EDW

Or-

Summons a parliament in London to con-
sider the affairs of Scotland, 312. Refusal
of the Barons to attend unless their
grievances are redressed, 312. Edward
promises redress, 312. Created Prince
of Wales and Earl of Chester, 321. Takes
command of part of the English ariny
in Scotland, 321, 322. His whole course
marked by smoke and devastation, 322.
Imprisoned by his father for killing the
Bishop of Lichfield's deer, 326. Knighted
at Westminster, and then knights 300
youths in the Temple Gardens, 329.
Makes a solemn vow to continue the war
with Scotland till it is conquered, 330.
Ascends the throne, 333. His character,
345. Disobeys all the dying commands
of his father, 347, 348. His inordinate
affection for Piers Gaveston, 346, 348.
Prepares for a renewal of the war with
Scotland, 348. Receives the homage of
Scotch nobles at Dumfries, 348. Re-
turns to England with Piers Gaveston,
whom he creates Earl of Cornwall, 348.
Intrusts the command of the army in
Scotland to Aymer de Valence, Earl of
Pembroke, 348. Marries his niece Mar-
garet to Gaveston, on whom he heaps
other honours, 349. Seizes the pro-
perty of the Templars, 353, 354.
ders their arrest, 354. And yields to
the Pope's demand to put them to the
torture, 355. Goes to France and
marries Isabella, daughter of Philip IV.
the Fair, 356. Appoints Gaveston
guardian of the kingdom during his ab-
sence, 357. The banishment of Gaveston
demanded by the Barons, 357. Edward
and his queen crowned at Westminster
Abbey, 357. His coronation oath, 357.
Compelled by the Barons to send Gaveston
to Ireland, 359. Complaints of the Barons
of the oppressions of the King's officers,
359. Confirms the Great Charter and
the Charter of Forests, 359. Obtains
leave for Gaveston to remain Earl of
Cornwall, 360. Recalls his favourite,
whom he carries to Langley in Hertford-
shire, 360. Puts down tournaments by
proclamation, 360. Summons a parlia-
ment at York, at which some of the
Barons refuse to be present, 360. Threat-
ened rebellion of the Barons if Gaveston is
not banished, 361. Sends to Gascony for
soldiers, who are not allowed to pass
through France, 361. Agrees to the ap-
pointment of a Committee of "Ordainers"
to reform the kingdom, 361. Invades
Scotland, 362. Utterly despised by Robert
Bruce, 362. Gains no lasting victory,

EDW

and retires to Berwick, 362 Returns to
London, and confirms the Ordinances, 363,
364. But makes a private protestation
against them, 364. His favourite Gave-
ston banished by Parliament, 364. But
returns to England, 365. Edward keeps
his Christmas at York in company with
Gaveston, 365. And commands all
sheriffs to restore Gaveston his estates,
365. Disgust of the Barons and their
preparations for resisting the King, 365,
366. Demand of the Barons that Gave-
ston shall be given up to them or again
banished, 366. Flight of the King and
Gaveston, 366, 367. Gaveston taken
prisoner by the Barons and put to death,
367. The King's grief, 368. Demands
of the armed Barons, 368. Edward
sends ambassadors to treat with them,
368. Effects a reconciliation, 368.
His insincerity, 369. Birth of his
eldest son (afterwards Edward III.),

369.

369.

Goes with the Queen to France,
Returns and summons a parlia-
ment, 370. Quarrels again with the
Barons and compels them to humble
themselves and beg his pardon, 370.
Invades Scotland in great force, but is
defeated by Bruce, 371. Dismisses the
Earl of Pembroke from the government
of Scotland, and appoints John de Bre-
tagne, Earl of Richmond, in his stead, 371.
Dismisses Richmond, and appoints three
joint governors of Scotland, 372. Suc-
cesses of Bruce, 372-374. Edward in-
vades Scotland in person, 374. Defeated
by Bruce's tactics, 374. Returns to
Berwick, 374. The war carried by Bruce
into England itself, 375. Edward makes
immense preparations for the relief of
Stirling Castle, 378. Marches with above
100,000 men to Scotland, 379. Advances
to the relief of Stirling Castle, 383. De-
feated at Bannockburn, 386. Troubles
caused by the King's treachery, 391. His
new favourite, Hugh le Despenser the
Younger, 389. Provides means to attack
Scotland, 390. Reconciled to the Earl
of Lancaster, whom the King appoints to
the command of the army assembled for
the invasion of Scotland, 390. The army
disbanded, and Lancaster considered a
traitor, 390. Singular mode of letting
the King know the feelings of the people
towards him, 391. Edward endeavours
by help of the Pope to bring about a
truce between England and Scotland, 392.
Reconciliation effected again between the
King and Lancaster, 393. Promises again
to observe the Ordinances, 393. Berwick

EDW

Castle taken by Bruce, 393. Edward lays
siege to Berwick, 396. But is compelled
to raise the siege, 397. Attempts of the
Scots to seize the Queen, 398. Con-
cludes a two years' truce with Bruce,
398. Appoints Hugh le Despenser
the Younger his Chamberlain, 399.
Goes to France to do homage for the
Duchy of Aquitaine, 400. Quarrels
with the Barons again, 400.
to their demands, 402. Return of
the younger Despenser, 404. Prepara-
tions of the King to attack the Barons,
405. Marches through the country, com-
pelling the Barons to submit to him, 405.
Takes the Earl of Lancaster, who is
executed at Pontefract, 406. Defeats

Yields

the Barons everywhere, 406. Reverses
the sentence of attainder against the
Despensers, 406. Brings about the an-
nulling of the ordinances, 406. Makes

formidable preparations for the invasion of
Scotland, 407. Compelled to retreat,
407. Concludes a truce with the Scots
for thirteen years, 407. Summoned by
Charles the Fair, King of France, to do
homage for his French dominions, 408.
Fails to attend to the summons, 408. Gui-
enne and Gascony seized in consequence,
408. Edward sends his brother and the
Archbishop of Dublin to do homage to
the King of France, 409. Fresh quarrel
between the Kings of England and France,
409. Aquitaine and Poitou seized by
Charles, 410. Edward vents his spite
on the Queen, Charles's sister, 410. Sends
the Queen and his son to France, 410.
Arranges his differences with the King of
France, 411. Makes over his French
possessions to his eldest son Edward, 411.
Prejudiced by the Despensers against the
Queen, who will not return to England,
411, 412. The Queen lands in England
with a force of 3000 men, 412. The
King issues a proclamation which is not
responded to, 412. Embarks on board
ship to escape to Ireland, 413. Takes
refuge in the abbey of Neath, 413.
Taken prisoner by the Earl of Lancaster,
414. His son Edward appointed guardian
of the kingdom, 414. Deposed, and his
son made King, 414. Murdered in Berke-
ley Castle, 415

Edward III., his birth, 369. His father
taken prisoner and he declared guardian
of the kingdom, 414. His father de-
posed, and he made King in his stead,
414. His father murdered, 405. Grants
to justices of the peace the power of
trying felonies, 123

ENG

Edwin, King of Northumbria, converted to
Christianity, 18

Egbert makes himself first King of all
England, 18

Eleanor, Queen of Henry II. of England,
57. Incites her sons to rebel against
their father, 62.

Eleanor, Queen of Henry III., her marriage,
192. Insulted by the Londoners, 214.
Collects an army and fleet in Flanders to
invade England and deliver her husband
from the power of the Barons, 221. Pre-
vented from leaving port-her army
melts away, 221, 222. Death of Henry
III., 233. Eleanor becomes a nun at Am-
bresbury, 246. Her burial-place, 246
Eleanor, sister of Henry III. of England,
198. Married to Simon de Montfort,
Earl of Leicester, 198

Eleanor, wife of Prince Edward 'afterwards
Edward I.), accompanies her husband to
the Holy Land, 233. Saves her hus-
band's life, 233. Accompanies her hus-
band on his journey to Scotland, 289.
Dies on the way, 290. Progress of the
royal funeral from Grantham to West-
minster, 290. Grief of her husband at
her loss, 290. Crosses set up to her
memory, 290, 291. Statues of her on
the cross at Northampton, 290. Buried
at Westminster, 291
Elections, freedom of, secured by the Statutes
of Westminster, 267

Ely, Isle of, laid waste by Fulke de Bréauté,
172. The Barons take refuge in the,

231

Emma, Queen, widow of King Ethelred

the Unready, married to King Canute, 26
England, state of, 2300 years ago, 3.
Visits of the Phoenicians, 3. Its ancient
inhabitants, 4. Invasion of the Romans
under Cæsar, 9. And of the Picts and
Scots, 11. Effects of the Roman invasion
on the kingdom, 12. Introduction of
Christianity, 13. Arrival of the Saxons,
14. Kingdoms formed by the Anglo-Saxons,
16. Christianity firmly re-established,
18. Invasion of the Danes, 18. State of
England during the reign of Alfred, 20.
And during the reign of his immediate
successors, 23. The kingdom divided
between Edmund Ironside and Canute,
26. Division of England into shires (or
counties), hides, parishes, &c., 28, 30.
Origin of the ownership of landed pro-
perty, 29. Duty of the tithing-man, or
bead-borough, 32. In some parts of
England there are no shires, in others
all shires, 32. Traces of the Danes in
the names of places, 35. Danish names

ENG

of places easily distinguished from
Anglo-Saxon, 35. Danish names prin-
cipally in the north of England, 36.
Danish and Anglo-Saxon endings of
names compared, 36.
The Danes

finally driven out of England, 37.
Invasion of William the Conquerer, 39.
The counties of Surrey, Buckingham-
shire, and Hertfordshire ravaged on
William's way to London, 44, 45. The
north also ravaged by the Normans, 45.
Vineyards in the time of William the
Conquerer, 49. England laid under an
interdict in the reign of King John, 70.
Position of England at the death of King
John, 75. The feudal system in Eng-
land, 78, et seq. Origin of the property
in land, 79. Way in which the feudal
system was introduced into England by
William the Conqueror, 96. Further
information as to the tenure of land and
division of the nation into classes, 98.
Thralls, villeins, or slaves, 99. English
slaves exported in large numbers to
Ireland and Scotland, 100. "Lordless
men," or outlaws, 100. Ceorls, or churls,
100. Thanes or lords, and eorls or earls,
101. The Anglo-Saxon kings' journeys
to their farms or manors to administer
justice, to make laws, and to govern the
country, 102. Origin and history of
Parliament, 104. History of the laws
of England, 108, et seq. And of the
courts of law, 110. And of chancery,
132. State of England during the reign
of Henry III., 156. Possessions of
England in France, and how acquired,
158, 159. Military operations of the
French and Barons against Henry III.,
163. The manners of the reign of
Henry III., illustrated by the history of
Fulke de Bréauté, 170. History and
origin of fairs in England, 180. Origin
of the constitutional mode of obtaining
redress of grievances, 184. Sources of
revenue in the 13th century, 184. The
wars with France a constant source of
expense in the reign of Henry III., 184.
Louis VIII. on his accession refuses to
give back the French provinces to Eng-
land, 185. Henry demands an aid to
enable him to invade France, 185.
Refusal of the Barons to do so, unless
their liberties are secured, 185. The aid
granted on the confirmation of the two
charters, 185. Henry sends his brother
Richard, Earl of Cornwall, into France
to attempt to recover his provinces, 187.
An armistice concluded, 187.
with France begun again, 188.

The war

The

ENG

King's struggles with the Barons, 189.
The Pope's oppression of the English
clergy, 193. The Pope (Innocent IV.)
obtains a contribution of 11,000 marks
from England, 197. Hundreds of
foreigners appointed by the Pope to
vacant English livings, 197. Livings
kept vacant by Henry III. for his own
benefit, 197. The English preyed on by
both King and Pope, 197. Progress of
the struggle between Henry III. and the
Barons, 200. The "Mad Parliament,"
206. The Provisions of Oxford, 206.
Prince Edward (afterwards Edward L)
takes part with the Barons, 211, 212.
Civil war between the King and the
Barons, 213. The King defeated and
taken prisoner by the Barons at the
battle of Lewes, 219, 220. The whole
military force of the kingdom assembled
on Barham Downs to oppose the Queen,
221. Town burgesses for the first time
returned to Parliament-origin of the
House of Commons, 222. Defeat of the
Barons at the battle of Evesham, 227, 228.
The defeated Barons' estates confiscated
by the King, 230. The dispossessed
Knights and Barons become banditti, 230.
Henry III. directs his attention to the
improvement of his kingdom, 232, 234.
Remarkable Englishmen of the reign of
Henry III., 235. Robin Hood and the
outlaws, 236.
The troubles of England

during the reign of Edward I. all tend to
its future weal, 250. Picture of the state
of England during the 13th century,
251. Density of the wooded lands, 251.
The high roads and cross roads, 252,
253. Way of travelling, 253. Houses of
the 13th century, 257. Food of that
period, 259, 260. Trade and manufac-
tures of England of the reign of Edward
I., 261. Wars with Wales, 268.
Llewellyn ravages the English borders,
270. All Wales, except Anglesea, given
up to Edward I., 273. One-thirtieth of all
moveables granted by Parliament for the
cost of the war in Wales, 273. Improve-
ments in the condition of England effected
by Edward I., 276. Great numbers of
Jews thrown into prison, 277. Normandy
given up to the King of France, 278.
Recommencement of the war with Wales,
279. End of the wars with Wales, 283.
Matters relating to the social life of
England in the reign of Edward I., 284.
Edward I. begins to plan the union of
Scotland with England, 287. A treaty
concluded between England and Scotland,
with an important reservation, 288.

of England ravaged with great cruelty by
Wallace, 314. Peace concluded with
France, 318. The third and fourth

invasions of Scotland, 318, 319. Truce
with Scotland, 319. The fifth invasion
of Scotland, and subsequent truce, 321.
The sixth invasion, 322. Submission of
Scotland, 323. Edward directs his
attention to the reformation of abuses in
England, 325. The seventh invasion of
Scotland, 329. Character of the reign
of Edward II., 345, et seq. The North of
England harassed by the Scots, 369, 375,
378. The English entirely defeated at
Bannockburn, and the war again carried
into England, 386. Scarcity of food
throughout the country, 387. Quarrel
between England and France, 408. Peace
concluded, 409. Preparations of the
Earl of Flanders to invade England, 411
Englefield, battle of, 19

English people, slavery common amongst them

in the time of King Alfred, 21. Sprung
mainly from the Anglo-Saxon race, 27.
Dean Trench on the importance of
knowing the origin of the English race,
quoted, 34. Illustration of English
manners and customs in the reign of
Henry II., 58. Union of the Normans
and Saxons in the reign of King Jolin,
68. The Anglo-Saxons made slaves by
the Norman conquerors, 99
Eorls, or Earls, of the Anglo-Saxons, 101.
What constituted an Eorl, 101.
The
duty of the Eorl as President of Courts
of Law, 110, 111. Always assisted by
one of the clergy, 111
Equity, Court of. See Chancery, Court of
Eric, King of Norway, his daughter, the
Maid of Norway, 286. Asks Edward I.
to treat of Scotch affairs, 287
Essex, foundation of the Anglo-Saxon king-

dom of, 16. Origin of the name of, 34
Ethelbert, King of Kent, 17. Receives
St. Augustine, and is converted to Chris-
tianity, 18. His code of laws, the earliest
on record, 109

Ethelburga, Queen of Northumbria, converted
to Christianity, 18

Ethelred, King, with his brother Alfred,
defeats the Danes at Reading, 20.
Ravages of the Danes during the reign

FEU

of, 23. Imposition of Dane-gelt, 24.
Flies to Normandy, 25. Called back from
Normandy, 26. Attacks and disperses
the Danes, 26. Gathers an army to
oppose Canute, 26. Retires to London,
26. His death, 26. His widow Emma
married to King Canute, 26
Ethelwulf, the ealdorman, defeats the Danes
at Englefield, 19

Eustace the Monk, Admiral of the French
fleet, defeated by the English under
Philip de Albiney and John the Mare-
schal, 167

Evesham, Simon de Montfort, out-manœuvred
by Prince Edward (afterwards Edward
I.) at, 226. Defeat and death of De
Montfort and of his son Henry at the
battle of, 227, 228. Ballad describing
the battle, 229
Exchequer, Court of, as constituted by the
Normans, 114. Origin of the word, 115.
Its ancient jurisdiction, 116. The Judges
of the, thrown into prison by the Barons,
217

Excommunication, a papal, 70

Exeter, Bishop of, his house plundered by
the party of Queen Isabella, 413
Ezekiel, the Prophet, his mention of the
trade of the Phoenicians in tin, 3

AIRS, history and origin of, in England,

FA

180. Important as a source of revenue,
180. Antiquity of fairs, 180. Originated
in pilgrimages to sacred places, 180. By
degrees became markets, 180. King's
tolls levied on all goods sold at fairs, 180.
Licenses sometimes granted, 181. Bar-
tholomew Fair, 181. Fairs constantly
held in churchyards, 181. All trade
near fairs stopped during the fair, 181.
This custom abused by Henry III. to in-
crease his tolls, 181, 200. The great fair
of St. Giles's Hill, near Winchester, 181.
The Court of Pié Poudré, 182. Intro-
duction of shows and games at fairs, 182.
Fairs for many centuries the best mar-
kets, 182.
The new fair of Westminster,

200
Falkirk, battle of, 316

Feudal system, the, in England, 78. Origin
of the property in land, 79. Allodial
lands and feudal lands, 80. Feudalism
suited to ancient times, 81. Mutual ser-
vice and protection the essence of feudal-
ism, 81. Duties undertaken by the
King's vassals or feudatories, 82. Military
service, 82. Forms of tenure of land,
82. Socage tenure, 83. Free service and
base service, 83. Certain and uncertain

FIC

service, 84. Other and curious forms of
tenure, 84. Form of the oath of vassal-
age, 84. Origin of homage, 85. Form
of investiture of a tenant, 86. Results of
feudal customs springing from the obli-
gation of military service, 86. The pos-
sessor of land bound to fight for his lord,
86. The lord the guardian of his vas.
sal's heir, 87. The lord's control over
the marriage of females, 87. Abuses of
the feudal system, 88, 95. The King's
power over the marriage of heiresses often
sold, 88. Reliefs, fines, aids, and heriots,
88, 89. Good effects of the feudal sys-
tem, 91. Its encouragement of fidelity
and bravery, 91. Gives birth to chivalry,
91.

Knights, 92. Tournaments, 93.
Results of feudalism, 94. Power of the
Barons, 94. Liberty springs from the
struggles of each rank with that above it,
94. Payment instead of service, 95.
Scutages, 95. Interference of Magna
Carta to prevent abuses, 95. The feudal
system established in England by the
Normans, 95. Way in which the system
was introduced by William the Conqueror,
96. The Anglo-Saxon land-bocs, or
title-deeds, destroyed by William, and the
land given to his followers, 96. Further
information as to the tenure of land, and
division of the nation into classes, under
the feudal system, 98. Manors, 98.
Common land, 98. Thralls or villeins, 99
Fictions, legal, 116. Abolished, 117
Fifteenths, origin of, 184
Fir, Norway, used for wainscoting in the
13th century, 256

Fitzjohn, John, the Baron, kills and robs
the house of Cockben Abraham, the Jew,
218. Gives half the plunder to Simon
de Montfort, 218

Flanders, Earl of, enters into an alliance

with Edward I. to make war on France,
305. Receives Isabella, Queen of Eng-
land, 411. Espouses her cause, and
prepares to invade England, 411
Flint Castle, rebuilt by Edward I., 273
Fontevraud, Henry II. buried at, 62. Also

the burial-place of Richard I., 68
Food common in England in the 13th cen-
tury, 260. An Act of Parliament passed
regulating the price of, in the reign of
Edward II., 387. This Act revoked, 388
Forest Laws, severity with which they were
administered in the reign of Henry III.,201
Forest, the New, in Hampshire, mention of,
in Domesday Book, 251

Forests, dense, in England, in the 13th
century, 251. The five royal forests men-
tioned in Domesday Book, 251. Abun-

FRE

dance of beasts, game, and robbers in, 252.
Roads between forests widened by law,

252

Forests, Charter of, confirmed by Henry
III., 185, 186. Confirmation of, de-
manded by the Barons, 318. Ratified by
Edward I., 319. A new perambulation
of forests granted, 320. The Pope grants
Edward I. absolution from his oath as to
Charter confirmed by

the forests, 326.
Edward II., 359

Forth, Frith of, the

ancient boundary be-
tween England and Scotland, 289
France, wars with, in the middle ages, 50.
The reign of Henry III. much occupied
with wars with, 158. History of the
English possessions in, 158. And of
their seizure by Philip Augustus, 160.
French acquisitions in England, 161. The
wars with France a source of expense to
England, 184. Louis VIII. on his ac-
cession refuses to give back the French
provinces to Henry III, 185. Richard,
Earl of Cornwall, sent into France to
recover the French provinces, 187. An
armistice agreed on, 187. Death of Louis
VIII., and accession of St. Louis (Louis
IX.), 187. The war with France begun
again, 188. Wars of Edward I. with
France, 296. Origin of the dispute, 296.
Attempts of Philip to seize the English
possessions there, 297. Edmund, Earl of
Lancaster, empowered to negotiate a peace
with Philip IV., 297. Treachery of the
King of France, 298. Conditions of peace
proposed by the Queen and Queen Dow-
ager of France, 298. Gascony taken by
treachery, 299. War with France re
solved on by the English Parliament, 299.
An English force landed in Gascony, 300.
Continuation of the war with France, 304.
Edward I. enters into an alliance with the
Earl of Flanders, 305. And summons
the Barons of England to accompany him,
but they refuse, 306, 307. Edward sets
sail on his way to France, 310. Truce
for two years signed, 313. Peace con-
Icluded, and the sister of the King of
France married to Edward I., 318. A
permanent peace concluded between Eng-
land and France, 322
Frank-pledge, the Anglo-Saxon system of,
126. Decay of frank-pledge, and rise
of the modern system of witnesses, 127
Fraser, Sir Simon, driven into the woods by
the English, 322

Frederic, Emperor of Germany, holds Sicily

and Apulia of the Pope, 202. Adjudged
to have forfeited them, 202. His sons,
203