The Reformation of the Church of England. By the Rev. J. H. Blunt. Part I. 1514-47; Part II. 1547-1662. (Rivingtons.)

THE first part of Dr. Blunt's history of the English Reformation was published in 1869. The editions through which it has passed since then have not only proved its popularity, but fully established its position as the most complete and impartial account of the ecclesiastical difficulties of the reign of Henry VIII. The constitutional and legal aspect of the various changes effected in the course of the movement is treated with the utmost clearness and care. Nor is this the only value of a work which throughout displays high historical powers. The character of Cardinal Wolsey, for instance, a most important element in the early stages of the Reformation, and a most difficult problem to ecclesiastical historians, is treated with great success. Mr. Blunt's admiration of the cardinal, which he shared with the late Prof. Brewer, seems to us well founded, and is probably more true to history than is the estimate which the genius of Shakspeare has impressed on the popular mind. The dissolution of the monasteries, again, is described with vigour and fulness of detail; nor does the death of the Abbot of Glastonbury, the most conspicuous victim of the tyranny and injustice with which the measure was carried out, lose any of its pathos in the historian's skilful hands. The interval of twelve years which has elapsed between the publication of the two parts has been caused by Dr. Blunt's many literary engagements. Few will, however, regret a delay that has enabled the editor of the Annotated Book of Common Prayer to add to the mass of materials which he brings to bear with complete mastery on the liturgical history of the Reformation. In fact, the second part fully sustains the reputation of the first, and adds to the wellearned reputation of the author. To the lay reader the portion which deals with the reign of Queen Mary may, perhaps, offer the greatest attraction. The gradual formation of a reactionary party against the aggressive Puritanism of the close of Edward VI.'s reign; the insults offered by the ultra-Protestant advisers of the boy king to the religious feelings of Mary, already irritable from disease, and soured by the cruel wrong done to her mother and herself by Cranmer and his party; the fatal connexion with Spain; the arrival of the gloomy Philip with the Spanish ecclesiastics in his

A Genealogical Account of the Mayo and Elton Families of the Counties of Wilts and Hereford. By C. H. Mayo, M.A. (Privately printed.)

THIS charmingly got-up édition de luxe of a family history is far more the actual work of its author and of other members of his family than is usually the case; for not only is it drawn up by the Rev. C. H. Mayo with great wealth of illustration from old family papers and letters, so that those of his line who have joined the majority yet speak for themselves in his pages, but, in addition, the large tabular pedigree which forms a distinct feature of the book was set in type by the Rev. Theodore Mayo, M.A., chaplain to the Marquis of Ormonde. The general excellence of the printing, which was confided to the Chiswick Press, is well kept up by Mr. Theodore Mayo, and the whole forms a drawing-room table ornament no less than an addition to the family history of Herefordshire, which that county, at least, much needed.

With regard to his own name, and the various theories concerning its origin and meaning, the author promptly dismisses one view, which we should ourselves never have thought particularly tenable, viz., the supposed Irish derivation. The actual identity, which he strongly maintains, of Mayo, Mayow, and Mayhew, seems probable, but does not in itself, we think, solve the question. That it is really the same name as Matthew, which Mr. Mayo also maintains, seems to us at the least not proven, and in all probability doubtful. That it has sometimes been abbreviated into May, which does seem proved, really adds to the tangle of the skein which has still to be unravelled; for it cannot be contended either that all families of the name of May are of the same blood, or that they are all Mayos in disguise. We trust that Mr. Mayo will continue his researches into this interesting branch of his investigations.

With regard to the undoubtedly ancient Cheshire house of Elton of Elton, descendants of which are stated to have founded the line of Elton of the Hazles, in Herefordshire, Mr. Mayo has not more to say than had Ormerod; but concerning the Hazles family he has brought together a great deal of interesting matter, known, of course, to the genealogical student in its broad outlines, but needing to be collected and annotated by a careful editor, such as Mr. Mayo has shown himself. There are but a few points connected with the early Herefordshire history of the Eltons which are still obscure after all that Mr. Mayo has done. His theory of their migration into Herefordshire-a seemingly unquestionable fact, but one which we have never yet seen adequately accounted for-is certainly plausible, though we think evidence could be given of an earlier connexion of the name with the Herefordshire and Shropshire borders than the time of Bishop Booth. Indeed, if we felt that we could indisputably claim as Eltons all the various mediæval De Hettons, De Ettons, and De Heltons, we should be able to point back to an earlier antiquity for the name in Shropshire than in Cheshire, which

would be awkward for the received theory. We have at different times made note of sporadic occurrences of persons of the name of De Helton in Shropshire as far back, if we mistake not, as the close of the twelfth century, and certainly nearly a century and a half before the first assigned floruit for a Herefordshire Elton. Mr. Mayo does not seem to have been aware of these facts, nor does he enter upon the consideration of the Yorkshire Eltons, Ettons, or Heltons. More curiously still, we do not find any trace in his book of the actual heirs of line of the Eltons of Nether Hall and Pauncefoot Court. These are lacunæ which we regret all the more by reason of the very favourable impression left upon our mind of the earnest, careful, and truth-loving spirit in which Mr. Mayo has drawn up his valuable history of the ancient Herefordshire and Wiltshire families whose blood he inherits.

L'Angleterre et l'Emigration Française de 1794 à 1801. Par André Lebon. Avec une Préface de M. Albert Sorel. (Paris, Plon.) OUR readers are aware that the correspondence of the Rt. Hon. William Wickham was published twelve years ago in two octavo volumes; it was, however, comparatively unknown on the other side of the Channel before M. Lebon undertook to write a kind of commentary on it in the volume we are now announcing. A distinguished pupil of the École des Sciences Politiques, M. Lebon had long thought, it seems, of exploring the collections of the British Museum and the Record Office in view of a contemplated work on the French Revolution; he had no difficulty in obtaining the encouragement and assistance of the professors connected with the school to which he belongs; and helped in every way by the courtesy of curators and librarians, he has at length produced a really valuable, well-written, and well-digested work. M. Albert Sorel, advantageously known himself by several excellent publications, has contributed to M. Lebon's monograph a preface which summarizes very well the events related in the body of the volume.

Towards the end of the year 1795 England was quite as weary as France of the desperate war which the nations had been carrying on against each other since 1793; at the same time Pitt, backed by the whole nation, would never consent to a suspension of hostilities except on the express understanding that the French would give up their conquests and abandon the idea of the Rhine as their frontier. The form of government in France was a secondary question for English statesmen; they felt, nevertheless, that the Republicans would be compelled to carry on the war for the sake of maintaining themselves in power; this would necessarily lead to a military dictatorship, and therefore the only possible and lasting peace implied the restoration of the monarchy. It is well known that the French Liberals of 1814 and 1815 persistently accused the Bourbons of having returned to France dans les bagages des étrangers. This is a view dictated by the violence of party spirit; as M. Albert Sorel very forcibly observes, Pitt knew perfectly well that a restoration imposed by foreigners would inevitably be hateful to the French, and he never entertained the idea of even conniving at it. He was thoroughly convinced further that, supposing the monarchical form of government re-established, a return to the ideas of the ancien régime was absolutely out of the question. Pitt's aim accordingly was this: "To get some trustworthy information on the state of parties in France; to discover what were the intentions of Royalists both at home and abroad; to bring them into communication with one another; to enlighten them on their interests; to animate and encourage them; to help them by advice and by subsidies; to form in the

East a centre of action similar to that which had been created in the West; and to prepare, in short, the elements of a restoration which should be brought about under the auspices of England and secure a durable peace." It was in view of these results that Mr. Wickham was sent off to Switzerland (1794) and Lord Macartney to Vienna (1795), and it is the narrative of the events connected with these two missions which M. Lebon gives us in his volume. We have no time to follow our author through the interesting details he places before us. Three points, however, have struck us as particularly curious, and we recommend them to the attention of the reader. The first is the situation of Switzerland, which had become a kind of neutral ground where all political parties met, where the émigrés on the one hand busily carried on their plots, published pamphlets, and issued forged assignats, whilst on the other Barthélemy, minister (in partibus) of the French Republic, endeavoured to collect for the benefit of his employers all the information he could on the hopes of the Royalists, their strength, and the support they were likely to receive from foreign powers. Switzerland was now the resort of all the political adventurers of Europe, and Mallet du Pan's admirable memoirs have given of it a description which is wonderful in point both of picturesqueness and of originality. The second fact we would allude to here is the precarious state of the French Republican Government even after the victories of the National Convention and the Treaty of Bâle. Things had come to such a pass that the success of the Royalists would have been certain had they only followed the dictates of prudence. But they obstinately refused to give up the antiquated and dangerous principles of the ancien régime, thus rendering all common action impossible between monarchists such as the Polignacs, the Villèles, and the Peyronnets, and Liberals of the La Rochefoucauld and Montmorency type. Further-and this is the last point we shall mention before bringing our notice to a close-they would not listen to any proposal including a change in the territorial limits of France. In this respect, and in this respect alone, they were at one with the Republicans.

Notices to Correspondents.

We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith.

WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately.

Y. LYOD. Even if the holder of the title at the commencement of the current year were not living, there is an ample list of heirs male to carry it on, shown in the pedigree, s.v., Burke's Peerage, &c., 1882.

E. MALAN ("I held it truth," &c.).-See "N. & Q.," 4th S. v. 52, 213, 352, 388, 542.

S. M. K. ("Vital spark," &c.).-Pope's The Dying Christian to his Soul.

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