also in the Crusades. Tarsus was the birthplace of many distinguished men, and, above all, of the Apostle Paul. TARTARUS (-i), son of Aether and Ge, and by his mother Ge the father of the Gigantes, Typhoeus, and Echidna. In the Iliad Tartarus is a place beneath the earth, as far below Hades as Heaven is above the earth, and closed by iron gates. Later poets use the name as synonymous with Hades. TECTOSAGES. through the middle of Pisidia; then along the S. frontier of Lycaonia and Cappadocia, which it divides from Cilicia and Commagene: thence, after being broken through by the Euphrates, it proceeds almost due E. through the S. of Armenia, forming the water-shed between the sources of the Tigris on the S. and the streams which feed the upper Euphrates and the Araxes on the N.; thus it continues as far as the S. margin of the lake TARTESSUS (-i), an ancient town in Spain, Taurus, and is continued in the chain which, Arsissa, where it ceases to bear the name of and one of the chief settlements of the Phoe-under the names of Niphates, Zagros, etc., nicians, probably the same as the Tarshish of forms the N.E. margin of the Tigris and Scripture. The whole country W. of GibralEuphrates valley. tar was also called TARTESSIS. TARUSCON or TARASCON (-onis: Tarascon), a town of the Salyes in Gaul, on the E. bank of the Rhone, N. of Arelate, and E. of Nemausus. TARVISŤUM (-i: Treviso), a town of Venetia in the N. of Italy, on the river Silis, which became the seat of a bishopric, and a place of importance in the middle ages. TATIUS, T., king of the Sabines. [ROMC LUS.] TATTA (Tuz-Gōl), a great salt lake in the centre of Asia Minor. TĀVIUM (-i: prob. Boghaz Kieni, Ru.), the capital of the Trocmi, in Galatia, stood on the E. side of the Halys, but at some distance from the river, and formed the centre of meeting for roads leading to all parts of Asia Minor." TAXILA or TAXIĂLA (-ōrum), an important city of India intra Gangem, stood in a large and fertile plain between the Indus Indian king Tuxiles. and the Hydaspes, and was the capital of the who reigned over the tract between the Indus TAXILES. (1) An Indian prince or king, and the Hydaspes at the period of the expeTAULANTII (-ōrum), a people of Illyria, dition of Alexander, B. c. 327. His real name in the neighborhood of Epidamnus. was Mophis or Omphis, and the Greeks apTAUNUS (-i: Taunus), a range of mount-pear to have called him Taxiles or Taxilas, ains in Germany, at no great distance from the confluence of the Moenus (Main) and the Rhine. TAURASIA. [TAURINI.] TAURENTUM (-i) and TAUROIS (-entis), a fortress belonging to Massilia, and near the latter city. TAURI (-ōrum), a wild and savage people in European Sarmatia, who sacrificed all strangers to a goddess whom the Greeks identified with Artemis (Diana). The Tauri dwelt in the peninsula which was called after them Chersonesus Taurica. TAURINI (-6rum), a people of Liguria dwelling on the upper course of the Po, at the foot of the Alps. Their chief town was Taurasia, afterwards colonized by Augustus, and called Augusta Taurinorum (Turin). TAURISCI (-orum), a Celtic people in Noricum, and probably the old Celtic name of the entire population of the country. TAUROIS. [TAURENTUM.] TAUROMENIUM (-i: Taormina), a city on the E. coast of Sicily, situated on Mount Taurus, from which it derived its name, and founded B.C. 358 by Andromachus with the remains of the inhabitants of Naxos. TAURUS (-1: from the Aramaean Tur, a high mountain: Taurus, Ala-Dagh, and other special_names), a great mountain-chain of Asia. In its widest extent, the name was applied, by the later geographers, to the whole of the great chain which runs through Asia from W. to E.; but in its usual signification it denotes the mountain-chain in the S. of Asia Minor, which begins at the Sacrum or Chelidonium Prom. at the S. E. angle of Lycia, surrounds the gulf of Pamphylia, passing from the name of his capital city of Taxila. —(2) A general in the service of Mithridates the Great. TAYGETE (-es), daughter of Atlas and Pleione, one of the Pleiades, from whom Mount Taygetus in Laconia is said to have derived its name. By Zeus (Jupiter) she became the mother of Lacedaemon and of Euro tas. TAYGETUS or TAYGETUM (-i), or TßGĒTA (-ōrum), a lofty range of mountains, of a wild and savage character, separating Laconia and Messenia, and extending from the frontiers of Arcadia down to the Prom. Taenarum. (See illustration on p. 390.) TEANUM (-i). (1) APULUM (ur. Ponte Rotto), a town of Apulia, on the river Frento and the confines of the Frentani, 18 miles from Larinum. (2) SIDICINUM (Teano), an important town of Campania, and the capital of the Sidicini, situated on the N. slope of Mount Massicus and on the Via Praenestina, 6 miles W. of Cales. TEARUS (-1: Teara, Deara, or Dere), a river of Thrace, the waters of which were useful in curing cutaneous diseases. TEATE (-is: Chieti), the capital of the Marrucini, situated on a steep hill on the river Aternns, and on the road from Aternum to Corfininm. TECMESSA (-ae), the danghter of the Phrygian king Telentas, whose territory was ravaged by the Greeks during a predatory excursion from Troy. Tecmessa was taken prisoner, and was given to Ajax, the son of Telamon, by whom she had a son, Eurysaces. TECTOSAGES (-um). (1) In Gallia. [VOLCAE.]-(2) In Asia Minor. [GALATIA.] TEGEA (-ae). (1) (Piali), an important | city of Arcadia, and the capital of the district TEGEATIS, which was bounded on the E. by Argolis and Laconica, on the S. by Laconia, on the W. by Maenalia, and on the N. by the territory of Mantinea. It was one of the most ancient towns of Arcadia, and is said to have been founded by Tegeates, the son of Lycaon. The Tegeatae sent 3000 men to the battle of Plataea, in which they were distinguished for their bravery. They remained faithful to Sparta in the Peloponnesian war; but after the battle of Leuctra they joined the rest of the Arcadians in establishing their independence. During the wars of the Achaean League, Tegea was taken both by Cleomenes, king of Sparta, and Antigonus Doson, king of Macedonia, and the ally of the Achaeans. -(2) A town in Crete, said to have been founded by Agamemnon. TELAMON (-onis), son of Aeacus and Endeis, and brother of Peleus. Having assisted Peleus in slaying their half-brother Phocus [PELEUS], Telamon was expelled from Aegina, and came to Salamis. Here he was first married to Glance, daughter of Cychreus, king of the island, on whose death Telamon became king of Salamis. He afterwards married Periboea or Eriboea, daughter of Alcathous, by whom he became the father of Ajax, who is hence frequently called Telamoniades, and Telamonrus heros. Telamon himself was one of the Calydonian hunters and one of the Argonauts. He was also a great friend of Hercules, whom he joined in his expedition against Laomedon of Troy, which city he was the first to enter. Hercules, in return, gave to him Theanira or Hesione, a daughter of Laomedon, by whom he became the father of Tencer and Trambelus. TELAMON (Telamone), a town and harbor of Etruria, a few miles S. of the river Umbro, said to have been founded by Telamon on his return from the Argonautic expedition. TELCHINES (-um), a family or a tribe said to have been descended from Thalassa or Poseidon (Neptune). They are represented in 3 different aspects: (1.) As cultivators of the soil and ministers of the gods. As such they came from Crete to Cyprus, and from thence to Rhodes, where they founded Camirus, Ialysus, and Lindus. Rhodes, which was named after them Telchinis, was abandoned by them, because they foresaw that the island would be inundated. Poseidon was intrusted to them by Rhea, and they brought him up in conjunction with Caphira, a daughter of Oceanus. Rhea, Apollo, and Zeus (Jupiter), however, are also described as hostile to the Telchines. Apollo is said to have assumed the shape of a wolf, and to have thus destroyed the Telchines, and Zeus to have overwhelmed them by an inundation. (2.) As sorce ers and envious daemons. Their very eyes and aspect are said to have been destructive. They had it in their power to bring on hail, rain, and snow, and to assume any form they pleased: they further mixed Stygian water with sulphur, in order thereby to destroy animals and plants. (3.) As artists, for they are said to have invented useful arts and institutions, and to have inade images of the gods. They worked in brass and iron, made the sickle of Cronos and the trident of Poseidon. TELEBOAE. [TAPHIAE.] TELEGONUS (-i), son of Ulysses and Circe. After Ulysses had returned to Ithaca, Circe sent out Telegonus in search of his father. A storm cast his ship on the coast of Ithaca, and being pressed by hunger, he began to plunder the fields. Ulysses and Telemachus, being informed of the ravages caused by the stranger, went out to fight against him; but Telegonus ran Ulysses through with a spear which he had received from his mother. At the command of Athena (Minerva), Telegonus, accompanied by Telemachus and Penel ope, went to Circe in Aeaea, there buried the body of Ulysses, and married Penelope, by whom he became the father of Italus. TELEMACHUS (-i), son of Ulysses and Penelope. He was still an infant when his father went to Troy; and when the latter had been absent from home nearly 20 years, Telemachus went to Pylos and Sparta to gather information concerning him. He was hospitably received by Nestor, who sent his own son to conduct Telemachus to Sparta. Menelaus also received him kindly, and communicated to him the prophecy of Proteus concerning Ulysses. From Sparta Telemachus returned home; and on his arrival there he found his father, whom he assisted in slaying the suitors. TEMPE. (Mei, the port of Macri, Ru.), a city of Lycia, TELMESSUS or TELMISSUS (-i). (1) near the borders of Caria, on a gulf called Telmissicus Sinus, and close to the promon TELEMUS (-i), son of Eurymus, and a cele-tory Telmissis.-(2) A town of Caria, 60 stadia brated soothsayer. (6 geog. miles) from Halicarnassus. TELEPHUS (-i), son of Hercules and Auge, the daughter of king Aleus of Tegea. On reaching manhood, he consulted the Delphic oracle to learn his parentage, and was ordered to go to king Teuthras in Mysia. He there found his mother, and succeeded Teuthras on the throne of Mysia. He married Laodice or Astyoche, a daughter of Priam; and he attempted to prevent the Greeks from landing on the coast of Mysia. Dionysus (Bacchus), however, caused him to stumble over a vine, whereupon he was wounded by Achilles. Being informed by an oracle that the wound could only be cured by him who had inflicted it, Telephus repaired to the Grecian camp; and as the Greeks had likewise learned from an oracle that without the aid of Telephus they could not reach Troy, Achilles cured Telephus by means of the rust of the spear with which he had been wounded. Telephus, in return, pointed out to the Greeks the road which they had to take. TELO (-onis), MARTIUS (Toulon), a porttown of Gallia Narbonensis on the Mediter ranean. of the Carpathian sea, one of the Sporades. one of the Heraclidae who invaded Pelopon- TEMESA or TEMPSA (-ae: Torre del Lupi), and one of the most ancient Ausonian towns a town in Bruttium on the Sinus Terinaeus, in the S. of Italy. TEMPE (neut. pl. indecl.), a beautiful and romantic valley in the N. of Thessaly, between Vale of Tempe. Mounts Olympus and Ossa, through which the Peneus escapes into the sea. The lovely scenery of this glen is frequently described by the ancient poets and declaimers; and it was also celebrated as one of the favorite haunts of Apollo, who transplanted his laurel from this spot to Delphi. So celebrated was the scenery of Tempé that its name was given to any beautiful valley. Thus we find a Tempé in the land of the Sabines, near Reate, through which the river Velinus flowed; and also a Tempé in Sicily, through which the river Helorus flowed, hence called by Ovid Tempe Heloria. TENCTERI or TENCHTERI (-ōrum), a people of Germany dwelling on the Rhine between the Ruhr and the Sieg, S. of the Usipetes, in conjunction with whom their name usually occurs. TENEDOS or TENĒDUS (-i), a small island of the Aegaean sey, off the coast of Troas, of an importance very disproportionate to its size, on account of its position near the mouth of the Hellespont, from which it is about 12 miles distant. It appears in the legend of the Trojan war as the station to which the Greeks withdrew their fleet, in order to induce the Trojans to think that they had departed, and to receive the wooden horse. In the Persian war it was used by Xerxes as a naval station. It afterwards became a tributary ally of Athens, and adhered to her during the whole of the Peloponnesian war, and down to the peace of Antalcidas, by which it was surrendered to the Persians. At the Macedonian conquest the Tenedians regained their liberty. TENES or TENNES, son of Cycnus and Proclea, and brother of Hemithea. Cycnus was king of Colonae in Troas. His 2d wife was Philonome, who fell in love with her step-son; but as he repulsed her advances she accused him to his father, who put both his son and daughter into a chest and threw them into the sea. But the chest was driven on the coast of the isl and of Leucophrys, of which the inhabitants elected Tenes king, and which he called Tenedos, after his own name. TENOS (-i: Tino), a small island in the Aegaean sea, S. E. of Andros and N. of Delos. TENTYRA (-ōrum: Denderah, Ru.), a city of Upper Egypt, on the western bank of the Nile, between Abydos and Coptos, with celebrated temples of Athor (the Egyptian Venus), Isis, and Typhon. There are still magnificent remains of the temples of Athor and of Isis: in the latter was found the celebrated Zodiac, which is now preserved at Paris. TEOS (-1: Sighajik), one of the Ionian cities on the coast of Asia Minor, renowned as the TERENTIUS. It birthplace of the lyric poet Anacreon. stood at the bottom of the bay, between the promontories of Coryceum and Myonnesus. TERENTIA (-ae). (1) Wife of M. Cicero, the orator, to whom she bore 2 children, a son and a daughter. She was a woman of sound of character was of no small service to her sense and great resolution; and her firmness weak and vacillating husband in some important periods of his life. During the civil war, however, Cicero was offended with her is said to have attained the age of 103.-(2) conduct, and divorced her in B. c. 46. Terentia Also called TERENTILLA, the wife of Maecenas, and also one of the favorite mistresses of Augustus. TERENTIUS (-i) AFER, P., usually called TERENCE, the celebrated comic poet, was born he became the slave of P. Terentius Lucanus, at Carthage, B.C. 195. By birth or purchase a Roman senator. A handsome person and promising talents recommended Terence to his master, who afforded him the best educa tion of the age, and finally manumitted him, On his manumission, according to the usual practice, Terence assumed bis patron's name, Terentius, having been previously called Pub lius or Publipor. The Andria was the first play offered by Terence for representation. The curule aediles referred the piece to Caecilius, then one of the most popular playwriters at Rome. Unknown and meanly clad, Terence began to read from a low stool his opening scene. A few verses showed the elder poet that no ordinary writer was before him, and the young aspirant, then in his 27th year, was invited to share the couch and supper of his judge. This reading of the Andria, however, must have preceded its performance nearly two years, for Caecilius died in 168, and it was not acted till 166. Meanwhile copies were in circulation, envy was awakened, and Luscins Lavinius, a veteran and not very successful play-writer, began his unwearied attacks on the dramatic and personal character of the author. The Andria was successful, and, aided by the accomplishments and good address of Terence himself, was the means of introducing him to the most refined and intellectual circles of Rome. His chief patrons were Laelius and the younger Scipio, |