England was conducted in the reign of Edward I., 284
Common Law Courts. See Courts of Law Common of pasture lands, under the feudal system, 98
Commons, House of, its origin, 103, 104. Its first separation from the Lords, 107. Town burgesses first sent to Parliament- the origin of the House of Commons, 222. England indebted to Simon de Montfort for establishing popular representation, 228. See also Parliament Compurgation, trial by, derivation of the terin, 127. Mode of proceeding in, 128. Abolished, 131
Comyn, John, Earl of Badenoch, governor
of Scotland, driven by the English into the wilds and fastnesses, 322
Comyn, John (Red Comyn), his quarrel with Robert Bruce, 327. Betrays Bruce to Edward I., 327. Murdered by Bruce in Dumfries, 328. Attacks Bruce, who, although ill, defeats him, 371 Conrad, King of Germany, marches from Germany to take Apulia and Sicily, 203. His death, 203
Conway Castle, Edward I. takes up his quarters there, 301
Corfe Castle, the son of Simon de Montfort
Corn-fields and corn-stores of the ancient Britons, 7
Cornwall, visited by the Phoenicians for tin,
3-5. The ancient language of, 5. Meaning of the word, 32
Cornwall, creation of the Dukedom of, 337.
The King's eldest son always Duke of Cornwall by birth, 337. Genealogy of the Dukes of Cornwall, 338. Sketch of the history of the Dukedom, 339 Coronation oath of Edward II., 357 Council, the Great or Privy, its power over the supplies in the 13th century, 183 Counties, origin of the division of England into, 28, 30. And of the word, 29. In some parts of England the counties called shires, in others lands, and in other parts no shires, 32, 33. Representation of counties in Parliament, 105 County Courts of the Anglo-Saxons, 110.
Mode of proceeding in them, 111 Court of Chancery. See Chancery, Court of Courts Baron, or Manor Courts, 118. Their jurisdiction, 118, 119
Courts, Ecclesiastical. See Ecclesiastical Courts
Courts of Law, origin of the, 112. The King's Court, 112. The Chief or Grand Justiciary, 114. This Court divided into other courts, 114. The Court of Ex-
chequer, 114. The Court of Common Pleas, 115. The Court of King's Bench, 115. Contrivances for removing business from one court to another, 116. Legal fictions, 116. Manor Courts, or Courts Baron, 118. Further arrangements for the administration of justice rendered necessary by the superior courts sitting at Westminster, 119. Policy of the English constitution to bring justice home to every man's door, 120. Itinerant jus- tices, 120. The kingdom divided into circuits, 120. Appointment of Judges of Assize, 120. Judges of Nisi Prius, 121. Commissions of gaol delivery, 121. Duties of justices of the peace, or magis- trates, 122. Trial by jury, 123. Grand jury and common jury, 125. The Anglo- Saxon system of Frank-pledge, 126. The Frank-pledge superseded by witnesses, 127. Trials by compurgation, 127. Ordeal combat, or trial by battle, 128. Trial by twelve sworn knights first introduced, 130. Trial by jury finally established by Magna Carta, 131. The clergy associated with the laity in the adminis- tration of justice, 140. The ecclesiastical separated from the civil courts by William the Conqueror, 140
Cressingham, Hugh de, appointed Treasurer of Scotland, 303. Commands part of the English forces at the battle of Stirling Bridge, 311. Killed in the battle, 312 Crimes, ancient mode of atoning for all, by
money payments, 109, 110
Cromlechs, or druidical tombs of the ancient Britons, 9
Cross, St., Winchester, Norman window at,
Crosses erected in remembrance of Queen Eleanor, 290, 291
Crusades, or wars of the Holy Cross, origin of the, 50, 51. The first crusade, 51. Peter the Hermit, 51. Sufferings of the crusaders, 51. Who take Jerusalem with dreadful slaughter, 52. The second crusade, 64. Its ill success, 64. The third crusade, 64 Cumberland, origin of the name of, 34. Ravaged by the Scots under Wallace, 314. Purchases a truce with the Scots, 376 Cups used by the English in the 13th cen- tury, 260
Curfew bell, the, introduced by William the Conqueror, 46. Still rung in some places, 47
DAMNONIA, the ancient kingdom of,
Dane-gelt, imposition of, 24
Danes, their invasion of England, 18. Countries whence they came, 19. Their ravages throughout the kingdom, 19. Defeat and slay Edmund, King of East Anglia, 19. Defeated at Englefield, 20. And at Ascesdun, or Ashtree-hill, 20. Extent of their possessions in England at the accession of King Alfred, 20. De- feated by Alfred at Wilton, 21. Their subjugation of the whole island, 22. De- feated again by Alfred, and compelled to sue for peace, 23. Their ravages through- out the country during the reigns of Alfred's immediate successors, 23. For three centuries a terror to the whole king- dom, 24. Imposition of Dane-gelt, 24. Sweyn crowned King of England, 25. The Danes attacked and dispersed by the English under Ethelred the Unready, 26. Overrun Wessex, Mercia, and Northum- bria, 26. Compel Edmund Ironside to divide the kingdom with them, 26. The four Danish Kings of England, Sweyn, Canute, Harold Harefoot, and Hardi- canute, 26. Traces of the Danes in the names of places still existing, 35. These names principally in the north of Eng- land, 36. Danish and Anglo-Saxon end- ings of words compared, 36. London names recalling the memory of the Danes, 36. Their five great settlements in the centre of England, 37. Driven out of England finally, 37
Dartmoor, the chase of, conferred by Edward II. on Piers Gaveston, 349.
David, King of Scotland, his wars with King Stephen, 54. Defeated by Stephen at the battle of Northallerton, 55
David, brother of Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, married by Edward I. to the daughter of the Earl of Derby, 273. His brother Llewellyn compelled to make him satis- faction, 273. His perfidy to King Edward, 280. Seizes the castles of Rhuddlan and Hawarden, 280. Taken prisoner by the English and hung, drawn, and quartered,
Bristol, 413. Taken by the Barons, and put to death, 413 Despenser, Hugh le, the younger, the favour- ite of King Edward II., 389. Appointed Chamberlain to the King, 399. Banish- ment of him and his father demanded by the Barons, 401. Charges brought against them, 402. Banished, 404. Returns to England, and is readmitted to the King's councils, 404. The attainder against him and his father reversed, 406. Their enormous wealth, 406. Their fatal in- fluence over the King, 408. Accom- panies the King in his escape from the Queen's party, taken prisoner and ex- ecuted, 414
Devizes, castle of, Hubert de Burgh a pri- soner in the, 190
Devonshire, origin of the name, 34 Divorce, questions as to, settled by the Ecclesiastical Courts, 139-145 Doctors' Commons, history of, 146 Dom-boc, Doom-book, or Book of Laws, of the Anglo-Saxons, 111
Domesday Book, drawn up by order of William the Conqueror, 47. Where the original book is deposited, 47. Account of English agriculture given in the, 48. Enumeration of royal forests in, 251 Dorset, meaning of the name, 33 Douglas, Sir James, joins Robert Bruce, 328. Takes the castle of Arran, 332. Reduces Selkirk and Jedburgh to obedi- ence, 373. Takes the castle of Roxburgh by stratagem, 376. Commands part of the Scots' army at the battle of Bannock- burn, 383. Assists in the attempt to take the Queen of England at York, 398. Fails, but ravages the northern counties, 398
Douglas, Sir William, joins Wallace and his patriot band, 309
Dover besieged by the French under Louis, son of Philip Augustus, 163. The government of the castle taken from Hugh Bigod, and given by Henry III. to Edward de Waleran, 211. Besieged unsuccessfully by the troops of Henry III., 215
Druids, the, 7. Their religious tenets, 7. Remains of their temples, 7
Duke, first creation of the title of, in Eng- land, 337
Dumbarton, castle of, taken by Edward I.,
Dunbar, Patrick, Earl of, serves in the army of Edward I., 302. His treachery to his countrymen, 316
Dunbar, battle of, 303
Dunbar, castle of, delivered up to the Scots
DUR by the Countess of Dunbar, 302. Taken by Edward I., 303 Durham, occupied by the Scotch under Wallace, 314. And again by the Scots under Bruce, 376. Compelled to pur- chase a truce, 376
Dyfed, Welsh kingdom of, 269
ARL'S BARTON Church, Northamp- tonshire, 17
Ecclesiastical Courts, history of the, 138. The Canon Law, 139. Sketch of the history of similar courts on the continent, 139. The laity exhorted to submit to the Ecclesiastical Courts, 139. Spiritual matters and questions as to marriages and wills settled by them, 139. Amongst the Anglo-Saxons the clergy associated with the laity in administering justice, 140. The Ecclesiastical separated from the Civil Courts by William the Conqueror, 140. Consequences of this division, 141. Attempts to withdraw the clergy from the jurisdiction of the temporal courts, 142. The Constitutions of Clarendon, 144. Courts where the ecclesiastical law is administered, 146
Edinburgh, castle of, taken by Edward I., 303. Taken by Randolph, Earl of Moray,
Edmund, St., King and Martyr, his defeat and death, 19
Edmund I., ravages of the Danes during the reign of, 23
Edmund Ironside, state of the kingdom
during the reign of, 23. His contests with the Danes, 26
Edmund, son of Henry III., the throne of
Sicily offered to, 202. The offer at first refused by Henry for his son, 203. But at last accepted, 203 Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, brother of Edward I., empowered to negotiate a peace with Philip IV. of France, 297. Con- ditions of peace agreed on, 298. Philip seizes Gascony through treachery, 299. Edmund returns to England, 299. Goes
to North Wales with a force of English, 300. His death, 304
Edward the Black Prince, the first English Duke, 337
Edward the Confessor, his parentage, 37. Chosen King of England, 37. His prefer- ence for the Normans to his own subjects, 38. Compelled to banish the Normans from his kingdom, 38. His laws, 110. His great seal, 136. State of England during his reign, 23
Edward the Elder, King, ravages of the Danes during the reign of, 23
Edward I., his Parliament, from an ancient limning, 106. First appoints Judges of Assize, 120. Compelled to take the oath of obedience to the Council of State, 207. Takes part with De Montfort against the Earl of Gloucester, 209, 210. Goes to France to be present at a tournament, 210. Returns from France, and refuses to accept the absolution granted by the Pope to his father, 211. Takes the side of the Barons, 212. But subsequently supports his father against them, 213. Seizes treasure belonging to the citizens of London and carries it to Windsor, which he fortifies, 213. Plunders the country round Windsor, and marches with his foreign soldiers to Bristol, 214. Dis- misses his men, 214. Outwardly recon- ciled to De Montfort, 215. Joins his father in again attacking the Barons, 215 De Montfort encamps at South- wark, 215. Attempts of the Prince to take De Montfort by surprise, but fails, 215. Takes the castle of Tutbury from the Barons, 218. Routs the Londoners at the battle of Lewes, but loses the fight for the King, 219. Kept in custody as hostage for the peaceable conduct of his father, 220. Confined first in Walling- ford and afterwards in Dover Castle, 220. Negotiations for his release, 222. Makes his escape and joins the Earl of Gloucester at Ludlow, 224. feats young Simon de Montfort, 225. Attacks Newport and drives out the elder De Montfort, 225. His tactics for hemming in De Montfort in Wales, 226. Surprises young De Montfort while bath- ing in the Avon, 226. Out-manoeuvres the elder De Montfort at Evesham, 226. And defeats and kills him in battle, 227, 228. Takes possession of the Cinque Ports, 230. Captures Winchelsea, 231. Takes Adam de Gordon prisoner, and pardons him, 231. Undertakes a new crusade against the Saracens, 232. Takes his wife Eleanor and the Earl of Glouces- ter with him, 233. Reaches the Holy Land, and takes Nazareth, 233. Narrowly escapes assassination, 233. Legend respecting his wife Eleanor and his poisoned wound, Returns home, 233. Death of his father, Henry III., and his accession to the throne, 233, 250. Date of his birth, 246. Contrast between the characters of Edward I. and of Henry III., 249. Ed- ward's personal appearance, 250. Great events of his reign, 250. State of Eng- land at the time of his accession, 251, et seq. Still in the Holy Land at the
death of his father, 262. At once acknow- Guardians appointed ledged King, 262. till his return, 262. Hears of his father's death while in Sicily, 263. Sets out on his return, 264. Passing through France, is challenged to a tournament, 264. Suspects treachery, 264. Attacked by the Count of Chalons, who is killed, 264. Does homage as a feudal vassal to the King of France, 264. Visits Gas- cony, and receives the homage of his subjects there, 265. Visits the Pope, Gregory X, at Lyons, 265. England, 265. Entertained on his way to London by the Earls of Gloucester and Warrenne, 265. Crowned, 265. Homage done to him by Alexander III. of Scot- Edward's land as his feudal lord, 265. vigour and love of justice, 265. parliament at Westminster, at which the Statutes of Westminster the First, are passed, 266. Objects of these laws, 266. Edward's war with Wales, 268. Origin of the war, 270. Edward summons Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, to do homage to him, 270. Refusal of Llewellyn, who ravages the borders of England, and allies himself to the King of France, 270. 271. Edward takes Llewellyn's bride, Eleanor de Montfort, prisoner, 271. Attacks the Welsh with small success, 272. And invades Wales the following year, deter- mined to conquer, 272. Cuts his way through a forest to Rhuddlan Castle, 272. Invades Angles-ey, 273. Compels Lle- wellyn to sue for peace, and returns to England, 273. Makes a pilgrimage with the Queen to Glastonbury Abbey, 273. Rebuilds the castle of Llan-padarn Vawr, or Aberystwith, 273. Makes a pilgrim- age to the bones of King Arthur at Glas- And seeks to tonbury Abbey, 274. destroy the belief of the Welsh in his re- turn to earth, 275. Turns his attention to improving the condition of England, 276. Issues writs of Quo Warranto, 276. Resistance of the Barons, 276. Improves the coin of the realm, 276, 277. Visit of Llewellyn to London to do hom- age, 277. Edward summons Llewellyn to attend a parliament, which he refuses to do, 278. Goes down to Wales to watch Llewellyn, 278. Allows Llewellyn to marry Eleanor de Montfort, 278. Goes with the Queen to France to do homage for Ponthieu in Picardy and for Aqui- taine, 278. Gives up all pretensions to Normandy, 278. Returns to England and turns his attention to the improvement of his dominions, 278. Improves the
A new The Statute of Edward again
coinage of the kingdom, 278. rebellion in Wales, 279. Mortmain passed, 279.
invades Wales, 280. Sends the Arch- bishop of Canterbury to offer peace, 280. Llewellyn's list of grievances, 280. Edward summons a large army to invade Wales, 281. Again takes Angles-ey, 281. Builds a bridge of boats across the Menai Straits, 281. His men attacked by the Welsh, and Llewellyn great numbers slain, 282. killed and his followers dispersed, 282, 283. Edward remains in Wales, and rebuilds the castles, 283. Birth of his son, the Prince of Wales, at Caernarvon, 283. Returns to London, 283. Goes to France, 283. Returns, 285. His reforma- tion of abuses in the administration of justice, 285. Asks the Maid of Norway in marriage for his son Edward, 287. Ap- pealed to by the Scotch Estates and by the King of Norway for his advice and medi- ation, 287. Appoints a meeting at Salis- bury, 287. Arrangement come to at this conference, 287. Sees an opportunity of uniting Scotland with England, 287. Ob- tains a dispensation from the Pope to marry his son Edward to his cousin- german the Maid of Norway, 287, 288. Obtains the approval of the Scotch nobles to the proposal, 288. Concludes a treaty with the guardians of Scotland, with an important reservation, 288. His feudal rights over part of Scotland, 288, 289. Death of the Maid of Norway, and strug- gles of the competitors for the Scottish Edward consents to assist throne, 289.
the Scotch in choosing a king, 289. Sets out with the Queen for Scotland, 289. Her death,290. Returns to London, 290. Calls a meeting of Scotch nobles at Norham, 291. Asserts his claims as Lord Para- mount of Scotland, 291. His claim admit- ted by all the competitors for the Scottish throne, 292. Meeting of the competitors at Berwick, 292. Edward makes a pro- gress through Scotland, 292. Takes the various claims into consideration, 293. Decides in favour of John Baliol, 294. But behaves unjustly towards him, 295. Edward released from his promises and oaths by Baliol, 295. Compels Baliol to appear before him in England, 295, 296. Advised by Parliament to seize the three strongest castles inScotland,296. But fears to go too far, 296. Quarrels with France, 296. Origin of the dispute, 296. Philip IV. attempts the seizure of Edward's French dominions, 297. Gives his brother Ed- mund, Earl of Lancaster, power to negoti.
ate a peace, 297. Treachery of the King of France, 298. Conditions of peace agreed on, 298. The province of Gascony taken by Philip through treachery, 299. Edward summons a parliament, 299. Re- nounces his fealty to Philip, and prepares for war with France, 299. Adopts illegal means for raising the money, 299. War declared against England by the King of Castile, 300. Edward detained by con- trary winds at Portsmouth, 300. Appoints commanders to go in his stead, and returns to London, 300. Fresh disturbances in Wales, 300. Edward entirely subdues the Welsh, 301. Demands assistance as Lord Paramount from John Baliol, King of Scotland, 301. Refusal of Baliol, 301. Preparations for war, 301. The war breaks out in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 301. Edward marches towards Scotland, takes Berwick- on-Tweed, and massacres its inhabitants, 302. Baliol formally renounces his allegi- ance to Edward, 302. Edward advances steadily into Scotland, 302. Sends the Earl of Surrey to recover the castle of Dunbar, 303. Takes five castles, and goes to Perth, 303. Surrender of Baliol, who is sent prisoner to the Tower of London, 303. Carries away the great stone of Scone,303. Settles the affairs of Scotland, and returns home, 304. Tries to raise money for the war with France, 304. The laity grant an aid, but the clergy refuse, 304. The King puts the clergy out of his protection, 304. Good effects of his struggle with the Church, 305. Enters into an alliance with the Earl of Flanders to make war on France, 305. Continues his illegal means of raising money, 306. Summons the Barons to meet him at Salisbury, 306. The Barons refuse to go to Gascony, 306. Great quarrel between Edward and the Barons,306. Edward summons the Barons to assemble at Winchelsea, and they refuse, 307. Again summons the Barons to invade France, 307. Asks pardon of the people, and makes an effort at reconcilia- tion with the clergy, 307, 308. Sets sail for Flanders, 308. Disturbances in Scotland, 308. Total defeat of the King's forces there, 312. Edward signs a truce for two years with the King of France, 313. Returns to England, and marches to Scotland with an immense army, 313. Wallace's tactics, 315. Edward defeats the Scotch at the battle of Falkirk, 316. Compelled by Wallace's tactics to return to England, 317. The confirmation of the Charter of Forests demanded, 318. Edward yields, but evades performance of
the survey of the forests, 318. Concludes peace with France, and marries Margaret, sister of Philip IV., 318. Prepares for the third invasion of Scotland, 318. Thwarted by the dissatisfied Barons, and compelled to return to England, 319. Solemnly ratifies the charters, 319. The fourth in- vasion of Scotland determined on, 319. Edward gains considerable advantages in Scotland and returns to England, 319. A truce between England and Scotland brought about by the Pope, 319. Claims of the Pope to the sovereignty of Scotland, 319. The King's answer to the Pope's summons, 319. Dissatisfaction of the Barons as to the question of the forests, 320. The King yields to their demands, 320. And confirms the great charters, 320. His fifth invasion of Scotland, 321. Winters in Scotland, 321. Induced by the King of France to grant the Scots another truce, 321. Returns to England, 321. Makes a permanent peace with Philip IV. of France, 322. Resumption of the wars in Scotland, 322. Sixth invasion, 322. Marches northwards, and gives command of an army to his son Edward, 322. Drives the Scottish leaders into the wilds and fastnesses, 322. Submission of Scotland to Edward, 323. Wallace excepted from the general amnesty, 323. Edward besieges and takes Stirling Castle, 323. His cruelty to the garrison, 324. Wallace betrayed by his countrymen, and put to death by Edward I., 324. Edward re- turns to England, 325. Directs his at- tention to the reform.ation of abuses in England, 325. Imprisons his own son, the Prince of Wales, 326. Obtains ab- solution from the Pope from his oath about the forests, 326. Revolt of the Scotch under Bruce, 326. Determina- tion of Bruce to be King of Scotland, 328. Bruce crowned King at Scone, 329. Ed- ward prepares to invade Scotland for the seventh time, 329. Knights his son Edward, 329. Success of Robert Bruce, 333. Edward determines to march in person against his enemy, 333. Dies at Burghley-on-the-Sands, 333. His burial- place, 333. Review of his reign, 333. His family, 333. Genealogical table showing the descent of Edward I., 341. His dying commands to his son Edward, 347.
Edward II., King of England, the Maid of Norway asked in marriage for him, 287. A dispensation obtained from the Pope, 288. Left in charge of the kingdom during his father's absence abroad, 310.
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