ANDROMACHE. to Crete 7 youths and 7 damsels to be devoured by the Minotaur. From this shameful tribute they were delivered by THESKUS. ANDROMACHE (-es) or ANDROMACHA (-ae), daughter of Eetion, king of the Cilician Thebes, and wife of Hector, by whom she had a son Scamandrius (Astyanax). On the taking of Troy her son was hurled from the walls of the city, and she herself fell to the share of Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), the son of Achilles, who took her to Epirus. She afterwards married Helenus, a brother of Hector, who ruled over Chaonia. ANDROMEDA (-ae) or ANDROMEDE (-es), daughter of Cephens, king of Aethiopia, and Cassiopea. In consequence of her mother boasting that the beauty of her daughter surpassed that of the Nereids, Poseidon (Neptune) sent a sea-monster to lay waste the country. The oracle of Ammon promised deliverance if Andromeda was given up to the monster; and Cepheus was obliged to chain his daughter to a rock. Here she was found and saved by Perseus, who slew the mouster and obtained her as his wife. She had been previously promised to Phineus, and this gave rise to the famous fight of Phinens and Perseus at the wedding, in which the former and all his associates were slain. After her death she was placed among the stars. ANDRONICUS LIVIUS. [LIVIUS.] ANDROS or -RUS (-i), the most northerly and one of the largest islands of the Cyclades, S. E. of Euboea, 21 miles long and 8 broad, early attained importance, and colonized Acanthus and Stagira about B.c. 654. It was celebrated for its wine, whence the whole island was regarded as sacred to Dionysus. ANGLI or ANGLII (-ōrum), a German people on the left bank of the Eibe, who passed over with the Saxons into Britain, which was called after them England. [SAXONES.] Some of them appear to have settled in Angeln in Schleswig. ANGRIVARII (-ōrum), a German people dwelling on both sides of the Visurgis (Weser), separated from the Cherusci by an agger or mound of earth. ANIGRUS (-i), a small river in the Triphylian Elis, the Minyeius of Homer, flowing into the Ionian sea, near Samicum. Its waters had a disagreeable smell, in consequence, it is said, of the Centaurs having washed in them after they had been wounded by Her'cules. ANIO, anciently ĂNIEN (hence Gen. Anienis), a river rising in the mountains of the Hernici near Treba, which, after receiving the brook Digentia, forms at Tibur beautiful water-falls, and flows into the Tiber 3 miles above Rome. The water of the Anio was conveyed to Rome by two aqueducts, the Anio vetus and Anio novus. ANIUS (-i), son of Apollo by Creusa, and priest of Apollo at Delos. By Dryope he had three daughters, to whom Dionysus gave the power of producing at will any quantity of wine, corn, and oil-whence they were called Oenotropae. With these necessaries they are said to have supplied the Greeks during the first 9 years of the Trojan war. ANNA (-ae), daughter of Belus and sister of Dido. After the death of the latter, she fled from Carthage to Italy, where she was kindly received by Aeneas. Here she excited the jealousy of Lavinia, and, being warned in a dream by Dido, she fled and threw herself into the river Numicius. Henceforth she was worshiped as the nymph of that river under the name of Anna Perenna. ANNIUS MILO. [MILO.] ANSER (-èris), a poet of the Augustan age, a friend of the triumvir M. Antonius, and one of the detractors of Virgil. ANSIBARII or AMPSIVARII (-ōrum), a German people, originally dwelling between the sources of the Ems and the Weser, and afterwards in the interior of the country near the Cherusci. ANTAEOPOLIS (-is), an ancient city of Upper Egypt (the Thebais), on the E. side of the Nile, and one of the chief seats of the worship of Osiris. ANTAEUS (-i), son of Poseidon (Neptune) and Ge (Earth), a mighty giant and wrestler in Libya, whose strength was invincible so long as he remained in contact with his mother earth. Hercules discovered the source of his strength, lifted him from the earth, and crushed him in the air. on, is chiefly known by the celebrated treaty ANTALCIDAS (-ae), a Spartan, son of Leconcluded with Persia in B.C. 357, usually call fruit of his diplomacy. According to this ed the peace of Antalcidas, since it was the treaty all the Greek cities in Asia Minor were to belong to the Persian king; the Athenians were allowed to retain only Lemnos, Imbros, and Scyros; and all the other Greek cities were to be independent. ANTANDRUS (-i), a city of Great Mysia, on Ida; an Aeolian colony. the Adramyttian Gulf, at the foot of Mount ANTEA or ANTIA. [BELLEROPHON.] town at the junction of the Anio and the TiANTEMNAE (-arum), an ancient Sabine ber, destroyed by the Romans in the earliest times. ANTENOR (-õris), a Trojan, son of Aesyetes and Cleomestra, and husband of Theano. He was one of the wisest among the elders at Troy; he received Menelaus and Ulysses into his house when they came to Troy as embassadors; and he advised his fellow-citizens to restore Helen to Menelaus. On the capture of Troy, Antenor was spared by the Greeks. His history after this event is told differently. Some relate that he went with the Heneti to the western coast of the Adriatic, where he founded Patavium. His sons and descendants were called Antenoridae. ANTEROS. [EROS.] ANTHEDON (-ōnis), a town of Boeotia, with a harbor, on the coast of the Euboean sea, said to have derived its name from Anthedon, son of Glaucus, who was here changed into a god. ANTHEMUS (-untis), a Macedonian town in Chalcidice. ANTHEMUSIA. ANTHEMUSIA (-ae) or ANTHEMUS (-untis), a city of Mesopotamia, S. W. of Edessa, and a little E. of the Euphrates. The surrounding district was called by the same name, but was generally included under the name of OSRHOENE. ANTHENE (-es), a place in Cynuria, in the Peloponnesus. ANTHYLLA (-ae), a considerable city of Lower Egypt, near the mouth of the Canopic brauch of the Nile, below Naucratis. ANTIAS (-atis), Q. VALĒRIUS (-i), a Roman historian, flourished about B.C. 80, and wrote the history of Rome from the earliest times down to those of Sulla. His work was full of falsehoods. ANTICLEA (-ae), daughter of Autolycus, wife of Laertes, and mother of Ulysses, died of grief at the long absence of her son. It is said that before marrying Laertes she lived on intimate terms with Sisyphus; whence Ulysses is sometimes called a son of Sisyphus. ANTICYRA, more anciently ANTICIRRHA (-ae). (1) A town in Phocis, on a bay of the Crissaean gulf.-(2) A town in Thessaly, on the Spercheus, not far from its mouth. Both towns were celebrated for their hellebore, the chief remedy in antiquity for madness: hence the proverb Naviget Anticyram, when a person acted senselessly. ANTIGONE (-es), daughter of Oedipus by his mother Jocaste, and sister of Ismene and of Eteocles and Polynices. In the tragic story of Oedipus, Antigone appears as a noble maiden, with a truly heroic attachment to her father and brothers. When Oedipus had put out his eyes, and was obliged to quit Thebes, he was accompanied by Antigone, who remained with him till he died at Colonus, and then returned to Thebes. After her two brothers had killed each other in battle, and Creon, the king of Thebes, would not allow Polynices to be buried, Antigone alone defied the tyrant, and buried the body of her brother. Creon thereupon ordered her to be shut up in a subterranean cave, where she killed herself. Her lover Haemon, the son of Creon, killed himself by her side. ANTIGONEA and -ĨA (-ae). (1) A town in Epirus (Illyricum) at the junction of a tributary with the Aous, and near a narrow pass of the Acroceraunian mountains.--(2) A town on the Orontes in Syria, founded by Antigonus as the capital of his empire (B.c. 306), but most of its inhabitants were transferred by Selencus to ANTIOCHIA, which was built in its neigborhood. ANTIGONUS (-i). (1) King of Asia, surnamed the One-eyed, son of Philip of Elymiotis, and father of Demetrius Poliorcetes by Stratonice. He was one of the generals of Alexander the Great, and in the division of the empire after the death of the latter (B.C. 323) he received the provinces of the Greater Phrygia, Lycia, and Pamphylia. On the death of the regent Antipater, in 319, he aspired to the sovereignty of Asia. In 316 he defeated and put Eumenes to death, after a struggle of nearly 3 years. He afterwards carried on war, with varying success, against Seleucus, 40 ANTIOCHIA. Ptolemy, Cassander, and Lysimachus. After the defeat of Ptolemy's fleet in 306, Antigonus assumed the title of king, and his example was followed by Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and Seleucus. Antigonus and his son Demetrius were at length defeated by Lysimachus at the decisive battle of Ipsus in Phrygia, in 301. Antigonus fell in the battle, in the 81st year of his age. (2) GONATAS, son of Demetrius Poliorcetes, and grandson of the preceding. He assumed the title of king of Macedonia after his father's death in Asia in 283, but he did not obtain possession of the throne till 277. of Epirus in 273, but recovered it in the followHe was driven out of his kingdom by Pyrrhus ing year. He died in 239. He was succeeded by Demetrius II. His surname Gonatus is usually derived from Gonnos or Gonni in Thessaly; but some think that Gonatus is a Macedonian word, signifying an iron plate protecting the knee.-(3) DosON (So called becanse he was always about to give but never did), son of Demetrius of Cyrene, and grandson of Demetrius Poliorcetes. On the death of Demetrius II., in 229, he was left guardian of his son Philip, but he married the widow of Demetrius, and became king of Macedonia himself. He supported Aratus and the Achaean League against Cleomenes, king of Sparta, whom he defeated at Sellasia in 221, and took Sparta. He died 220. ANTILIBĂNUS (-i), a mountain on the contines of Palestine, Phoenicia, and Syria, parallel to Libanus, which it exceeds in height. Its highest summit is M. Hermon. ANTILOCHUS (-i), son of Nestor and Anaxibia, accompanied his father to Troy, and distinguished himself by his bravery. He was slain before Troy by Memnon the Ethiopian. ANTIMACHUS (-i), a Greek epic and elegiac poet of Claros or Colophon, flourished towards the end of the Peloponnesian war; his chief work was an epic poem called The bais. ANTINOŎPOLIS (-is), a splendid city, built by Hadrian, in memory of his favorite ANTINOUS, on the E. bank of the Nile. ANTINOUS (-i). (1) Son of Enpithes of Ithaca, and one of the suitors of Penelope, was slain by Ulysses.-(2) A youth of extraor dinary beauty, born at Claudiopolis in Bithynia, was the favorite of the emperor Hadrian, and his companion in all his journeys. He was drowned in the Nile, A.D. 122. The grief of the emperor knew no bounds He enrolled Antinous among the gods, caused a temple to be erected to him at Mantinea, and founded the city of ANTINOOPOLIS in honor of him. ANTIOCHĨA and -EA (-ae). (1) The capital of the Greek kingdom of Syria, and long the chief city of Asia, stood on the left bank of the Orontes, about 20 miles (geog.) from the sea, in a beautiful valley. It was built by Seleucus Nicator, about B.C. 300, who called it Antiochia in honor of his father Antiochus, and peopled it chiefly from the neighboring city of ANTIGONIA. It was one of the earliest strongholds of the Christian faith; the first place where the Christian name was used (Acts xi. 26); and the see of one of the four chief bishops, who were called Patriarchs.-| (2) A. AD MAEANDRUM, a city of Caria, on the Maeander, built by Antiochus I. Soter on the site of the old city of Pythopolis.-(3) A city on the borders of Phrygia and Pisidia; built by colonists from Maguesia: made a colony under Augustus, and called Caesarea. - The other cities of the name of Antioch are better known under other designations. ANTIOCHUS (-i). I. Kings of Syria.-(1) SOTER (reigned B. c. 280-261), was the son of Seleucus I., the founder of the Syrian kingdom of the Seleucidae. He married his stepmother Stratonice, with whom he fell violently in love, and whom his father surrendered to him. He fell in battle against the Gauls in 261.-(2) THEOS (B. C. 261-246), son and successor of No. 1. The Milesians gave him his surname of Theos, because he delivered them from their tyrant, Timarhus. He carried on war with Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt, which was brought to a close by his putting away his wife Laodice, and marrying Berenice, the daughter of Ptolemy. After the death of Ptolemy, he recalled Laodice, but, in revenge for the insult she had received, she caused Antiochus and Berenice to be murdered. He was succeeded by his son Seleucus Callinicus. His younger son Antiochus Hierax also assumed the crown, and carried on war some years with his brother. [SELEUCUS II.]-(3) The GREAT (B. C. 223-187), son and successor of Selencns Callinicus. He carried on war against Ptolemy Philopator, king of Egypt, in order to obtain Coele-Syria, Phoenicia, and Palestine, but was obliged to cede these provinces to Ptolemy, in consequence of his defeat at the battle of Raphia, near Gaza, in 217. He was afterwards engaged for 7 years (212-205) in an attempt to regain the eastern provinces of Asia, which had revolted during the reign of Antiochus II.; but, though he met with great success, he found it hopeless to effect the subjugation of the Parthian and Bactrian kingdoms, and accordingly concluded a peace with them. In 198 he conquered Palestine and Coele-Syria, which he afterwards gave as a dowry with his daughter Cleopatra upon her marriage with Ptolemy Epiphanes. He afterwards became involved in hostilities with Coin of Antiochus the Great. ANTIOCHUS. the Romans, and was urged by Hannibal, who arrived at his court, to invade Italy without loss of time; but Antiochus did not follow his advice. In 192 he crossed over into Greece: and in 191 he was defeated by the Romans at Thermopylae, and compelled to return to Asia. In 190 he was again defeated by the Romans under L. Scipio, at Mount Sipylus, near Magnesia, and compelled to sue for peace, which was granted in 188, on condition of his ceding all his dominions E. of Mount Taurus, and paying 15,000 Euboic talents. In order to raise the money to pay the Romans, he attacked a wealthy temple in Elymais, but was killed by the people of the place (187). He was succeeded by his son Seleucus Philopator.-(4) EPIPHANES (B.O. 175-164), son of Antiochus III., succeeded his brother Seleucus Philopator in 175. He carried on war against where he was brought up, brother of No. 8, reigned over Coele-Syria and Phoenicia from 112 to 96, but fell in battle in 95 against Seleucus Epiphanes, son of A. VIII. Grypus.-(10) EUSEBES, son of Cyzicenus, defeated Seleucus Epiphanes, and maintained the throne against the brothers of Seleucus. He succeeded his father in 95.-(11) EPIPHANES, son of Grypus and brother of Seleucus Epiphanes, carried on war against Eusebes, but was defeated by the latter, and drowned in the river Orontes. (12) DIONYSUS, brother of No. 11, held the crown for a short time, but fell in battle against Aretas, king of the Arabians. The Syrians, worn out with the civil broils of the Seleucidae, offered the kingdom to Tigranes, king of Armenia, who united Syria to his own dominions in 83, and held it till his defeat by the Romans in 69.-(13) ASIATICUS, son of Eu sebes, became king of Syria on the defeat of Tigranes by Lucullus in 69; but he was deprived of it in 65 by Pompey, who reduced Syria to a Roman province. In this year the Seleucidae ceased to reign. III. Literary.-Of ASCALON, the founder of the fifth Academy, was a friend of Lucullus and the teacher of Cicero during his studies at Athens (1.0. 79). II. Kings of Commagene.-(1) Made an alliance with the Romans, about B.C. 64. He assisted Pompey with troops in 49, and was attacked by Antony in 38. He was succeeded by Mithridates I. about 31.- (2) Succeeded Mithridates I., and was put Coin of Antiochus Epiphanes, with the Figure of Jupiter. to death at Rome by Augustus in 29. -(3) Succeeded Mithridates II., and Egypt (171-168) with great success, and he died in A.D. 17. Upon his death, Commawas preparing to lay siege to Alexandria in gene became a Roman province, and remain168, when the Romans compelled him to re- ed so till A. D. 38.-(4) Surnamed EPIPHANES, tire. He endeavored to root out the Jewish received his paternal dominion from Calig religion and to introduce the worship of the nla in A.D. 38. He assisted the Romans in Greek divinities; but this attempt led to a their wars against the Parthians under Nero, rising of the Jewish people, under Mattathias and against the Jews under Vespasian. In and his heroic sons, the Maccabees, which An- 72 he was accused of conspiring with the tiochus was unable to put down. He attempt- Parthians against the Romans, was deprived ed to plunder a temple in Elymais in 164, but of his kingdom, and retired to Rome, where he was repulsed, and died shortly afterwards he passed the remainder of his life. in a state of raving madness, which the Jews and Greeks equally attributed to his sacrilegious crimes. His subjects gave him the name of Epimanes (the "madman"), in parody of Epiphanes.-(5) EUPATOR (B.c. 164-162), son and successor of Epiphanes, was 9 years old at his father's death. He was dethroned and put to death by Demetrius Soter, the son of Seleucus Philopator.-() THEOS, son of Alexander Balas. He was brought forward as a claimant to the crown in 144, against Demetrius Nicator, by Tryphon, but he was murdered by the latter, who ascended the throne himself in 142.-(7) SIDETES (B. C. 137-128), so called from Side, in Pamphylia, where he was brought up, younger son of Demetrius Soter, succeeded Tryphon. He was defeated and slain in battle by the Parthians in 128.-(8) GRYPUS, or Hook-nosed (B.c. 125-96), second son of Demetrius Nicator and Cleopatra. He carried on war for some years with his halfbrother, A. IX. Cyzicenus. At length, in 112, the two brothers agreed to share the kingdom between them, A. Cyzicenus having Coele-Syria and Phoenicia, and A. Grypus the remainder of the provinces. Grypus was assassinated in 96.-(9) CYzICENUS, from Cyzicus, ANTIOPE (-es). (1) Daughter of Nycteus, and mother by Zeus (Jupiter) of Amphion and Amazon, sister of Hippolyte, wife of Theseus, Zethus. For details see AMPHION.-(2) An and mother of Hippolytus. Antiope. ANTIPĂTER (-tri). (1) The Macedonian, ANTIPATER. an officer greatly trusted by Philip and Alexander the Great, was left by the latter regent in Macedonia when he crossed over into Asia in B. C. 334. On the death of Alexander (323), Antipater, in conjunction with Craterus, carried on war against the Greeks, who endeav Narbonensis on the coast, a few miles W. of ANTISSA (-ae), a town in Lesbos, on the W. coast between Methymna, and the promisland opposite Lesbos, which was afterwards ontory Sigrium, was originally on a small ored to recover their independence. This own son CASSANDER to a subordinate position. cetes availed himself of their dissensions to obtain the kingdom, and to put to death the two brothers.-(3) Father of Herod the Great, son of a noble Idumacan of the same name, esponsed the cause of Hyrcanus against his brother Aristobulus. He was appointed by Caesar in B.C. 47 procurator of Judaea, which appointment he held till his death in 43, when he was poisoned.-(4) Eldest son of Herod the Great by his first wife, conspired against his father's life, and was executed five days before Herod's death.-(5) Of Tarsus, a Stoic philosopher, the successor of Diogenes and the teacher of Panaetius, about в.0. 144. ANTIPĂTER, L. CAELIUS (-i), a Roman historian, and a contemporary of C. Gracchus (B.c. 123), wrote Annales, which contained a valuable account of the second Punic war. ANTIPATRIA (-ae), a town in Illyricum on the borders of Macedonia, on the Apsus. ANTIPHATES (-ae), king of the mythical Laestrygones in Sicily, who are represented as giants and cannibals. They destroyed 11 of the ships of Ulysses, who escaped with only one vessel. Formiae is called by Ovid Antiphatae domus, because it is said to have been founded by the Laestrygones. ANTIPHELLUS. [PHELLUS.] ANTIPHILUS (-i), of Egypt, a distinguished painter, the rival of Apelles, painted for Philip and Alexander the Great." ANTIPHON (-ōnis), the most ancient of the 10 orators, born at Rhamnus in Attica, B.C. 480. He belonged to the oligarchical party at Athens, and took an active part in the establishment of the government of the Four Hundred (n.o. 411), after the overthrow of which he was brought to trial, condemned, and put to death. Antiphon introduced great improvements in public speaking; he opened a school in which he taught rhetoric, and the historian Thucydides was one of his pupils. The orations which he composed were written for others; and the only time that he spoke in public himself was when he was accused and condemned to death. This speech is now lost. We still possess 15 of his orations, 3 of which were written by him for others, and the remaining 12 as specimens for his school, or exercises on fictitious cases. ANTIPÕLIS (-is: Antibes), a town in Gallia ANTISTHENES (-is and -ae), an Athenian, founder of the sect of the Cynic philosophers. His mother was a Thracian. In his youth he fought at Tanagra (B.c. 426), and was a disciple first of Gorgias, and then of Socrates, whom he never quitted, and at whose death he was present. He died at Athens, at the age of 70. He taught in the Cynosarges, a gymnasium for the use of Athenians born of foreign mothers; whence probably his followers were called Cynics, though others derive their name from their dog-like neglect of all forms and usages of society. He was an enemy to all speculation, and thus was opposed to Plato. He taught that virtue is the sole From his school the Stoics thing necessary. subsequently sprung. ANTISTIUS LABEO. [LABEO.] ANTITAURUS (-i: Ali-Dagh), a chain of mountains, which strikes off N.E. from the main chain of the Taurus on the S. border of Cappadocia, in the centre of which district it turns to the E. and runs parallel to the Taurus as far as the Euphrates. Its average height exceeds that of the Taurus. ANTIUM (-i), a very ancient town of Latium, on a rocky promontory running out some distance into the Tyrrhenian sea.` It was founded by the Tyrrhenians and Pelasgians, and was noted for its piracy. It was taken by thither; but it revolted, was taken a second the Romans in B. c. 468, and a colony was sent time by the Romans in 338, was deprived of all its ships, the beaks of which (Rostra) served to ornament the platform of the speakers in the Roman forum, and received another Roman colony. In the latter times of the republic, and under the empire, it was a favorite residence of many of the Roman nobles and emperors. The emperor Nero was born here, and in the remains of his palace the Apollo | Belvedere was found. Antium possessed temples of Fortune and Neptune. ANTONIA (-ae). (1) MAJOR, elder daughter of M. Autonius and Octavia, wife of L. Domitius Ahenobarbus, and mother of Cn. Domitius, the father of the emperor Nero.(2) MINOR, younger sister of the preceding, wife of Drusus, the brother of the emperor Tiberius, and mother of Germanicus, the father of the emperor Caligula, of Livia, or Livilla, and of the emperor Claudius. She died A.n. 38, soon after the accession of her grandson Caligula. She was celebrated for her beauty, virtue, and chastity.-(3) Daughter of the emperor Claudius, was put to death by Nero, A.D. 66, because she refused to marry him. ANTONIA TURRIS, a castle on a rock at the N. W. corner of the Temple at Jerusalem, which commanded both the temple and the city. It was at first called Baris: Herod the |