extant.-(3) Of Samos, a painter who flourished from the time of Philip onwards to that of the successors of Alexander. THEONŎE (-es), daughter of Proteus and Psammathe, also called Idothea. [IDOTHEA.] THEOPHANES (-is), CN. POMPEIUS, of Mytilene in Lesbos, a learned Greek, was one of the most intimate friends of Pompey, and wrote the history of his campaigns. THERMODON. royal house; but he was eventually expelled Aegaean sea, and the chief of the Sporades, THEOPHRASTUS (-i), the Greek philosopher, was a native of Eresus in Lesbos, and studied philosophy at Athens, first under Plato and afterwards under Aristotle. He became the favorite pupil of Aristotle, who named Theophrastus his successor in the presidency of the Lyceum, and in his will bequeathed to him his library and the origi nals of his own writings. Theophrastus was a worthy successor of his great master, and nobly sustained the character of the school. He is said to have had 2000 disciples, and among THERAMENES (-is), an Athenian, son of them such men as the comic poet Menander. Hagnon, was a leading member of the oli He was highly esteemed by the kings Philip garchical government of the 400 at Athens, in pus, Cassander, and Ptolemy, and was not B.O. 411. Subsequently, however, he not only the less the object of the regard of the Athe-took a prominent part in the deposition of nian people, as was decisively shown when the 400, but came forward as the accuser of he was impeached of impiety; for he was not Antiphon aud Archeptolemus, who had been only acquitted, but his accuser would have his intimate friends, but whose death he was fallen a victim to his calumny, had not Theo- now the mean and cowardly instrument in phrastus generously interfered to save him. procuring. After the capture of Athens by He died in .c. 257, having presided over the Lysander, Theramenes was chosen one of the Academy about 35 years. His age is various Thirty Tyrants (404). But as from policy he ly stated. According to some accounts he endeavored to check the tyrannical proceedlived 85 years, according to others 107 years. ings of his colleagues, Critias accused him He is said to have closed his life with the before the council as a traitor, and procured complaint respecting the short duration of his condemnation by violence. When he had human existence, that it ended just when the drunk the hemlock, he dashed out the last insight into its problems was beginning. He drop from the cup, exclaiming, "This to the wrote a great number of works, the great ob-health of the lovely Critias!" ject of which was the development of the Aristotelian philosophy; his Characteres and his work On Plants are extant. THEOPOMPUS (-i). (1) King of Sparta, reigned about B.C. 770-720. He is said to have established the ephoralty, and to have been mainly instrumental in bringing the 1st Messenian war to a successful issue.-(2) Of Chios, a celebrated Greek historian, was the son of Damasistratus and the brother of Caucalus the rhetorician. He was born about B.c. 378, and attended the school of rhetoric which Isocrates opened at Chios. He accompanied his father into banishment, when the latter was exiled on account of his espousing the interests of the Lacedaemonians, but he was restored to his native country in the 45th year of his age (333), in consequence of the letters of Alexander the Great, in which he exhorted the Chians to recall their exiles. On his return, Theopompus, who was a man of great wealth as well as learning, naturally took an important position in the state; but his vehement temper, and his support of the aristocratical party, soon raised against him a host of enemies. Of these one of the most formidable was the sophist Theocritus. As long as Alexander lived, his enemies dared not take any open proceedings against Theopompus; and even after the death of the Macedonian monarch, he appears to have enjoyed for some years the protection of the THERAPNAE (-arum), a town in Laconia, on the left bank of the Eurotas and a little above Sparta, celebrated in mythology as the birthplace of Castor and Pollux. Menelaus and Helen were said to be buried here. THERAS, a Spartan, who colonized and gave name to the island of Thera. THERASIA (-ae), a small island west of Thera. THERMA, a town in Macedonia, afterwards called Thessalonica [THESSALONICA], situated at the N. E. extremity of a great gulf of the Aegean sea, called THERMAICUS OF THERMAEUS SINUS from the town at its head. This gulf was also called Macedonicus Sinus; its modern name is Gulf of Salonica. THERMAE (-arum), a town in Sicily, built by the inhabitants of Himera after the destruction of the latter city by the Carthagin ians. [HIMERA.] THERMAICUS SINUS. [THERMA.] THERMODON (-ontis: Thermeh), a river of Pontus, in the district of Themiscyra, the reputed country of the Amazons, rises in a mountain called Amazonius Mountain (and still Mason Dagh), near Phanaroea, and falls into the sea about 30 miles E. of the mouth of the Iris. At its mouth was the city of Themiscyra; and there is still, on the W. side of the mouth of the Thermeh, a place of the same name, Thermeh. THERMOPYLAE, often called simply PYLAE (-arum), that is, the Hot Gates or the Gates, a celebrated pass leading from Thessaly into Locris. It lay between Mount Oeta and an inaccessible morass, forming the edge of the Malic gulf. At one end of the pass, close to Anthela, the mountain approached so close to the morass as to leave room for only a single carriage between; this narrow entrance formed the W. gate of Thermopylae. About a mile to the E. the mountain again approached close to the sea, near the Locrian town of Alpeni, thus forming the E. gate of Thermopylae. The space between these two gates was wider and more open, and was distinguished by its abundant flow of hot springs, which were sacred to Hercules: hence the name of the place. The pass of Thermopylae is especially celebrated on account of the heroic defense of Leonidas and the 300 Spartans against the mighty host of Xerxes. THESEUS (-čos, či, or ei), the great legend. ary hero of Attica, was the son of Aegeus, king of Athens, and of Aethra, the daughter of Pittheus, king of Troezen. He was brought up at Troezen; and when he reached maturity he took, by his mother's directions, the sword and sandals, the tokens which had been left by Aegeus, and proceeded to Athens. Eager to emulate Hercules, he went by land, displaying his prowess by destroying the robbers and monsters that infested the country. By means of the sword which he carried, Theseus was recognized by Aegeus, acknowledged as his son, and declared his successor, to the exclusion of the sons of Pallas. The capture of the Marathonian bull, which had long laid waste the surrounding country, was the next exploit of Theseus. After this he went of his own accord as one of the 7 youths whom the Athenians were obliged to send every year, with 7 maidens, THERMUM (-i) or THERMA (-ǎtis), a town to Crete, in order to be devoured by the Minof the Aetolians near Stratus, with warm minotaur. When they arrived at Crete, Ariadne, eral springs, and regarded for some time as the capital of the country. THERON (-ōnis), tyrant of Agrigentum, in Sicily, reigned from about B.O. 488 till his death in 472. He shared with Gelon in the great victory gained over the Carthaginians Theseus, and provided him with a sword with the daughter of Minos, became enamored of which he slew the Minotaur, and a clew of thread by which he found his way out of the labyrinth. Having effected his object, Theseus sailed away, carrying off Ariadne. There were various accounts about Ariadne; but according to the general account Theseus THERSANDER (-dri), son of Polynices and abandoned her in the island of Naxos on his Argia, and one of the Epigoni, went with Ag- believed to have had by her two sons, Oenoway home. [ARIADNE.] He was generally amemnon to Troy, and was slain in that ex-pion and Staphylus. As the vessel in which pedition by Telephus. in 480. THERSITES (-ae), son of Agrius, the most deformed man and impudent talker among the Greeks at Troy. According to the later poets he was killed by Achilles, because he had ridiculed him for lamenting the death of Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons. Theseus sailed approached Attica, he neglected to hoist the white sail, which was to have been the signal of the success of the expedition; whereupon Aegens, thinking that his son had perished, threw himself into the sea. [AEGEUS.] Theseus thus became king of Athens. One of the most celebrated of the advent ures of Theseus was his expedition against the Amazons. He is said to have assailed them before they had recovered from the attack of Hercules, and to have carried off their queen, Antiope. The Amazons in their turn invaded Attica, and penetrated into Athens itself; and the final battle, in which Theseus overcame them, was fought in the very midst of the city. By Antiope, Theseus was said to have had a son named Hippolytus or Demophoon, and after her death to have married Phaedra. [HIPPOLYTUS, PHAEDRA.] Theseus figures in almost all the great heroic expeditions. He was one of the Argonauts: he joined in the Calydonian hunt, and aided Adrastus in recovering the bodies of those slain before Thebes. He contracted a close friendship with Pirithous, and aided him and the Lapithae against the Centaurs. With the assistance of Pirithous, he carried off Helen from Sparta while she was quite a girl, and placed her at Aphidnae, under the care of Aethra. In return, he assisted Pirithous in his attempt to carry off Persephone from the lower world. Pirithous perished in the enterprise, and Theseus was kept in hard durauce until he was delivered by Hercules. Meantime Castor and Pollux invaded Attica, and carried off Helen and Aethra, Academus having informed the brothers where they were to be found. [ACADEMUS.] Menestheus also endeavored to incite the people against Theseus, who on his return found himself unable to re-establish his authority, and retired to Scyros, where he was treacherously slain by Lycomedes. The departed hero was believed to have appeared to aid the Athenians at the battle of Marathon. There can be no doubt that Thesens is a purely legendary hero, though the Athenians in later times regarded hia as an historical personage, and as the author of several of their political institutions. THESPROTI. THESPIAE (-arum) or THESPIA (-ae: Eremo or Rimokastro), an ancient town in Boeotia on the S.E. slope of Mount Helicon, at no great distance from the Crissaean gulf. It was burned to the ground by the Persians, but subsequently rebuilt. At Thespiae was preserved the celebrated marble statue of Eros by Praxiteles, who had given it to Phryne, by whom it was presented to her native town. [PRAXITELES. From the vicinity of Thespiae to Mount Helicon the Muses are called Thesprades, and Helicon itself is named the Thespia rupes. THESPIS (-is), the celebrated father of Greek tragedy, was a contemporary of Pisistratus, and a native of Icarus, one of the demi in Attica, where the worship of Dionysus (Bacchus) had long prevailed. The alteration made by Thespis, and which gave to the old tragedy a new and dramatic character, was very simple but very important. He introduced an actor, for the sake of giving rest to the chorus, in which capacity he probably appeared himself, taking various parts in the same piece, under various disguises, which he was enabled to assume by means of linen masks, the invention of which is ascribed to him. The first representation of Thespis was in B.O. 535. For further details, see Dict. of Antiq., art. Tragoedia. THESPIUS (-i), son of Erechtheus, who, according to some, founded the town of Thes piae in Boeotia. His descendants are called Thespiadae. THESPROTI (-orum), a people of Epirns, inhabiting the district called after them THES PROTIA OF THESPROTIs, which extended along the coast from the Ambracian gulf N.-wards as far as the river Thyamis, and inland as far as the territory of the Molossi. The Thes proti were the most ancient inhabitants of |