of the two brothers P. and Cn. Scipio in their campaigns against the Carthaly became a populous and flourishing town; ginians in the 2d Punic war. and Augustus, who wintered here (.c. 26) It subsequentafter his Cantabrian campaign, made it the capital of one of the three Spanish provinces (Hispania Tarraconensis), and also a Roman colony. the vacant throne.-L. TARQUINIUS SUPERBUS commenced his reign without any of the forms of election. One of his first acts was to abolish the rights which had been conferred upon the plebeians by Servius; and at the same time all the senators and patricians whom he mistrusted, or whose wealth he coveted, were put to death or driven into exile. He surrounded himself by a body-guard, by means of which he was enabled to do what he liked. cruelty and tyranny obtained for him the surHis name of Superbus. But, although a tyrant at home, he raised Rome to great influence and power among the surrounding nations. He gave his daughter in marriage to Octavius Mamilius of Tusculum, the most powerful of the Latin chiefs; and under his sway Rome became the head of the Latin confederacy. He defeated the Volscians, and took the wealthy town of Suessa Pometia, with the spoils of which he commenced the erection of the Capitol, which his father had vowed. In the vaults of this temple he deposited the 3 Sibylline books, which he purchased from a Sibyl, or prophetess, for 300 pieces of gold; a price which he had at first scornfully refused. He next engaged in war with Gabii, one of the Latin cities, which refused to enter into the league. Unable to take the city by force of arms, Tarquinius had recourse to stratagem. His son Sextus, pretending to be ill-treated by his father, and covered with the bloody marks of stripes, fled to Gabii. The infatuated inhabitants intrusted him with the command of their troops; whereupon, at a hint of his father, who struck off the heads of the tallest poppies in his gardeu before the eyes of Sextus's messenger, he put to death or banished all the leading men of the place, and then had no difficulty in compelling it to submit to his father. In the midst of his prosperity, Tarquinius fell through a shameful outrage committed by his son Sextus on Lucretia, the wife of his cousin, Tarquinins Collatinus. As soon as Sextus had departed, Lucretia sent for her husband and father. Collatinus came, accomTARSUS, TARSOS (-1: Tersus, Ru.), the panied by L. Brutus; Lucretius by P.Valerius, Cilicia Campestris, on the river Cyduus, about chief city of Cilicia, stood near the centre of who afterwards gained the surname of Pub- 12 miles above its mouth. All that can be delicola. They found her in an agony of sorrow. She told them what had happened, enjoined to be that it was a very ancient city of the termined with certainty as to its origin seems them to avenge her dishonor, and then stab- Syrians, who were the earliest known inhabbed herself to death. They all swore to avenge tants of this part of Asia Minor, and that it her. Brutus threw off his assumed stupidity, received Greek settlers at an early period. and placed himself at their head. Brutus, At the time of the Macedonian invasion it who was Tribunus Celerum, summoned the people, and related the deed of shame. was held by the Persian troops, who were classes were inflamed with the same indignaAll about to burn it, when they were prevented tion. A decree was passed deposing the king, portant part as a military post in the wars of by Alexander's arrival. After playing an imand banishing him and his family from the the successors of Alexander, and under the city. Tarquinius, with his two sons, Titus Syrian kings, it became, by the peace between and Aruus, took refuge at Caere in Etruria. the Romans and Antiochus the Great, the Sextus repaired to Gabii, his own principality, frontier city of the Syrian kingdom on the where he was shortly after murdered by the N.W. friends of those whom he had put to death. Tarquinius reigned 24 years. He was banished B.C. 510. The people of Tarquinii and Veii espoused the cause of the exiled tyrant, and marched against Rome. The two consuls advanced to meet them. A bloody battle was fought, in which Brutus and Aruns, the nephew and son of Tarquinius, slew each other. Tarquinius next repaired to Lars Porsena, the powU 2 of Mysia, rising in Mount Temnus, and flowTARSIUS (-1: Tarza or Balikesri), a river ing N.E., through the Miletopolites Lacus, into the Macestus. At the clined, it suffered much from the oppression |