Commercial Policy in War Time and After: A Study of the Application of ... - William Smith Culbertson - Google Libros

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trating the war's effect on Germany's industrial life —

War demand in Great Britain and her textile and steel

industries Problems of her export markets - Japan's

industrial expansion during the war-Her steel in-

dustry Her shipbuilding · Her cotton industry-

Increased effectiveness of Japanese competition and its

extent European competition - Scientific research,

business organization, and labor

AMERICAN COMMERCIAL POLICIES

EQUALIZING CONDITIONS OF COMPETITION

Equalizing conditions of competition as a factor in tariff

policy-Infant industry" argument - Argument

for protection from military necessity-Doctrine of

free trade Diversification of industry and population

and developing the nation's productive powers- Meas-

uring competitive conditions- Monetary expenses of

production vs. costs in the sense of sacrifice- What

monetary costs include -Materials and resources

Wages vs. labor cost per unit of product- Overhead

expenses Interest Theoretical accuracy in cost ac-

counting not necessary for tariff purposes - Monetary

costs of producing sugar in the United States and

Cuba Costs of cotton yarns in the United States and

England - Costs of woolen fabrics in the United States

and England - Domestic costs compared with foreign

prices Value of domestic conversion costs alone

Labor standards and the tariff - The consumer- - The

United States Tariff Commission Taking the tariff

out of politics

ANTI-DUMPING LEGISLATION

What dumping is not-Competition with cheap foreign

goods Undervaluation - Specific vs. ad valorem

duties Countervailing duties - Types of dumping

Sporadic selling abroad below price at home-Dump-

ing as a permanent policy-Dumping as predatory

price cutting-Effect of dumping on American in-

dustries Post-war possibilities-Canadian dumping

- Australian method of handling unfair competi-

American dumping legislation of 1916 - Pro-

posed revisions

EXPORT TRADE AND ITS PROMOTION

Nature of international trade-Necessity and desirability

of export business - Expert methods in foreign coun-

tries before the war- Great Britain - Germany -

Post-war plans for promoting trade - Great Britain

France Germany Japan Canada Growth of

American export trade during the war-In quantity,

destination, and variety-Coöperative associations to

promote American export trade- - Export Associations

Act-Objections to export associations - Activities of

non-governmental bodies in promoting export trade-

Promotion of export trade by the United States Govern-

ment-Free ports-As there are ways in which ex-

port trade should not be promoted, there are also ways

in which it should be

BARGAINING TARIFFS TO PREVENT DISCRIMINATIONS

Tariff discriminations classified-Those based on policy-

Concealed discriminations - Open discriminations -

Necessity of bargaining provisions in a nation's tariff

laws - Penalty duties - Section 2 of the Tariff Act

of 1909-Its defects-Commercial treaty provision

of the Tariff Act of 1913-A proposal for penalty

duties General and conventional tariff system of Ger-

many Maximum and minimum tariff system of

France Most-favored-nation clause in commercial

treaties The American or conditional form and in-

terpretation of this clause — Opinions of Federal courts

and the Department of State - The European or un-

conditional form and interpretation of the most-

favored-nation clause-The spirit in which a flexible

tariff should be enacted The principle of equality of

NATIONAL CONTROL OF AMERICAN COMMERCIAL

ACTIVITIES ABROAD

Undemocratic tendencies in national commercial policy-

Types of American commercial activity abroad - Ex-

port of food and raw materials - Export of manu-

factured goods - American factories abroad Ameri-

can capital to develop foreign resources Loans of

American capitalists to foreign Governments — Need

for regulation-Types of complications which may

ariseNeither imperialism nor laissez faire is a proper

policy Precedents for regulation and control -- Need

for more comprehensive control that will remove causes

of international friction-Limitations of national

regulation First step toward a democratic world

league is democratic life in individual nations

WORLD COMMERCIAL POLICIES

WHERE NATIONAL CONTROL BREAKS DOWN

Where international control begins. Anarchy in inter-

national trade-How foreign trade should not be pro-

moted-Bounties-Imitating trade-marks and de-

Depression of prices Espionage - Tying

contracts Predatory price cutting - Discriminations

in transportation-Efforts of nations to correct evils

-How nations handle unfair practices within their

jurisdiction In the United States - The courts -

Federal Trade Commission - Interstate Commerce

Commission Attempts to control unfair competition

by international action- Brussels Sugar Convention

International agreements concerning industrial prop-

erty and unfair competition - International trade and

commerce commissions The penalty for refusal to

AFTERMATH OF WAR-TIME CONTROL OF FOOD AND

Food and raw materials as factors before the war in com-

mercial policy - Foods - Significance of essential raw

materials Position of Germany with reference to raw

materials Of Japan Of the British Empire - Of

the United States - War-time control of food and

raw materials by individual nations - In the United

States Food and Fuel Administrations - War Trade

Board War Industries Board - Shipping Control

Committee Examples of national control - Drift

toward international control Commission Inter-

nationale de Ravitaillement - - Allied Maritime Trans-

port Council - Inter-Allied Food Council Inter-

Allied Munitions Council-Inter-Allied Programme

Committees on Raw Materials - Permanent effect

of war-time experiences - Dangers from absence of in-

ternational regulation - Possibilities of trade warfare

suggested by war experiences and plans — Necessity for

joint action among nations

INTERNATIONAL TARIFF POLICIES

Heights of tariffs primarily for domestic determination -

How far they may be the subject for diplomatic dis-

cussion Trade wars- Factors determining height of

tariffs of dependent colonies and of China and Siam-

Discriminations and preferences more obviously and

always matters of international concern - Trade war

between Germany and Canada - American reciprocity

experiences Preferences within the British Empire.

THE OPEN DOOR AND COLONIAL TARIFFS

"Open door" defined - The closed door" in the old

colonial system - Return of struggle for colonies in

the nineteenth century- Agreements relating to the

open door-Berlin Conference, 1884-5- Algeciras

Conference, 1906- Open door in China - Ingenious

ways of closing the "door"- Colonial tariffs - The

Netherlands British dependent colonies-Spain-

Germany - Italy - France - The Philippines - Colo-

nies should not be instruments of commercial policy

AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM

Economic effect of tariff preferences - Spirit in which the

problem should be approached - Undesirableness of

discriminatory treaties between nations-Of tariffs

favoring the mother country in dependent colonies-

Of British preferential tariffs-Necessity for inter-

national agreement - Concealed discriminations — Pos-

sible grounds for exceptions to the rule of equality of

treatment An International Tariff Commission pro-

posed-Its powers and duties

FOREIGN INVESTMENT AND CONCESSIONS

Of Great Britain - Of France - Of

Foreign investments

Germany Of the United States-Use of foreign in-

vestments in highly developed countries Alien Prop-

- German finance in

erty Custodian in the United States-German world-

wide control of non-ferrous metals-

Italy Policy to be pursued - The alliance between

export trade and foreign investments - Methods mak-

ing it effective-Need for international regulation —

Political significance of the exploitation of unde-

veloped regions-Exclusive concessions and the open

door The Congo-The British in the Caribbean

Conflicts between financial interests and weak Govern-

ments - British in Egypt - French in Morocco

Haiti and Dominican Republic-Italy in Tripoli-

The Boer War - Political aims and finance.

in Persia The Bagdad Railway-

China - Manchuria - The

China in the world politics of the future - Necessity

for international supervision-Failure of imperialism

— Of the laissez-faire policy — Nature of international

TOWARD WORLD DEMOCRACY

Place of national governments in progress in the immediate

future - National security, both military and economic

-Political democracy often associated with commercial

and financial imperialism - Imperialistic nations can-

not be formed into a successful democratic league-Re-

sponsibilities of democracies to undeveloped regions -

Undesirable sort of "league of nations'- Holy Al-

Alliance -Triple

liance - Triple

Europa-Paris Economic Conference-Shall the "next

" be?- Arguments for a democratic league of

What the Great War has

- Causes of war-

taught in coöperation - Failure of unrestricted_com-

petition Proposals for a league of nations - Sover-

Covenant of the league of nations- Interna-

XV

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