ARCHIMEDES. B.C. 714-676. He went from Paros to Thasos with a colony, but afterwards returned to Paros, and fell in battle in a war against the Naxiaus. His fame was chiefly founded on his satiric iambic poetry. He had been a suitor to Neobule, one of the daughters of Lycambes, who first promised and afterwards refused to give his daughter to the poet. Enraged at this treatment, Archilochus attacked the whole family in an iambic poem, with such effect that the daughters of Lycambes are said to have hung themselves through shame. While at Thasos, he incurred the disgrace of losing his shield in an engagement with the Thracians of the opposite continent; but, instead of being ashamed of the disaster, he recorded it in his verse. of Lycaon. Metamorphosed by Zeus (Jupiter, upon the earth into a she-bear, Callisto was pursued by her son Arcas in the chase, and when he was on the point of killing her, Zeus placed them both among the stars, Callisto becoming the Great Bear, and Arcas the Little Bear or Bootes. In the poets the epithets of these stars have constant reference to the family and country of Callisto: thus we find them called Lycaonis Arctos; Maenalia Aretos and Maenalis Ursa (from M. Maenalus in Arcadia); Erymanthis Ursa (from M. Erymanthus in Arcadia); Parrhasides stellae (from the Arcadian town Parrhasia.)-Though most traditions identified Bootes with Arcas, others pronounced him to be Icarus or his daughter Erigone. Hence the Septentriones are called Bores Icarii. ARCTURUS. [ARCTOS.] ARCHIMEDES (-i and is), of Syracuse, the most famous of ancient mathematicians, was born B.C. 287. He was a friend, if not a kins- ARDEA (-ac), the chief town of the Rutuli man, of Hiero, for whom he constructed vari- in Latium, situated about 3 miles from the ous engines of war, which, many years after-sea, one of the most ancient places in Italy, wards, were so far effectual in the defense of and the capital of Turnus. It was conquered Syracuse against Marcellus, as to convert the and colonized by the Romans, B. C. 442. siege into a blockade. The accounts of the performances of these engines are evidently exaggerated; and the story of the burning of the Roman ships by the reflected rays of the sun is probably a fiction. When Syracuse was taken (B.c. 212), Archimedes was killed by the Roman soldiers, being at the time intent upon a mathematical problem. Some of his works have come down to us. ARCHITAS (-ae), of Tarentum, a distinguished philosopher, mathematician, general, aud statesman, lived about B.C. 400, and onwards. He was contemporary with Plato, whose life he is said to have saved by his influence with the tyrant Dionysius. He was drowned while upon a voyage on the Adriatic. As a philosopher, he belonged to the Pythagorean school. ARCONNESUS (-i). (1) An island off the coast of Ionia, near Lebedus, also called Aspis and Macris.-(2) An island off the coast of Caria, opposite Halicarnassus, of which it formed the harbor. lived about B. C. 776. ARDUENNA SILVA (-ae), the Ardennes, a vast forest in the N.W. of Gaul, extending from the Rhine and the Treviri to the Nervi and Remi, and N. as far as the Scheldt. ARDYS, son of Gyges, king of Lydia, reigned .c. 678-629. ARELATE (-es), ĂRĒLAS (-ātis), or ARELĀTUM (-i) (Árles), a town in Gallia Narbonensis, at the head of the Delta of the Rhone Roman remains at Arles attest the greatness on the left bank, and a Roman colony. The of an aqueduct, theatre, amphitheatre, etc. of the ancient city: there are still the ruins AREOPAGUS. [ATHENAE.] ARES (-is), called MARS (-rtis), by the Romaus, the Greek god of war, and one of the great Olympian gods, is called the son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Hera (Juno). He is represented as delighting in the din and roar of battles, in the slaughter of men, and in the His savage and sandestruction of towns. guinary character makes him hated by the other gods and by his own parents. He was ARCTINUS (-i), of Miletus, the most dis-wounded by Diomedes, who was assisted by tinguished among the cyclic poets, probably Athena (Minerva), and in his fall he roared like ten thousand warriors. The gigantic ARCTOPHYLAX. [ARCTOS.] Aloidae had likewise conquered him, and kept ARCTOS (-i), "the Bear," two constella-him a prisoner for 13 months, until he was tions near the N. Pole.-(1) THE GREAT BEAR delivered by Hermes (Mercury). He was also (Ursa Major), also called the Wagon (plaus- conquered by Hercules, with whom he fought trum). The ancient Italian name of this con- on account of his son Cycnus, and was obliged stellation was Septem Triones, that is, the Seven to return to Olympus. This fierce and giganPlowing Oxen, also Septentrio, and with the tic, but withal handsome god, loved and was epithet Major to distinguish it from the Sep-beloved by Aphrodite (Venus). [APHRODITE.] tentrio Minor, or Lesser Bear.-(2) THE LESSER According to a late tradition, Ares slew Haor LITTLE BEAR (Ursa Minor), likewise called lirrhothius, the son of Poseidon (Neptune), the Wagon, and Cynosura (dog's tail) from the when he was offering violence to Aleppe, the resemblance of the constellation to the up-daughter of Ares. Hereupon Poseidon acturned curl of a dog's tail. The constellation cused Ares in the Areopagus, where the Olymbefore the Great Bear was called Bootes, Arcto- pian gods were assembled in court. Ares was phylax, or Arcturus. At a later time Arcto- acquitted, and this event was believed to have phylax became the general name of the con- given rise to the name Areopagus. In Greece stellation, and the word Arcturus was con- the worship of Ares was not very general, fined to the chief star in it. All these con- and it was probably introduced from Thrace. stellations are connected in mythology with Respecting the Roman god of war, see the Arcadian nymph CALLISTO, the daughter MARS. ARESTOR. ARESTOR (-Ŏris), father of Argus, the guardian of Io, who is therefore called Arestōridės. ARĒTAS, the name of several kings of Arabia Petraea.(1) A contemporary of Pompey, invaded Judaea in B.c. 65, in order to place Hyrcanus on the throne, but was driven back by the Romans, who espoused the cause of Aristobulus. His dominions were subsequently invaded by Scaurus, the lieutenant of Pompey.-(2) The father-in-law of Herod Antipas, invaded Judaea because Herod had dismissed the daughter of Aretas in consequence of his connection with Herodias. This Aretas seems to have been the same who had possession of Damascus at the time of the conversion of the Apostle Paul, A.D. 31. ARETHUSA (-ae), one of the Nereids, and the nymph of the famous fountain of Arethusa in the island of Ortygia, near Syracuse. For details, see ALPHEUS. ĀRĒTIUM. [ARRETIUM.] AREUS (-i), king of Sparta, succeeded his grandfather, Cleomenes II., and reigned B.C. 309-265. He fell in battle against the Mace donians. AREVACAE (-arum), or ĂRĒVĂCI (-ōrum), the most powerful tribe of the Celtiberians in Spain, near the sources of the Tagus, derived their name from the river Areva, a tributary of the Durius. ARGENTORĀTUM (-i), or -TUS (-i), (Strasburg), an important town on the Rhine in Gallia Belgica, and a Roman municipium. ARGES. [CYCLOPES.] ARGI. [ARGOS.] ARGIA (-ae), daughter of Adrastus and Amphithea, and wife of Polynices. ARGILETUM (-i), a district in Rome, extending from the S. of the Quirinal to the Capitoline and the Forum. It was chiefly inhabited by mechanics and booksellers. 54 ARGILUS (-i), a town in Macedonia between Amphipolis and Bromiscus, a colony of Andros. ARGINUSAE (-ārum), 3 small islands off the coast of Aeolis, opposite Mytilene in Lesbos, celebrated for the naval victory of the Athenians over the Lacedaemonians under Callicratidas, B. c. 406. ARGIPHONTES (-is), "the slayer of Argus," a surname of Hermes (Mercury). ARGIPPAEI (-örum), a Scythian tribe in Sarmatia Asiatica, who appear to have been of the Calmuck race. ARGITHEA (-ae), the chief town of Athamania in Epirus. ARGIVA (-ae), a surname of Hera or Juno from Argos, where she was especially honored. [ARGOS.] ARGIVI. [ARGOS.] ARGONAUTAE (-arum), the Argonauts, "the sailors of the Argo," were the heroes who sailed to Aea (afterwards called Colchis) for the purpose of fetching the golden fleece. In order to get rid of Jason [JASON], Pelias, king of Ioleus in Thessaly, persuaded him to fetch the golden fleece, which was suspended on an oak-tree in the grove of Ares (Mars) in ARGOS. Colchis, and was guarded day and night by a dragon. Jason undertook the enterprise, and commanded Argus, the son of Phrixus, to build a ship with 50 oars, which was called Argo after the name of the builder. The goddess Athena (Minerva) is represented in works of art superintending the building of the ship. Jason was accompanied by all the great heroes of the age, such as Hercules, Castor and Pollux, Theseus, etc.: their num ber is said to have been 50. After meeting with many adventures, they at length arrived at the mouth of the river Phasis. The Colchian king Aectes promised to give up the golden fleece, if Jason would yoke to a plow two fire-breathing oxen with brazen feet, and sow the teeth of the dragon which had not been used by Cadmus at Thebes. Medea, the daughter of Aectes, fell in love with Jason, and, on his promising to marry her, she furnished him with the means of resisting fire and steel, and sent to sleep the dragon that guarded the golden fleece. After Jason had taken the treasure, he and his Argonauts embarked by night, along with Medea, and sailed away. On their return they were driven by a storm to the W. of Italy; and, after wandering about the western coasts of the Med[MEDEA; JASON.] The tale of the Argonauts iterranean, they at length arrived at Iolcus. may have arisen from the commercial enterprises which the wealthy Minyans, who lived in the neighborhood of Iolcus, made to the coasts of the Euxine. ARGOS is said to have signified a plain in the language of the Macedoniaus and Thessalians, and it may therefore contain the same root as the Latin word ager. In Homer we find mention of the Pelasgic Argos, that is, a town or district of Thessaly, and of the Achaean Argos, by which he means sometimes the whole Peloponnesus, sometimes Agamemnon's kingdom of Argos, of which Mycenae was the capital, and sometimes the town of Argos. As Argos frequently signifies the whole Peloponnesus, the most important part of Greece, so the 'Apreio often occur in Homer as a name of the whole body of the Greeks, in which sense the Roman poets also use Argivi.—(1) ARGOS, a district of Peloponnesus, also called by Greek writers Argia, or Argolice, or Argolis. Under the Romans Argolis became the usual name of the country, while the word Argos or Argi was confined to the town. The Roman Argolis was bounded on the N. by the Corinthian territory, on the W. by Arcadia, on the S. by Laconia, and between the Saronic and Argolic gulfs; but included towards the E. the whole peninsula during the time of Grecian independence Argolis or Argos was only the country lying round the Argolic gulf, bounded on the W. by the Arcadian mountains, and separated on the N. by a range of mountains from Corinth, Cleonae, and Phlins. The country was divided into the districts of Argia or Argos proper, EPIDAURIA, TROEZENIA, and HERMIONIS. The main part of the population consisted of Pelasgi and Achaei, to whom Dorians were added after the conquest of Peloponnesus by the Dorians. See below, No. 2.-(2) ARGOS, or ARGI, -ORUM, in the Latin writers, the capital of the cow into which Io had been metamor phosed; but Hermes (Mercury), at the command of Zeus, sent him to sleep by the sweet notes of his flute, and then cut off his head. Hera transplanted his eyes to the tail of the peacock, her favorite bird.-(3) The builder of the Argo, son of Phrixus. ARGYRIPA. [ARPI.] Athena (Minerva) superintending the Building of the Argo. (Zoëga, Bassi rilievi, tav. 45.) of Argolis, and, next to Sparta, the most important town in Peloponnesus, situated in a level plain a little to the W. of the Inachus. It had an ancient Pelasgic citadel, called Larissa, and another built subsequently on another height. It was particularly celebrated for the worship of Hera (Juno), whose great temple, Heraeum, lay between Argos and Mycenae. The city is said to have been built by ARIA or -IA (-ae), the most important of INACHUS, or his son PHORONEUS, or grandson the eastern provinces of the ancient Persian ARGUS. The descendants of Inachus were de- empire, was bounded on the E. by the Paroprived of the sovereignty by DANAUS, who is pamisadae, on the N. by Margiana and Hyrsaid to have come from Egypt. The descend- cania, on the W. by Parthia, and on the S. by ants of Danaus were in their turn obliged to the desert of Carmania. From Aria was desubmit to the Achaean race of the Pelopidae. rived the name under which all the eastern Under the rule of the Pelopidae Mycenae became the capital of the kingdom, and Argos ARIADNE (-es), or ARIADNA (-ae), danghprovinces were included. [ARIANA.] was a dependent state. Thus Mycenae was ter of Minos and Pasiphae, fell in love with the royal residence of Atrens and of his son Agamemnon; but under Orestes Argos again Thesens, when he was sent by his father to recovered its supremacy. Upon the conquest convey the tribute of the Athenians to the of Peloponnesus by the Dorians Argos fell Minotaur, and gave him the clew of thread to the share of Temenus, whose descendants by means of which he found his way out of ruled over the country. All these events be- the Labyrinth. Theseus in return promised long to mythology; and Argos first appears to marry her, and she accordingly left Crete in history about B.C. 750, as the chief state of with him; but on their arrival in the island Peloponnesus, under its ruler PIDON. Aft-of Dia (Naxos), she was killed by Artemis er the time of Phidon its influence declined; and its power was greatly weakened by its wars with Sparta. In consequence of its jealousy of Sparta, Argos took no part in the PerIn the Peloponnesian war it sided with Athens against Sparta. At this time its government was a democracy, but at a later period it fell under the power of tyrants. In 243 it joined the Achaean League, and on the conquest of the latter by the Romans, 146, it became a part of the Roman province of Achaia. sian war. ARGUS (-i). (1) Son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Niobe, 3d king of Argos.-(2) Surnamed PANOPTES, "the all-seeing," because he had a hundred eyes, son of Agenor, or Arestor, or Inachus. Hera (Juno) appointed him guardian (Diana). This is the Homeric account; but the more common tradition related that Theseus deserted Ariadne in Naxos, where she was found by Dionysus, who made her his wife, and placed among the stars the crown which he gave her at their marriage. ARIAEUS (-i), the friend of Cyrus, commanded the left wing of the army at the battle of Cunaxa, R.c. 401. After the death of Cyrus he purchased his pardon from Artaxerxes by deserting the Greeks. ARIANA (-ae), derived from ARIA, from the specific sense of which it must be carefully distinguished, was the general name of the eastern provinces of the Persian empire, including Parthia, Aria, the Paropamisadae, Dannecker's Ariadne. (Frankfort.) Arachosia, Drangiana, Gedrosia, and Carmania. ARIOBARZANES. ARIASPAE or AGRIASPAE (-arum), a people in the S. part of the Persian province of Drangiana, on the borders of Gedrosia. ARICIA (-ae), an ancient town of Latium at the foot of the Alban Mount, on the Appian Way, 16 miles from Rome. It was subdued by the Romans, with the other Latin towns, in B.C. 338, and received the Roman franchise. In its neighborhood was the celebrated grove and temple of Diana Aricina, on the borders of the Lacus Nemo'rensis. Diana was worshiped here with barbarous customs: her priest, called rex nemorensis, was always a runaway slave, who obtained his office by killing his predecessor in single combat. ĂRIMASPI (-õrnm), a people in the N. of Scythia, represented as men with only one eye, who fought with the griffins for the possession of the gold in their neighborhood. The germ of the fable is perhaps to be recognized in the fact that the Ural mountains abound in gold. ĂRIMI (-ōrum), and ARIMA (-ōrum), the names of a mythical people, district, and range of mountains in Asia Minor, which the old Greek poets made the scene of the punishment of the monster Typhoeus. ARIMĪNUM (-î: Rimini), a town in Umbria, at the mouth of the little river Ariminus. It was originally inhabited by Umbrians and Pelasgians, was afterwards in the possession of the Senones, and was colonized by the Romans in B.C. 268, from which time it appears as a flourishing place. After leav ing Cisalpine Gaul, it was the first town on the eastern coast of Italy which a person arrived at in Italia proper. ARIARATHES (-1), the name of several kings of Cappadocia.-(1) Son of Ariamnes I., defeated by Perdiccas, and crucified, B.C. 322. Eumenes then obtained possession of Cappadocia. (2) Son of Holophernes, and nephew of Ariarathes I., recovered Cappadocia after the death of Eumenes, 315. He was succeeded by Ariamues II.-(3) Son of Ariamnes II., and grandson of No. 2, married Stratonice, daughter of Antiochus II., king of Syria. (4) Son of No. 3, reigned 220-162. He married Antiochis, the daughter of Antiochus the Great, and assisted Antiochus in his war against the Romans. After the defeat of ARIOBARZANES(-is). I. Kings or Satraps Antiochus, Ariarathes sued for peace in 188, of Pontus. (1) Betrayed by his son Mithriwhich he obtained on favorable terms.-(5) dates to the Persian king, about B.c. 400.--(2) Son of No. 4, surnamed Philopator, reigned Son of Mithridates I., reigned 363-337. He 163-130. He assisted the Romans in their war revolted from Artaxerxes in 362, and may be against Aristonicus of Pergamus, and fell regarded as the founder of the kingdom of in this war, 130.-(6) Son of No. 5, reigned Pontus.-(3) Son of Mithridates III., reigned 130-96. He married Laodice, sister of Mith-266-240, and was succeeded by Mithridates ridates VI., king of Pontus, and was put to death by Mithridates. (7) Son of No. 6, also murdered by Mithridates, who now took possession of his kingdom. The Cappadocians rebelled against Mithridates, and placed upon the throne,(8) Second son of No. 6; but he was speedily driven out of the kingdom by Mithridates, and shortly afterwards died. (9) Son of Ariobarzanes II., reigned 42-36. He was deposed and put to death by Antony, who appointed Archelaus as his successor. IV. II. Kings of Cappadocia.-(1) Surnamed PHILOROMAEUS, reigned B.C. 93-63, and was elected king by the Cappadocians, under the direction of the Romans. He was several times expelled from his kingdom by Mithri dates, but was finally restored by Pompey in 63, shortly before his death.-(2) Surnamed PHILOPATOR, succeeded his father in 63.-(3) Surnamed EUSEBES and PHILOROMAEUS, Son of No. 2, whom he succeeded about 51. He assisted Pompey against Caesar, who not only |