In thirty-five observations of the Yoredale series the following were recorded: Yoredale middle ) Under Little Whernside and lower groups SOpposite ditto ... Mallerstang Garsdale flags ... ... Middleton in Teesdale ... N. N. W.-N. by W. N. N. W. N. N. W.-E. N. E. N. N.-E. N. by W. N. by W. N.-E. N. 300 W.-N. E.-E. N. E. W. N. W. N. by W. N.-W. N. W. N. N. W.-E. N. N. W.-E. by N. E. Seventeen observations in the chert group above main lime. Thirteen observations were made in other parts of the millstone grit In the coal series of Yorkshire the joints range N.-N. by W.-N. N. W. In the magnesian lime four observations yield the following results: GENERAL TABLE OF RESULTS FOR THE SECONDARY ROCKS OF YORKSHIRE. The following diagram represents the result of the investigation by breadths of shade corresponding to the frequency of long joints or fissures, parallel to each radius. sdbor stale opompen visiting tooghn & lo nojev out ac stent: oil to, toocre da ik metelor adt ai noitoin The jointed structure thus investigated is an essential and necessary part of the structure of rocks, not to be viewed in the light of geological accidents, depending on subterranean movements, but affording evidence by the constancy of its direction in large districts, of the action of some very general cause, capable of controuling the consolidation of the rocks so as to cause the separation of the condensed masses along certain parallels. If this be not really crystallization, it is to be considered as a symmetrical aggregation of the molecules. The subject will again come under review, and it is only necessary now to observe that the direction of the joints is independent of at least all the minor faults and dislocations of the strata, which are altogether phenomena of subsequent origin. CHAPTER IV. Effects of Subterranean Movements, &c. AFTER the deposition and consolidation of the strata they were subjected to disturbing forces originating at some depth below the surface of the earth, and thus broken in many directions, and partially uplifted and depressed. In the country now under examination the operation of these forces is variously exhibited in axes and centres of elevation, and other great displacements of strata, accompanied in a few instances by dykes of ignigenous rock, and very often by mineral veins.-The time and circumstances of these accidents are of high geological interest. The whole escarpment of the Penine chain from Brampton to Kirby Stephen in a direction to the S. E. by S., and thence to Kirby Lonsdale nearly S. W. by S. is caused by an immense disruption coincident with the elevation of a ridge of partially exposed slate rocks. The effect of this disruption is the relative displacement of the strata on the two sides of it, (in one part to the extent of a thousand yards at least,) for a length of fifty-five miles. Perhaps the whole world does not offer a spectacle more impressive to the eye of the geologist than that afforded by the contrast between the mighty wall of mountain limestone rocks soaring to the height of two thousand five hundred feet, above the vale of the Eden, and the plain of Carlisle, and the level beds of the red sandstone deposited in later times at the foot of the ancient escarpment, upon the relatively depressed portion of the same mountain lime stone series. At the northern termination of the Penine chain, this great disruption ends, and another (which may indeed be considered as the same continued at right angles) parts from the same point, toward the east, and causes a relative depression of the limestone strata on the north to an amount which cannot be estimated at less than two thousand feet. This great dislocation continues in its eastward course with some deviations for fifty miles to the sea side north of Newcastle, where it affects the magnesian limestone, as well as the coal measures, and thus gives us approximately the date of the convulsion. Coal measures of the series above the millstone grit appear on the north side and at the west end of this dyke opposite some beds of the middle portion of the flag and limestone series. an From the southern end of the Penine chain near Kirby Lonsdale another or rather a double line of dislocation takes its course E. S. E. for thirty miles to Wharfedale, and perhaps beyond, of which the effect is a relative depression of the southern side of from one thousand to three thousand feet according to the locality. It is interesting to observe that on the south side of these dislocations in one spot a coal field occurs, almost precisely under the same circumstance as that before noticed near the northern end of the Penine chain. 1 The leading effects of the Penine fault are sufficiently obvious, but the lesser circumstances connected with it are not easily seen and have been little attended to. On the line of the northern branch to the east, (ninety fathom dyke or Tynedale fault,) no locality is so interesting as that often described yet ever new exhibition of it at Whitley and Cullercoats on the sea side north of Tynemouth. In the sea cliff it is seen to dislocate not only the coal measures but also both the beds of the Rothetodteliegende and magnesian limestone, the beds on the north or depressed side dipping towards the fault. The plane of the dislocation deviates here no less than 59° from the vertical, underlying to the north; the surface of the overlying yellow sandstone being marked by numerous parallel flutings, precisely along the dip of the fault, and such as may be conceived to have been produced by a movement like that of an enormous planing machine. This important fact confirms the conclusion which from many other reasons is probable, that the whole |