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England was conducted in the reign of
Edward I., 284

Common Law Courts. See Courts of Law
Common of pasture lands, under the feudal
system, 98

Commons, House of, its origin, 103, 104.
Its first separation from the Lords, 107.
Town burgesses first sent to Parliament-
the origin of the House of Commons, 222.
England indebted to Simon de Montfort
for establishing popular representation,
228. See also Parliament
Compurgation, trial by, derivation of the
terin, 127. Mode of proceeding in, 128.
Abolished, 131

Comyn, John, Earl of Badenoch, governor

of Scotland, driven by the English into
the wilds and fastnesses, 322

Comyn, John (Red Comyn), his quarrel
with Robert Bruce, 327. Betrays Bruce
to Edward I., 327. Murdered by Bruce
in Dumfries, 328. Attacks Bruce, who,
although ill, defeats him, 371
Conrad, King of Germany, marches from
Germany to take Apulia and Sicily, 203.
His death, 203

Conway Castle, Edward I. takes up his
quarters there, 301

Corfe Castle, the son of Simon de Montfort

imprisoned in, 271

Corn-fields and corn-stores of the ancient
Britons, 7

Cornwall, visited by the Phoenicians for tin,

3-5. The ancient language of, 5.
Meaning of the word, 32

Cornwall, creation of the Dukedom of, 337.

The King's eldest son always Duke of
Cornwall by birth, 337. Genealogy of
the Dukes of Cornwall, 338. Sketch of
the history of the Dukedom, 339
Coronation oath of Edward II., 357
Council, the Great or Privy, its power over
the supplies in the 13th century, 183
Counties, origin of the division of England
into, 28, 30. And of the word, 29. In
some parts of England the counties called
shires, in others lands, and in other parts
no shires, 32, 33. Representation of
counties in Parliament, 105
County Courts of the Anglo-Saxons, 110.

Mode of proceeding in them, 111
Court of Chancery. See Chancery, Court of
Courts Baron, or Manor Courts, 118. Their
jurisdiction, 118, 119

Courts, Ecclesiastical. See Ecclesiastical
Courts

Courts of Law, origin of the, 112. The
King's Court, 112. The Chief or Grand
Justiciary, 114. This Court divided into
other courts, 114. The Court of Ex-

DAN

chequer, 114. The Court of Common
Pleas, 115. The Court of King's Bench,
115. Contrivances for removing business
from one court to another, 116. Legal
fictions, 116. Manor Courts, or Courts
Baron, 118. Further arrangements for
the administration of justice rendered
necessary by the superior courts sitting
at Westminster, 119. Policy of the
English constitution to bring justice home
to every man's door, 120. Itinerant jus-
tices, 120. The kingdom divided into
circuits, 120. Appointment of Judges of
Assize, 120. Judges of Nisi Prius, 121.
Commissions of gaol delivery, 121.
Duties of justices of the peace, or magis-
trates, 122. Trial by jury, 123. Grand
jury and common jury, 125. The Anglo-
Saxon system of Frank-pledge, 126. The
Frank-pledge superseded by witnesses, 127.
Trials by compurgation, 127. Ordeal
combat, or trial by battle, 128. Trial
by twelve sworn knights first introduced,
130. Trial by jury finally established
by Magna Carta, 131. The clergy
associated with the laity in the adminis-
tration of justice, 140. The ecclesiastical
separated from the civil courts by William
the Conqueror, 140

Cressingham, Hugh de, appointed Treasurer
of Scotland, 303. Commands part of the
English forces at the battle of Stirling
Bridge, 311. Killed in the battle, 312
Crimes, ancient mode of atoning for all, by

money payments, 109, 110

Cromlechs, or druidical tombs of the ancient
Britons, 9

Cross, St., Winchester, Norman window at,

43

Crosses erected in remembrance of Queen
Eleanor, 290, 291

Crusades, or wars of the Holy Cross, origin
of the, 50, 51. The first crusade, 51.
Peter the Hermit, 51. Sufferings of the
crusaders, 51. Who take Jerusalem
with dreadful slaughter, 52. The second
crusade, 64. Its ill success, 64. The
third crusade, 64
Cumberland, origin of the name of, 34.
Ravaged by the Scots under Wallace, 314.
Purchases a truce with the Scots, 376
Cups used by the English in the 13th cen-
tury, 260

Curfew bell, the, introduced by William the
Conqueror, 46. Still rung in some places,
47

DAMNONIA, the ancient kingdom of,

Dane-gelt, imposition of, 24

DAN

Danes, their invasion of England, 18.
Countries whence they came, 19. Their
ravages throughout the kingdom, 19.
Defeat and slay Edmund, King of East
Anglia, 19. Defeated at Englefield, 20.
And at Ascesdun, or Ashtree-hill, 20.
Extent of their possessions in England at
the accession of King Alfred, 20. De-
feated by Alfred at Wilton, 21. Their
subjugation of the whole island, 22. De-
feated again by Alfred, and compelled to
sue for peace, 23. Their ravages through-
out the country during the reigns of
Alfred's immediate successors, 23.
For
three centuries a terror to the whole king-
dom, 24. Imposition of Dane-gelt, 24.
Sweyn crowned King of England, 25.
The Danes attacked and dispersed by the
English under Ethelred the Unready, 26.
Overrun Wessex, Mercia, and Northum-
bria, 26. Compel Edmund Ironside to
divide the kingdom with them, 26. The
four Danish Kings of England, Sweyn,
Canute, Harold Harefoot, and Hardi-
canute, 26. Traces of the Danes in the
names of places still existing, 35. These
names principally in the north of Eng-
land, 36. Danish and Anglo-Saxon end-
ings of words compared, 36. London
names recalling the memory of the Danes,
36. Their five great settlements in the
centre of England, 37. Driven out of
England finally, 37

Dartmoor, the chase of, conferred by Edward
II. on Piers Gaveston, 349.

David, King of Scotland, his wars with King
Stephen, 54. Defeated by Stephen at the
battle of Northallerton, 55

David, brother of Llewellyn, Prince of Wales,
married by Edward I. to the daughter of
the Earl of Derby, 273. His brother
Llewellyn compelled to make him satis-
faction, 273. His perfidy to King Edward,
280. Seizes the castles of Rhuddlan and
Hawarden, 280. Taken prisoner by the
English and hung, drawn, and quartered,

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DUN

Bristol, 413. Taken by the Barons, and
put to death, 413
Despenser, Hugh le, the younger, the favour-
ite of King Edward II., 389. Appointed
Chamberlain to the King, 399. Banish-
ment of him and his father demanded by
the Barons, 401. Charges brought against
them, 402. Banished, 404. Returns to
England, and is readmitted to the King's
councils, 404. The attainder against
him and his father reversed, 406. Their
enormous wealth, 406. Their fatal in-
fluence over the King, 408. Accom-
panies the King in his escape from the
Queen's party, taken prisoner and ex-
ecuted, 414

Devizes, castle of, Hubert de Burgh a pri-
soner in the, 190

Devonshire, origin of the name, 34
Divorce, questions as to, settled by the
Ecclesiastical Courts, 139-145
Doctors' Commons, history of, 146
Dom-boc, Doom-book, or Book of Laws, of
the Anglo-Saxons, 111

Domesday Book, drawn up by order of
William the Conqueror, 47. Where the
original book is deposited, 47. Account
of English agriculture given in the, 48.
Enumeration of royal forests in, 251
Dorset, meaning of the name, 33
Douglas, Sir James, joins Robert Bruce,
328. Takes the castle of Arran, 332.
Reduces Selkirk and Jedburgh to obedi-
ence, 373. Takes the castle of Roxburgh
by stratagem, 376. Commands part of
the Scots' army at the battle of Bannock-
burn, 383. Assists in the attempt to
take the Queen of England at York, 398.
Fails, but ravages the northern counties,
398

Douglas, Sir William, joins Wallace and his
patriot band, 309

Dover besieged by the French under Louis,
son of Philip Augustus, 163. The
government of the castle taken from Hugh
Bigod, and given by Henry III. to
Edward de Waleran, 211. Besieged
unsuccessfully by the troops of Henry
III., 215

Druids, the, 7. Their religious tenets, 7.
Remains of their temples, 7

Duke, first creation of the title of, in Eng-
land, 337

Dumbarton, castle of, taken by Edward I.,

303

Dunbar, Patrick, Earl of, serves in the army
of Edward I., 302. His treachery to his
countrymen, 316

Dunbar, battle of, 303

Dunbar, castle of, delivered up to the Scots

DUR
by the Countess of Dunbar, 302. Taken
by Edward I., 303
Durham, occupied by the Scotch under
Wallace, 314. And again by the Scots
under Bruce, 376. Compelled to pur-
chase a truce, 376

Dyfed, Welsh kingdom of, 269

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ARL'S BARTON Church, Northamp-
tonshire, 17

Ecclesiastical Courts, history of the, 138.
The Canon Law, 139. Sketch of the
history of similar courts on the continent,
139. The laity exhorted to submit to
the Ecclesiastical Courts, 139. Spiritual
matters and questions as to marriages and
wills settled by them, 139. Amongst the
Anglo-Saxons the clergy associated with
the laity in administering justice, 140.
The Ecclesiastical separated from the
Civil Courts by William the Conqueror,
140. Consequences of this division, 141.
Attempts to withdraw the clergy from the
jurisdiction of the temporal courts, 142.
The Constitutions of Clarendon, 144.
Courts where the ecclesiastical law is
administered, 146

Edinburgh, castle of, taken by Edward I.,
303. Taken by Randolph, Earl of Moray,

377

Edmund, St., King and Martyr, his defeat
and death, 19

Edmund I., ravages of the Danes during the
reign of, 23

Edmund Ironside, state of the kingdom

during the reign of, 23. His contests
with the Danes, 26

Edmund, son of Henry III., the throne of

Sicily offered to, 202. The offer at first
refused by Henry for his son, 203. But
at last accepted, 203
Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, brother of
Edward I., empowered to negotiate a peace
with Philip IV. of France, 297. Con-
ditions of peace agreed on, 298. Philip
seizes Gascony through treachery, 299.
Edmund returns to England, 299. Goes

to North Wales with a force of English,
300. His death, 304

Edward the Black Prince, the first English
Duke, 337

Edward the Confessor, his parentage, 37.
Chosen King of England, 37. His prefer-
ence for the Normans to his own subjects,
38. Compelled to banish the Normans
from his kingdom, 38. His laws, 110.
His great seal, 136. State of England
during his reign, 23

Edward the Elder, King, ravages of the
Danes during the reign of, 23

EDW

Edward I., his Parliament, from an ancient
limning, 106. First appoints Judges of
Assize, 120. Compelled to take the oath
of obedience to the Council of State, 207.
Takes part with De Montfort against the
Earl of Gloucester, 209, 210. Goes to
France to be present at a tournament,
210. Returns from France, and refuses
to accept the absolution granted by the
Pope to his father, 211. Takes the side
of the Barons, 212. But subsequently
supports his father against them, 213.
Seizes treasure belonging to the citizens
of London and carries it to Windsor,
which he fortifies, 213. Plunders the
country round Windsor, and marches with
his foreign soldiers to Bristol, 214. Dis-
misses his men, 214. Outwardly recon-
ciled to De Montfort, 215. Joins his
father in again attacking the Barons,
215 De Montfort encamps at South-
wark, 215. Attempts of the Prince to
take De Montfort by surprise, but fails,
215. Takes the castle of Tutbury from
the Barons, 218. Routs the Londoners
at the battle of Lewes, but loses the fight
for the King, 219. Kept in custody as
hostage for the peaceable conduct of his
father, 220. Confined first in Walling-
ford and afterwards in Dover Castle,
220. Negotiations for his release,
222. Makes his escape and joins the
Earl of Gloucester at Ludlow, 224.
feats young Simon de Montfort, 225.
Attacks Newport and drives out the
elder De Montfort, 225. His tactics for
hemming in De Montfort in Wales, 226.
Surprises young De Montfort while bath-
ing in the Avon, 226. Out-manoeuvres
the elder De Montfort at Evesham, 226.
And defeats and kills him in battle, 227,
228. Takes possession of the Cinque
Ports, 230. Captures Winchelsea, 231.
Takes Adam de Gordon prisoner, and
pardons him, 231. Undertakes a new
crusade against the Saracens, 232. Takes
his wife Eleanor and the Earl of Glouces-
ter with him, 233. Reaches the Holy Land,
and takes Nazareth, 233. Narrowly escapes
assassination, 233. Legend respecting his
wife Eleanor and his poisoned wound,
Returns home, 233. Death of his
father, Henry III., and his accession to
the throne, 233, 250. Date of his birth,
246. Contrast between the characters
of Edward I. and of Henry III., 249. Ed-
ward's personal appearance, 250. Great
events of his reign, 250. State of Eng-
land at the time of his accession, 251,
et seq. Still in the Holy Land at the

233.

De-

EDW

Lands in

Holds a

death of his father, 262. At once acknow-
Guardians appointed
ledged King, 262.
till his return, 262. Hears of his
father's death while in Sicily, 263. Sets
out on his return, 264. Passing through
France, is challenged to a tournament,
264. Suspects treachery, 264. Attacked
by the Count of Chalons, who is killed,
264. Does homage as a feudal vassal to
the King of France, 264. Visits Gas-
cony, and receives the homage of his
subjects there, 265. Visits the Pope,
Gregory X, at Lyons, 265.
England, 265. Entertained on his way
to London by the Earls of Gloucester and
Warrenne, 265. Crowned, 265. Homage
done to him by Alexander III. of Scot-
Edward's
land as his feudal lord, 265.
vigour and love of justice, 265.
parliament at Westminster, at which the
Statutes of Westminster the First, are
passed, 266. Objects of these laws, 266.
Edward's war with Wales, 268. Origin
of the war, 270. Edward summons
Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, to do homage
to him, 270. Refusal of Llewellyn, who
ravages the borders of England, and allies
himself to the King of France, 270. 271.
Edward takes Llewellyn's bride, Eleanor
de Montfort, prisoner, 271. Attacks the
Welsh with small success, 272. And
invades Wales the following year, deter-
mined to conquer, 272. Cuts his way
through a forest to Rhuddlan Castle, 272.
Invades Angles-ey, 273. Compels Lle-
wellyn to sue for peace, and returns to
England, 273. Makes a pilgrimage with
the Queen to Glastonbury Abbey, 273.
Rebuilds the castle of Llan-padarn Vawr,
or Aberystwith, 273. Makes a pilgrim-
age to the bones of King Arthur at Glas-
And seeks to
tonbury Abbey, 274.
destroy the belief of the Welsh in his re-
turn to earth, 275. Turns his attention
to improving the condition of England,
276. Issues writs of Quo Warranto,
276. Resistance of the Barons, 276.
Improves the coin of the realm, 276, 277.
Visit of Llewellyn to London to do hom-
age, 277. Edward summons Llewellyn
to attend a parliament, which he refuses
to do, 278. Goes down to Wales to watch
Llewellyn, 278. Allows Llewellyn to
marry Eleanor de Montfort, 278. Goes
with the Queen to France to do homage
for Ponthieu in Picardy and for Aqui-
taine, 278. Gives up all pretensions to
Normandy, 278. Returns to England and
turns his attention to the improvement
of his dominions, 278. Improves the

EDW

A new
The Statute of
Edward again

coinage of the kingdom, 278.
rebellion in Wales, 279.
Mortmain passed, 279.

invades Wales, 280. Sends the Arch-
bishop of Canterbury to offer peace, 280.
Llewellyn's list of grievances, 280. Edward
summons a large army to invade Wales,
281. Again takes Angles-ey, 281. Builds
a bridge of boats across the Menai Straits,
281. His men attacked by the Welsh, and
Llewellyn
great numbers slain, 282.
killed and his followers dispersed, 282,
283. Edward remains in Wales, and
rebuilds the castles, 283. Birth of his
son, the Prince of Wales, at Caernarvon,
283. Returns to London, 283. Goes to
France, 283. Returns, 285. His reforma-
tion of abuses in the administration of
justice, 285. Asks the Maid of Norway in
marriage for his son Edward, 287. Ap-
pealed to by the Scotch Estates and by the
King of Norway for his advice and medi-
ation, 287. Appoints a meeting at Salis-
bury, 287. Arrangement come to at this
conference, 287. Sees an opportunity of
uniting Scotland with England, 287. Ob-
tains a dispensation from the Pope to
marry his son Edward to his cousin-
german the Maid of Norway, 287, 288.
Obtains the approval of the Scotch nobles
to the proposal, 288. Concludes a treaty
with the guardians of Scotland, with an
important reservation, 288. His feudal
rights over part of Scotland, 288, 289.
Death of the Maid of Norway, and strug-
gles of the competitors for the Scottish
Edward consents to assist
throne, 289.

the Scotch in choosing a king, 289. Sets
out with the Queen for Scotland, 289. Her
death,290. Returns to London, 290. Calls
a meeting of Scotch nobles at Norham,
291. Asserts his claims as Lord Para-
mount of Scotland, 291. His claim admit-
ted by all the competitors for the Scottish
throne, 292. Meeting of the competitors
at Berwick, 292.
Edward makes a pro-
gress through Scotland, 292. Takes the
various claims into consideration, 293.
Decides in favour of John Baliol, 294.
But behaves unjustly towards him, 295.
Edward released from his promises and
oaths by Baliol, 295. Compels Baliol to
appear before him in England, 295, 296.
Advised by Parliament to seize the three
strongest castles inScotland,296. But fears
to go too far, 296. Quarrels with France,
296. Origin of the dispute, 296. Philip IV.
attempts the seizure of Edward's French
dominions, 297. Gives his brother Ed-
mund, Earl of Lancaster, power to negoti.

EDW

ate a peace, 297. Treachery of the King
of France, 298.
Conditions of peace
agreed on, 298. The province of Gascony
taken by Philip through treachery, 299.
Edward summons a parliament, 299. Re-
nounces his fealty to Philip, and prepares
for war with France, 299. Adopts illegal
means for raising the money, 299. War
declared against England by the King of
Castile, 300. Edward detained by con-
trary winds at Portsmouth, 300. Appoints
commanders to go in his stead, and returns
to London, 300. Fresh disturbances in
Wales, 300. Edward entirely subdues the
Welsh, 301. Demands assistance as Lord
Paramount from John Baliol, King of
Scotland, 301. Refusal of Baliol, 301.
Preparations for war,
301. The war breaks
out in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 301. Edward
marches towards Scotland, takes Berwick-
on-Tweed, and massacres its inhabitants,
302. Baliol formally renounces his allegi-
ance to Edward, 302. Edward advances
steadily into Scotland, 302. Sends the Earl
of Surrey to recover the castle of Dunbar,
303. Takes five castles, and goes to
Perth, 303. Surrender of Baliol, who is
sent prisoner to the Tower of London, 303.
Carries away the great stone of Scone,303.
Settles the affairs of Scotland, and returns
home, 304. Tries to raise money for the
war with France, 304. The laity grant an
aid, but the clergy refuse, 304. The King
puts the clergy out of his protection, 304.
Good effects of his struggle with the
Church, 305. Enters into an alliance
with the Earl of Flanders to make war
on France, 305. Continues his illegal
means of raising money, 306. Summons
the Barons to meet him at Salisbury, 306.
The Barons refuse to go to Gascony, 306.
Great quarrel between Edward and the
Barons,306. Edward summons the Barons
to assemble at Winchelsea, and they refuse,
307. Again summons the Barons to
invade France, 307. Asks pardon of the
people, and makes an effort at reconcilia-
tion with the clergy, 307, 308. Sets
sail for Flanders, 308. Disturbances in
Scotland, 308. Total defeat of the King's
forces there, 312. Edward signs a truce
for two years with the King of France, 313.
Returns to England, and marches to
Scotland with an immense army, 313.
Wallace's tactics, 315. Edward defeats
the Scotch at the battle of Falkirk, 316.
Compelled by Wallace's tactics to return
to England, 317. The confirmation of
the Charter of Forests demanded, 318.
Edward yields, but evades performance of

EDW

the survey of the forests, 318. Concludes
peace with France, and marries Margaret,
sister of Philip IV., 318. Prepares for the
third invasion of Scotland, 318. Thwarted
by the dissatisfied Barons, and compelled
to return to England, 319. Solemnly
ratifies the charters, 319. The fourth in-
vasion of Scotland determined on, 319.
Edward gains considerable advantages in
Scotland and returns to England, 319.
A truce between England and Scotland
brought about by the Pope, 319. Claims
of the Pope to the sovereignty of Scotland,
319. The King's answer to the Pope's
summons, 319. Dissatisfaction of the
Barons as to the question of the forests,
320. The King yields to their demands,
320. And confirms the great charters,
320. His fifth invasion of Scotland, 321.
Winters in Scotland, 321. Induced by the
King of France to grant the Scots another
truce, 321. Returns to England, 321.
Makes a permanent peace with Philip IV.
of France, 322. Resumption of the wars
in Scotland, 322. Sixth invasion, 322.
Marches northwards, and gives command
of an army to his son Edward, 322.
Drives the Scottish leaders into the wilds
and fastnesses, 322. Submission of Scotland
to Edward, 323. Wallace excepted from
the general amnesty, 323. Edward
besieges and takes Stirling Castle, 323.
His cruelty to the garrison, 324. Wallace
betrayed by his countrymen, and put to
death by Edward I., 324.
Edward re-
turns to England, 325. Directs his at-
tention to the reform.ation of abuses in
England, 325. Imprisons his own son,
the Prince of Wales, 326. Obtains ab-
solution from the Pope from his oath
about the forests, 326. Revolt of the
Scotch under Bruce, 326. Determina-
tion of Bruce to be King of Scotland, 328.
Bruce crowned King at Scone, 329. Ed-
ward prepares to invade Scotland for the
seventh time, 329. Knights his son
Edward, 329. Success of Robert Bruce,
333. Edward determines to march in
person against his enemy, 333. Dies at
Burghley-on-the-Sands, 333. His burial-
place, 333. Review of his reign, 333.
His family, 333. Genealogical table
showing the descent of Edward I., 341.
His dying commands to his son Edward,
347.

Edward II., King of England, the Maid of
Norway asked in marriage for him, 287.
A dispensation obtained from the Pope,
288. Left in charge of the kingdom
during his father's absence abroad, 310.

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