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3000 men and sent them to the Duke of Segorbe, but he was repulsed with considerable loss and his army, discouraged and accusing him of being half-hearted in the business, melted away until he had only a thousand men left. With these he garrisoned Onda, but could not prevent the Moorish forays, in one of which the village of Chilches was captured and some consecrated hosts were carried off. Immediate use of this was made to inflame the people; all the altars in the province were draped with mourning, only the wickets in the church-doors were opened, all services were performed without display and the procession of Corpus Christi (May 31st) was postponed. Enthusiasm was thus aroused; the great standard of Valencia was unfurled and a second army was raised which set forth July 11th. As it neared Onda it was met by the Moors in vigorous sallies, in which booty to the amount of more than 30,000 ducats was obtained, which explains the large accessions of volunteers who came to join the troops. After reaching Onda, July 19th, there was desperate fighting in which the Moors were gradually driven back to the sierra from the lowlands which they had occupied, an important advantage as it checked the tendency to rise which was spreading and only awaiting a prospect of favorable success. The duke summoned the Moors to surrender within three days under pain of slavery for all prisoners, but they rejected his proposals and as he deemed his forces insufficient for an assault on the mountain he called for reinforcements. Many came from Aragon and Catalonia, while the papal legate Salviati, happening to pass through Valencia, issued a plenary indulgence a culpa et a poena to all who should serve, thus converting the campaign into a crusade. It

made little difference that he had no power to do this; the offer was tempting to sinners and brought large accessions to the army. There was another difficulty to be overcome, for Charles was as usual impecunious and furnished no money for the payment of the troops, but the clergy and the nobles and the city of Valencia were appealed to and raised sufficient funds to keep the men in the field. All this time the Moors were defending themselves obstinately and even making sallies into the lowlands; the duke sought to obtain reinforcements from Aragon and finally appealed to the emperor who recalled from Barcelona a detachment of 3000 German veterans about to embark for Italy and placed them under the duke's orders. This swelled his force to 7000 men, besides, as we are told, great numbers of adventurers—a feature common enough in these campaigns—partly men attracted by honor, but mostly those whose object was plunder and speculators who came in the hope of bargains in slaves or other miscellaneous articles which the soldiers might wish to dispose of on the spot. The war was now nearing its end; on September 18th the troops carried a ridge and on the 19th a general assault was made from four sides; the Moors defended themselves as best they could with slings and bows, killing seventy-two of the assailants, of whom thirty-three were Germans. The Spaniards, we are told, only slew the old men and the women, reserving the rest for slaves; the Germans, in revenge for their thirty-three comrades massacred all, in number about 5000. Great booty was obtained; what was sold on the spot fetched more than 200,000 ducats, while the adventurers and the Aragonese, Catalans and Germans carried off much more. The Moors who escaped took refuge in

the fastnesses of the Muela de Cortes, but they were soon hard-pressed and surrendered at discretion, when three of their leaders were strangled, the rest were deprived of their arms, their books were burnt and they were compelled to submit to the Gospel. There were other rebels who found refuge in the Sierra de Bernia and in Guadaleste and Confridas, but they mostly succeeded in escaping to Africa. Thus was Valencia Christianized and pacified; the Moriscos, as we may now call them, were disarmed, the pulpits used by their alfaquíes were torn down, their Korans were burnt and orders were given to instruct them completely in the faith—orders, as we shall see, perpetually repeated and never executed.1

The whole Morisco population was now at the mercy of the Inquisition. Considering the circumstances of the conversion, the ignorance of the neophytes and their notorious attachment to their ancestral faith every consideration both of policy and charity dictated a tolerant spirit until they could be instructed and won over, and the Suprema recognized this by ordering that they should be treated with great moderation. As usual, however, the tribunal of Valencia was a law unto itself and its records show that, with the exception of the years 1525 and 1527, when it stayed its hands and had no trials or burnings for heresy, it continued its operations with rather more activity than before. In fact, it seemed impossible for the Moris

3

1 Sandoval, Lib. x111. ? xxix.-Dormer, Lib. 1. cap. viii., ix.— Bleda, Crónica, p. 649.—The córtes of 1528 granted amnesty to the insurgents.-Danvila, Expulsión, p. 101.

2 Archivo de Simancas, Inquisicion, Libro 939, fol. 108.

3 The trials for heresy in 1524 were 40, in 1526, 47, in 1528, 42, in 1529, 44, in 1530, 20.—Archivo Hist. Nacional, Inq" de Valencia, Legajo 98. The burnings in person, adding as before 25 per cent. for the imper

cos to be treated with fairness. The twelve alfaquies whom we have seen sent to the court in 1525, with 50,000 ducats to avert the edict of expulsion had succeeded in obtaining important concessions in a concordia of January 6, 1526, in which it was agreed, with the assent of Cardinal Manrique, that on submitting to baptism, as they could not at once divest themselves of their customs and habits, they should not, for forty years, be subject to prosecution by the Inquisition, a grace of that kind having been granted to Granada at the time of its conversion. This however was kept secret until 1528, when it was sent to the bayle general of Valencia, who published it May 21st in accordance with orders from Charles, but was reproved for so doing by Cardinal Manrique. That year the cortes of the three states of Aragon met at Monzon and petitioned Charles to prevent the Inquisition from proceeding against the new converts until they should be instructed in the faith, to which he replied that he had already granted to Valencia the exemption formerly allowed to Granada and he now extended it to Aragon. The Inquisition, however, was already an imperium in imperio, which held itself above all human laws, and when the Aragonese nobles in 1529 presented a series of remonstrances about the treatment of the new converts to the emperor and another nearly identical to Cardinal Manrique the latter replied evasively June 2d, that it was not their injury but their salvation that was desired and that he hopes God may lay his hand on them, so that all may eventuate well. Charles had laid his hands on them by a decree of December 5, 1528 in which he ordered all the Moors of

fection of the record, may be stated as 16 in 1524, 19 in 1526, 29 in 1528, 30 in 1529 and 1 in 1530.—Ibid. Legajo 300.

Aragon and Catalonia to have themselves baptized within four years.1

In fact the Inquisition construed the concordia to suit itself and in a few months after its promulgation the Suprema declared that it did not condone the use of Moorish rites and ceremonies and that those who performed them or relapsed from the faith were to be considered as apostates and to be duly prosecuted, to all of which the emperor acceded. We have just seen that the activity of the Inquisition of Valencia continued through 1529 and was slightly diminished in 1530. In Aragon it mitigated its severity somewhat, for early in the latter year it reported to the Suprema that a number of Moriscos had been reconciled in the preceding auto de fe, for whom confiscation and perpetual prison were commuted to fines and in some cases to scourging; that the fines had been applied to a cleric who should instruct the penitents and teach their children to read, but that the receiver of confiscations had refused to disburse the money. In Valencia it signalized the year

1 Danvila, Expulsión, pp. 102, 105, 108.-Dormer, Lib. II. cap. 1.— Llorente, Añales, II. 341.-Archivo de Simancas, Inqn, Libro 76, fol. 183.

Danvila states (loc. cit.) that at the close of 1529 Charles ordered the expulsion of all the Moriscos of Valencia, probably moved by the discovery of a plot, the leader of which was executed. If such expulsion was ordered it must have been promptly countermanded, as there seems to be no other trace of it.

2 Danvila, loc. cit.

3 Arch. de Simancas, ubi sup. fol. 312.

The Suprema replied, May 7, 1530, that the receiver was responsible for the collection of the fines, but, to remove suspicion that they are for the benefit of the Inquisition, it would be well to appoint proper persons in the Morisco villages to collect the fines and with them pay the salaries of instructors.

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