years possessed the real government of the state. In A.D. 26 Tiberius left Rome, and withdrew into Campania. He never returned to the city. He left on the pretext of dedicating temples in Campania, but his real motives were his dislike to Rome, where he heard a great deal that was disagreeable to him, and his wish to indulge his sensual propensities in private. In order to secure still greater retirement, he took up his residence (27) in the island of Capreae, at a short distance from the Campanian coast. In 31 Sejanns, who aimed at nothing less than the imperial power, was put to an ignominious death, which was followed by the execution of his friends; and for the remainder of the reign of Tiberius Rome continued to be the scene of tragic occurrences. Tiberius died on the 16th of March, 37, at the villa of Lucullus, at Misennm, having been smothered by the order of Macro, the prefect of the prae torians. TIBISCUS or TIBISSUS (-i), probably the same as the PARTHISCUS or PARTHISSUS (Theiss), a river of Dacia, forming the W. boundary of that country. TIBULLUS (-i), ALBIUS, the Roman poet, was of equestrian family. His birth is placed by conjecture B.C. 54, and his death .c. 18. Of his youth and education, absolutely nothing is known. The estate belonging to the equestrian ancestors of Tibullus was at Pedum, between Tibur and Praeneste, and the poet spent there the better portion of his short but peaceful and happy life. His great patron was Messala, whom he accompanied TIBUR. in 31 into Aquitania, and the following year into the East. Tibullus, however, was taken ill, and obliged to remain in Corcyra, from whence he returned to Rome. So ceased the active life of Tibullus; his life is now the chronicle of his poetry, and of those tender passions which were the inspiration of his poetry. His elegies are addressed to two mistresses, under the probably fictitious names of Delia and Nemesis; besides whom, as we learn from Horace (Od. i. 33), he celebrated another beauty named Glycera. The poetry of his contemporaries shows Tibullus as a gentle and singularly amiable man. To Horace especially he was an object of warm attachment, and his epistle to Tibullus gives the most full and pleasing view of his poetical retreat and of his character. cient towns of Latium, 16 miles N.E. of Rome, TIBUR (-ŭris: Tivoli), one of the most ansituated on the slope of a hill (hence called by Horace supinum Tibur), on the left bank of the Anio, which here forms a magnificent waterfall. It became subject to Rome with the other Latin cities on the final subjugation of Latium in B.C. 338. Under the Romans Tibur continued to be a large and flourishing town, since the salubrity and beautiful scenery of the place led many of the most distinguished Roman nobles to build here magnificent villas. Of these the most splendid was the villa of the emperor Hadrian, in the extensive remains of which many valuable specimens of ancient art have been discovered. Here also the celebrated Zenobia lived after adorning the triumph of her conqueror, Aurelian. Horace likewise had a countryhouse in the neighborhood of Tibur, which he preferred to all his other residences. TICINUM (-i: Pavia), a town of the Laevi, or, according to others, of the Insubres, in Gallia Cisalpina, on the left bank of the Ticinus. TICINUS (-1: Tessino), an important river in Gallia Cisalpina, rises in Mons Adula, and after flowing through Lacus Verbanus (Lago Maggiore), falls into the Po near Ticinum. It was upon the bank of this river that Hannibal gained his first victory over the Romans by the defeat of P. Scipio, B.C. 218. TIFATA, a mountain in Campania, E. of Capua. TIFERNUM (-i). (1) TIBERINUM (Citta di Castello), a town of Umbria, near the sources of the river Tiber, whence its surname, and upon the confines of Etruria.-(2) METAURENSE (S. Angelo in Vado), a town in Umbria, E. of the preceding, on the river Metaurns.(3) A town in Samuium, on the river Tifernus. TIFERNUS (-i: Biferno), a river of Samnium, rising in the Apennines, and flowing through the country of the Frentani into the Adriatic. TIGELLINUS, SOPHONIUS (-i), son of a native of Agrigentum, the minister of Nero's worst passions, and of all his favorites the most obnoxious to the Roman people. On the accession of Otho, Tigellinus was compelled to put an end to his own life. TIGELLIUS HERMOGENES. GENES.] [HERMO TIGRANES (-is), kings of Armenia. (I.) Reigned B. c. 96-56 or 55. In S3 he made himself master of the whole Syrian monarchy, from the Euphrates to the sea. In 69, having refused to deliver up his son-in-law, Mithridates, to the Romans, Lucullus invaded Armenia, defeated the mighty host which Tigranes led against him, and followed up his victory by the capture of Tigranocerta. Subsequently Tigranes recovered his dominions; but on the approach of Pompey, in 66, he hastened to make overtures of submission, and laid his tiara at his feet, together with a sum of 6000 talents. Pompey left him in possession of Armenia proper, with the title of king. Tigranes died in 56 or 55.-(II.) Son of Artavasdes, and grandson of the preceding. TIGRANOCERTA (-orum, i. e. in Armenia, the City of Tigranes: Sert, Ru), the later TIMOLEON. capital of Armenia, built by Tigranes on a height by the river Nicephorius, in the valley between Mount Masius and Niphates. TIGRIS (-idis and is), a great river of W. Asia, rises from several sources on the S. side of that part of the Taurus chain called Niphates, in Armenia, and flows S. E., first through the narrow valley between Mount Masius and the prolongation of Mount Niphates, and then through the great plain which is bounded on the E. by the last-named chain, till it falls into the head of the Persian Gulf, after receiving the Euphrates from the west. TIGURINI (-orum), a tribe of the Helvetii, who joined the Cimbri in invading the country of the Allobroges in Gaul, where they 107. They formed in the time of Caesar the defeated the consul L. Cassius Longinus, B.C. most important of the 4 cantons (pagi) into which the Helvetii were divided. TILPHUSIUM (-i), a town in Boeotia, situated upon a mountain of the same name, S. of lake Copais, and between Coronea and Haliartus. It derived its name from the fountain Tilphusa, which was sacred to Apol10, and where Tiresias is said to have been buried. TIMAEUS (-i). (1) The historian, was the son of Andromachus, tyrant of Tauromenium in Sicily, and was born about B.C. 352. He was banished from Sicily by Agathocles, and passed his exile at Athens, where he had lived 50 years when he wrote the 34th book of his history. He probably died about 256. The great work of Timaeus was a history of Sicily from the earliest times to 264.-(2) Of Locri, in Italy, a Pythagorean philosopher, is said to have been a teacher of Plato. TIMAGENES (-is), a rhetorician and an historian, was a native of Alexandria, from which place he was carried as a prisoner to Rome, where he opened a school of rhetoric, and tanght with great success. TIMANTHES (-is), a celebrated Greek painter at Sicyon, contemporary with Zenxis and Parrhasius, about B.o. 400. The masterpiece of Timanthes was his celebrated picture of the sacrifice of Iphigenia, in which Agamemnon was painted with his face hidden in his mantle. TIMĀVUS (-i), a small river in the N. of Italy, forming the boundary between Istria and Venetia, and falling into the Sinus Tergestinus in the Adriatic, between Tergeste and Aquileia. TIMOCREON (-ontis), of Rhodes, a lyric poet, celebrated for the bitter and pugnacious spirit of his works, and especially for his attacks on Themistocles and Simonides. TIMOLEON (-onis), son of Timodemus or Timaenetus and Demariste, belonged to one of the noblest families at Corinth. His early life was stained by a dreadful deed of blood. We are told that so ardent was his love of liberty, that when his brother Timophanes endeavored to make himself tyrant of their native city, Timoleon murdered him rather than allow him to destroy the liberty of the state. At the request of the Greek cities of TIMON. 408 Sicily, the Corinthians dispatched Timoleon TIMON (-onis). (1) The son of Timarchus of Phlius, a philosopher of the sect of the Skeptics, flourished in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, about B.C. 279, and onwards. He taught at Chalcedon as a Sophist with such success that he realized a fortune. He then removed to Athens, where he passed the remainder of his life, with the exception of a short residence at Thebes. He died at the age of almost 90.-(2) The Misanthrope, an Athenian, lived in the time of the Peloponnesian war. tude he experienced and the disappointments In consequence of the ingratihe suffered from his early friends and companions, he secluded himself entirely from the world, admitting no one to his society except Alcibiades. He is said to have died in consequence of refusing to have a broken limb set. TIRYNS. guished flute-player of Thebes, flourished under Alexander the Great. tania, on the S. coast of the Fretum Gaditanum (Strait of Gibraltar), was a place of TINGIS (-is: Tangier), a city of Maurevery great antiquity. It was made by Augus tus a free city, and by Claudins a colony, and the capital of Mauretania Tingitana. TINIA (-ae), a small river in Unibria, rising near Spoletium, and falling into the Tiber. most renowned soothsayers in all antiquity. He was blind from his seventh year, but lived TIRESIAS (-ae), a Theban, was one of the to a very old age. The occasion of his blindrelated. In the war of the Seven against Thebes, he declared that Thebes should be ness and of his prophetic power is variously victorious if Menoeceus would sacrifice himself; and during the war of the Epigoni, when the Thebans had been defeated, he advised them to commence negotiations of peace, and to avail themselves of the opportunity that would thus be afforded them to take to flight. He himself fled with them (or, according to others, he was carried to Delphi as a captive), but on his way he drank in the lower world Tiresias was believed to from the well of Tilphusa, and died. Even souls of other mortals were mere shades, and staff. The blind seer Tiresias acts so promretain the powers of perception, while the inent a part in the mythical history of Greece, there also he continued to use his golden that there is scarcely any event with which he is not connected in some way or other: and this introduction of the seer in so many time, was facilitated by the belief in his long Occurrences, separated by long intervals of TIMOTHEUS (-i). (1) A celebrated musician and poet of the later Athenian dithyramb, was a native of Miletus, and the son of Thersander. He was born B.c. 446, and died in 357, in the 90th year of his age. He was at first unfortunate in his professional efforts. Even the Athenians, fond as they were of novelty, were offended at the bold innovations of Timotheus, and hissed his performance. On this occasion it is said that Euripides encouraged Timotheus by the prediction that he would soon have the theatres at his feet. This prediction appears to have been accomplished in the vast popularity which Timotheus afterwards enjoyed. He delighted in the most artificial and intricate forms of musical expression, and he used in-hand writing (Notae Tironianae). strumental music, without a vocal accompaniment, to a greater extent than any previous lis, S.E. of Argos, and one of the most aucomposer. Perhaps the most important of cient in all Greece, is said to have been foundTIRYNS (-this), an ancient town in Argohis innovations, as the means of introducing ed by Proetus, the brother of Acrisius, who all the others, was his addition to the num- built the massive walls of the city with the ber of the strings of the cithara, which he help of the Cyclopes. Proetus was succeedseems to have increased to 11.-(2) A distin-ed by Persens; and it was here that Hercules was brought up. Hence we find his mother, Alemena, called Tirynthia, and the hero himself Tirynthius. The remains of the city are some of the most interesting in all Greece, and are, with those of Mycenae, the most aucient specimens of what is called Cyclopean architecturs. Arch of Tiryns. TISĀMENUS (-i). (1) Son of Orestes and Hermione, was king of Argos, but was deprived of his kingdom when the Heraclidae invaded Peloponnesus. He was slain in a battle against the Heraclidae. TISIPHONE. [EUMENIDAE.] TISSAPHERNES (-is), a famous Persian, who was appointed satrap of Lower Asia in B.C. 414. He espoused the cause of the Spartans in the Peloponnesian war, but he did not give them any effectual assistance, since his policy was to exhaust the strength of both parties by the continuance of the war. His plans, however, were thwarted by the arrival of Cyrus in Asia Minor in 407, who supplied the Lacedaemonians with cordial and effectual assistance. At the battle of Cunaxa, in 401, Tissaphernes was one of the 4 generals who commanded the army of Artaxerxes, and his troops were the only portion of the left wing that was not put to flight by the Greeks. When the 10,000 had begun their retreat, Tissaphernes promised to conduct them home in safety; but in the course of the march he treacherously arrested Clearchus and 4 of the other generals. As a reward for his services, he was invested by the king, in addition to his own satrapy, with all the authority which Cyrus had enjoyed in western Asia. This led to a war with Sparta, in which Tissaphernes was unsuccessful; on which account, as well as by the influence of Parysatis, the mother of Cy us, he was put to death in 395 by order of the king. TITANES (-um). (1) The sons and daughters of Uranus (Heaven) and Gaea (Earth), originally dwelt in heaven, whence they are called Uranidae. They were 12 in number, 6 sons and 6 daughters, namely, Oceanus, Coeus, Crius, Hyperion, Iapetus, Cronus, Thia, Phea, Themis, Mnemosyne, Phoebe, and Tethys; but their names are different in other accounts. It is said that Uranus, the first ruler of the world, threw his sons, the Hecatoncheires (Hund: ed-Handed) -Briareus, Cottys, and Gyes--and te Cyclopes--Arges, Ster TITHRAUSTES. opes, and Brontes-into Tartarus. Gaea, indignant at this, persuaded the Titans to rise against their father, and gave to Cronus (Saturn) an adamantine sickle. They did as their mother bade them, with the exception of Oceanus. Crouus, with his sickle, unmanned his father, and threw the part into the sea; from the drops of his blood there arose the Erinyes Alecto, Tisiphone, and Megaera. The Titans then deposed Uranus, liberated their brothers who had been cast into Tartarus, and raised Cronus to the throne. But Cronus hurled the Cyclopes back into Tartarus, and married his sister Rhea. It having been foretold to him by Gaea and Uranus that he should be dethroned by one of his own children, he swallowed successively his children Hestia (Vesta), Demeter (Ceres), Hera (Juno), Pluto, and Poseidon (Neptune). Rhea, therefore, when she was pregnant with Zeus (Jupiter), went to Crete, and gave birth to the child in the Dictaean cave, where he was brought up by the Curetes. When Zeus had grown up he availed himself of the assistance of Thetis, the daughter of Oceanus, who gave to Cronus a potion which caused him to bring up the stone and the children he had swallowed. United with his brothers and sisters, Zeus now began the contest against Cronus and the ruling Titans. This contest (usually called the Titanomachia) was carried on in Thessaly, Cronus and the Titaus occupying Mount Othrys, and the sons years, till at length Gaea promised victory to of Cronus Mount Olympus. It lasted 10 Zeus if he would deliver the Cyclopes and Hecatoncheires from Tartarus. Zens accordingly slew Campe, who guarded the Cyclopes, and the latter furnished him with thunder and lightning. The Titans then were overcome, and hurled down into a cavity below Tartarus, and the Hecatoncheires were set to guard them. It must be observed that the fight of the Titans is sometimes confounded by ancient writers with the fight of the Gigantes.-(2) The name Titans is also given to those divine or semi-divine beings who were descended from the Titans, such as Promethens, Hecate, Latona, Pyrrha, and especially Helios (the Sun) and Selene (the Moon), as the children of Hyperion and Thia, and even to the descendants of Helios, such as Circe. TITARESIUS (-i: Elassonitiko or Xeraghi), a river of Thessaly, also called Europus, rising in Mount Titarus, flowing through the country of the Perrhaebi, and falling into the Peneus, S.E. of Phalanna. TITHONUS (-i), son of Laomedon and Strymo, and brother of Priam. By the prayers of Eos (Aurora), who loved him, he obtained from the gods immortality, but not eternal ly shrank together in his old age; whence a youth, in consequence of which he completedecrepit old man was proverbially called Tithonus. Eos changed him into a cicada, or grasshopper. TITHOREA. [NEON.] TITHRAUSTES, a Persian, who succeeded Tissaphernes in his satrapy, and put him to death by order of Artaxerxes Mnemon, B.. 395. lasted 3 days and nights. He completed the Colosseum, and erected the baths which were called by his name. He died on the 13th of September, A.D. 81, after a reign of 2 years and 2 months and 20 days. He was in the 41st he was poisoned by his brother, Domitian. year of his age; and there were suspicions that ter) and Elara, the daughter of Orchomenus, TITYUS (-i), son of Gaea, or of Zeus (Jupi(Juno), he attempted to offer violence to Artemis (Diana) when she passed through Panowas a giant in Euboea. Instigated by Hera rows either of Artemis or Apollo; according to others, Zeus destroyed him with a flash of paeus to Pytho, but he was killed by the arlightning. and there he lay outstretched on the ground, covering 9 acres, while 2 vultures or 2 snakes devoured his liver. He was then cast into Tartarus, TITUS FLAVIUS SĂBINUS VESPASIANUS (-i), Roman emperor, A.D. 79-81, commonly called by his praenomen TITUS, was the son of the emperor Vespasianus and his wife Flavia Domitilla. He was born on the 30th of December, A.D. 40. man, he served as tribunus militum in Britain When a young and in Germany with great credit. having been quaestor, he had the command of a legion, and served under his father in the Jewish wars. Vespasian returned to Italy, after he had been proclaimed emperor on the 1st of July, A.D. 69; but Titus remained in Palestine to prosecute the siege of Jerusalem, during which he showed the talents of a general with the daring of a soldier. The siege of Jerusalem was concluded by the capture of the place, on the 8th of September, 70. Titus returned to Italy in the following year (71), and triumphed at Rome with his father. He also received the title of Caesar, and became the associate of Vespasian in the government. His conduct at this time gave no good promise, and his attachment to Berenice, the sister of Agrippa II., also made him unpopular; but he sent her away from Rome after he became emperor. Titus succeeded his father in 79, and his government proved an agreeable surprise to those who had anticipated a return of the times of Nero. During his whole reign Titus displayed a sincere desire for the happiness of the people, and he did all that he could to relieve them in times of distress. He assumed the office of Pontifex Maximus after the death of his father, and with the purpose, as he declared, of keeping his hands free from blood, a resolution which he kept. The 1st year of his reign is memorable for the great eruption of Vesuvius, which desolated a large part of the adjacent country, and buried with lava and ashes the towns of Herculaneum and river in the land of the Sabines, rising in the Pompeii. Titus endeavored to repair the rav-country of the Marsi and Aequi, and falling TOLENUS or TELONIUS (-1: Turano), a ages of this great eruption; and he was also into the Velinus. at great care and expense in repairing the damage done by a great fire at Rome, which Carpetani in Hispania Tarraconensis, situated TOLISTOBOGI, TOLISTOBOII. TOLOSA (-ae: Toulouse), a town of Gallia Narbonensis, and the capital of the Tectosages, was situated on the Garumna, near the frontiers of Aquitania. It was subsequently made a Roman colony, and was surnamed Palladia. It was a large and wealthy town, and contained a celebrated temple, in which is said to have been preserved a great part of the booty taken by Brennus from the temple of Delphi. The town and temple were plundered by the consul Q. Servilius Caepio in B.C. 106. TOLUMNIUS (-1), LAR (-tis), king of the Veientes, to whom Fidenae revolted in B. o. 438, and at whose instigation the inhabitants of Fide nae slew the 4 Roma: embassadors who had been sent to inquire into the reasons of their recent conduct In the war which followed, Tolum |