Freehold tenants of manors, what, 98
Freeholders, rights of, to vote for members
of Parliament, 105
Free service in the feudal system, 83
Frescobaldi, or Italian brokers, in England
in the 14th century, 363
Fulke de Bréauté, history of, 170. His
birthplace and parentage, 171. Makes
his way to England, 171. Receives the
castle of Bedford from King John for his
services, 172. Lays waste the Isle of
Ely, 172. Plunders St. Albans, 172.
Harasses the Barons, 173. Makes friends
with Henry III., and takes part in the
siege of Lincoln, 173 Puts down a riot
in London and conducts three traitors to
be hanged, 173. Turns against the King
and takes the side of the disaffected
Barons, 174. Attempts to seize the
judges who had condemned him for his
misdeeds, 174. Takes Henry de Bray-
brooke prisoner, 175. Fortifies his castle
at Bedford, and goes into Cheshire and
Wales to raise more men, 175. His castle
besieged and taken by the King, 175.
His submission to the King, 176. Ban-
ished from the kingdom, 177. Lands in
France, 179. Sentenced by the King of
France to be hanged, but escapes, 179.
Goes to Rome and appeals to the Pope to
intercede with Henry for pardon, 179.
His pardon obtained, 179. Dies on his
way to England, 179
YALLOWAY, the English driven by Sir
Edward Bruce out of, 372
Game in England in the 13th century,
252
Gaol delivery, meaning of a, 121
Gascony, invaded by Simon de Montfort, Earl
of Leicester, 198. De Montfort made
governor of, 199. Complaint of the
Gascons of De Montfort's severity, 199.
Prince Edward appointed governor of
Gascony, 199. Revolt of the Gascon
nobles, 199. The King's castles recovered,
199. Visited by Edward I., 265. Taken
by Philip IV. of France through treachery,
299. Seized by Charles the Fair, 398
Gaveston, Piers, a favourite of Prince Ed-
ward (afterwards Edward II.), 322.
Inordinate affection of Edward II. for
him, 346. Banished by Edward I., 347.
But recalled at the accession of Edward
II., 348. Created Duke of Cornwall, 348.
Married to Margaret, niece of the King,
349. Other favours heaped on him, 349
Amuses himself by turning the Barons
into ridicule, 349. Holds a tournament
VOL. I.
at Wallingford, 350. Appointed guar-
dian of the kingdom during the absence
of the King in France, 357. His banish-
ment demanded by the Barons, 357. Sent
to Ireland as governor, 359. Refusal of
Parliament to allow him to retain
the earldom of Cornwall, 360. Consent
of Parliament, however, obtained by the
King, who recalls Gaveston, and goes to
Chester to meet him, 360. Gaveston
attends a Parliament at York, at which
some of the Barons refuse to be present,
360. Threat of the Barons to rise in
rebellion if Gaveston is not banished, 361.
Gaveston advises the King to send to
Gascony for soldiers, 361. Sent by the
King to invade Scotland by the east
coast, 363. Banished by Act of Par-
liament, 364.
Flanders, 364.
England, 365.
York, 365.
Goes to France and
Foolishly returns to
And joins the King at
Restored to his estates by
the King, 365. Demand of the Barons
that he should be banished again, or de-
livered up to them, 365. Flees with the
King from place to place, 366, 367.
Taken prisoner, 367. Put to death, 367.
Rejoicings thereat, 367. His burial-place,
368. Grief of the King, 368
Geddington, Queen Eleanor's cross at, 291
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Earl of Anjou, 54.
His wife Matilda, 55. His son Henry
II. of England, 56
Gewitena-gemote. See Witena-gemote
Glass, scarcity of, for windows, in the 13th
century, 257. Seldom used, except in
King's palaces and chapels, 257. Intro-
duction of window-glass from Flanders,
257
Glastonbury Abbey, pilgrimage of Edward I
and his Queen to, 273. The bones said
to be those of King Arthur there, 274.
View of St. Joseph's chapel, 274
Gloucester, Earl of, jealousy between him
and Simon de Montfort, 209. Open rup-
ture between them, 210.
Civil war pre-
vented by the King of the Romans, 210.
Deserts De Montfort and the Barons, and
joins the Royalists, 223. Cause of his
defection, 223. Joined by Prince Edward
at Ludlow, 224. Accompanies Prince
Edward to the Holy Land, 233. Swears
fealty to Edward I., 262. Appointed one
of the guardians of the realm during the
King's absence, 262
Gloucester, Henry III., crowned at, 163.
Taken by the Royalists, 224
Godric, his singular grant of land, 84
Godwin, Earl, compels the King, Edward
the Confessor, to banish all Normans froin
the kingdom, 38. His son Harold chosen
King of England, 38
Goldsmiths, English, of the 13th century,
Gordon, Adam de, ravages the counties of
Hampshire, Berkshire, and Buckingham,
231. Taken prisoner and pardoned by
Prince Edward (afterwards Edward I.),
231
Gournay, Sir John, has charge of Edward
II., 415
Gowerland, dispute between Edward II. and
the Barons concerning the estate called,
401
Gravelinges Forest in Wiltshire, mention of,
in Domesday Book, 252
Greek fire used by Edward I. at the siege of
Stirling Castle, 324
Gregory the Great, sends St. Augustine and
other missionaries to convert the inha-
bitants of Britain, 18
Gregory X., Pope, visited by Edward I. at
Lyons, 265
Grievances, origin of the constitutional mode
of obtaining redress of, 184
Gualo, the Pope's legate, meets the Loyalists
at Newark, 164. His character, 168.
Returns to Rome, 169
Guido, Cardinal (afterwards Clement IV.),
sent by Pope Urban IV. to help Henry III.
against his Barons, 222. Contents
himself with stopping at Boulogne and
excommunicating the Barons, 222. His
bull of excommunication taken away from
the bearers of it, 222
Guienne seized by Charles the Fair, 398
Guthrum, the Danish chief, defeated by
King Alfred, and compelled to embrace
Christianity, 23
Gwynedd, Welsh kingdom of, 269
[ABEAS CORPUS Act, effect of the,
Hackney-men and their horses of the 13th
century, 254. Their horses frequently
stolen by hirers, 254. Royal regulations
respecting hackney-men, 334
Hallamshire, a former county, 33
Hampshire, ancient name and meaning of,
34. The New Forest formed by William
the Conqueror, 46
Hardicanute, his reign, 26. Oppresses the
Anglo-Saxons, 27
Harold Harefoot, his reign, 26. Oppresses
the Anglo-Saxons, 27
Harold II., chosen King of England, 38.
His coronation, 38. His throne claimed
by Williain, Duke of Normandy, 39.
His death at the battle of Hastings, 40
Hastings, battle of, 39, 40
Hastings, John, Lord of Abergavenny, his
claim to the throne of Scotland, 293.
His descent from William the Lion, 293
Hawarden Castle, taken by David, brother
of Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, 280
Heiresses, the King's power over the mar-
riage of, under the feudal system, 87.
This power often sold, 88
Henry I., Beauclerc, King of England,
succeeds to the throne, 52. Marries
Matilda or Edith, 53. Defeats his brother
Robert and keeps him prisoner in Cardiff
Castle, 53. Establishes the practice of
sending justices itinerant over the country,
120. Divides the kingdom into circuits,
120. First introduces the trial by twelve
sworn knights, 130
Henry II. defeats King Stephen, 56. As-
cends the throne of England, 56. His
other possessions, 57. His wife Eleanor,
57. His contests with the Pope, 57.
Murder of Thomas à Becket, 57-60.
Henry's penance, from an old painting,
60. His conquest of Ireland, 61. His
great power, 61. Undutiful conduct of
his sons, 62. His death and burial-place,
62
Henry III, his character and that of his
reign, 75, 155. Occupied with wars
with France, 158. His difficult position
on his accession to the throne, 161. The
Earl of Pembroke appointed his guardian,
162. His coronation at Gloucester, 163.
Confirms the charter of his father John,
163. Military operations of the French
under Louis and of Barons against the
King, 163. Short truce agreed on,
163. Louis goes to France, but returns
to England with more soldiers, 164. In-
crease of the strength of the King's ad-
herents, 164. Loss of the castle of Mount
Sorel, 164. Siege of Lincoln and utter
defeat of the French forces, 164-166.
Destruction of the French fleet under
Eustace the Monk, 167. Peace made
with Louis of France, 167. Arrangements
made for the government of the kingdom,
167. Peace made with Alexander II. of
Scotland and with Llewellyn, Prince of
Wales, 167. Profligacy of Henry's mother,
Queen Isabella, 168. Death of his
guardian, the Earl of Pembroke, 168.
Hubert de Burgh and Peter des Roches
appointed joint guardians, 168. Rivalry
between them, 168, 183. Beginning of
the contests with the Barons, 169. Re-
fusal of the Barons to give up the King's
castles, 170. Compelled to submit, 170.
Grants a confirmation of the liberties se-
cured by Magna Carta, 170. Riot in
London, 173. Besieges and takes the
castle of the freebooter Fulke de Bréauté,
175. Henry's abuse of the customs re-
specting fairs for the purpose of in-
creasing his revenue, 181, 200. The King
always in want of money, 183. Causes
of this, 183. His constant wars with
France, 184. Refusal of Louis VIII. to
return the French provinces to Henry ac.
cording to treaty, 185. An aid demanded
by Henry to enable him to invade France,
185. Refusal of the Barons to grant it
unless their liberties are secured, 185.
Confirmation of the two charters, 185.
The aid granted, 185. Description of
the debate in which the aid was demanded,
185. Sends his brother Richard, Earl of
Cornwall, with an army into France to
recover the French provinces, 187. An
armistice agreed on, 187. Dismisses
Peter des Roches, and is guided for a time
entirely by the advice of Hubert de Burgh,
187. Return of his brother Richard to
England, 187. Compelled by Richard to
enter into a compromise respecting the
claim of the former to Berkhamsted Cas-
tle, 187. Represses the incursions of the
Welsh, 188. Recommences the war with
France, 188. The expedition postponed by
want of shipping sufficient to convey the
whole army, 189. Hubert de Burgh blamed
for this miscarriage, 189. Henry sails
for France, but returns after a few months
of inglorious warfare, 189. Asks the
Barons for more money, and is told he
must get it from Hubert de Burgh, 189.
Calls on Hubert for an account of his
stewardship, 189. Sends Hubert a pri-
soner to the Tower, and subsequently to
the castle of Devizes, 190. Restores
Peter des Roches to favour, 190. Dis-
misses the English from power, and pro-
motes foreigners, 190. Opposed by the
Barons under Richard, Earl Marischal,
191. Dismisses the Poitevins, 191.
Marries Eleanor, daughter of Count Ray-
mond of Provence, 192. Recommences
his favouritism for foreigners, 192.
sistance of the Barons, 192. Again yields
to them, 192. His fickleness, feebleness,
and faithlessness, 193. The Pope (In-
nocent IV.) levies contributions on the
clergy, 195. Their resistance, 195. The
King unites with them to resist the Pope's
demands, 195. But eventually yields,
196. Keeps livings in the Church vacant
in order to obtain the revenues, 197.
Demands the restitution of Normandy
from the King of France, 198.
favourite, Simon de Montfort, Earl of
Leicester, 198. Sends De Montfort to
invade Gascony, 198. Quarrels with De
Montfort and is called by him a liar, 199.
Sends his son, Prince. Edward, over
as governor of Gascony, 199. Revolt in
Gascony, 199. Henry goes over to Gas-
cony and puts down the rebellion, 199.
His struggle with the Barons, 200. His
extremities for money, 200. Lays the
foundation for the constitutional mode of
redressing grievances which prevails to
this day, 200. Again abuses his privilege
of proclaiming fairs, and causes a new fair
to be proclaimed in Westminster, 200.
Severity of the officers appointed to ad-
minister his forest laws, 201. Solemn
scene on his again swearing to observe
the charter, 202. Again breaks his
oath, 202. His ambitious projects for his
son, 202. The kingdom of Sicily offered
to his son, Edmund, 202. Henry at first
refuses the offer, 203. But at last
accepts it, 203. Cannot obtain a
grant of money to enable him to take
possession, 203. Binds himself to pay
the Pope all the expenses of the war,
203. Extorts the money from the clergy,
204. Demand of his Barons that the
government shall be intrusted to a com-
mittee, 206. Gives his consent, 206.
The Provisions of Oxford, 206. New
officers of state appointed, 206. Reform
of Parliament, 207. Henry visits St.
Louis in Paris, 209. And agrees to an
exchange of territory, 209. Delight of the
two Kings in religious observances, 209.
Civil war on the point of breaking out
in England during his absence, 210.
Compels all male persons of above twelve
years of age to take an oath of fealty to
him, 210. Grows "grievous weary " of
the Provisions of Oxford, 211. And at-
tempts to free himself from his oaths, 211.
Makes Philip Basset Chief Justiciary, 211.
Makes a circuit to the Cinque Ports, and
gives the custody of them to Edward de
Waleran, 211. Obtains absolution from
the Pope, 211. Refusal of Prince Ed-
ward to accept the absolution, 212. The
King's justices itinerant not allowed by
the Barons to go their circuits, 212.
Makes a compromise with the Barons, by
which some of the Provisions of Oxford
are confirined, and the rest abrogated,
212. Causes the Pope's dispensation
from his oath to be publicly proclaimed,
213. The Provisions of Oxford again
urged on the King by De Montfort, 213.
The King now vigorously supported by his
son Edward, 213. Both openly declared
perjurers by the Barons, 213. Civil war
begun, 213. The King refuses the petition
of the Barons, and shuts himself up in the
Tower of London, 214. Yields to the
Barons, 214. The Queen insulted by the
populace of London, 214. The King com-
pelled to dismiss his foreign favourites,
214. Again publicly proclaims the Pro-
visions of Oxford, 215. Goes with the
Queen to France to confer with Louis on
his disputes with the Barons, 215. Re-
turns without any result, 215. Calls a
parliament at Westminster, 215. Joins
with his son, and recommences his attacks
on the Barons, 215. Takes Windsor from
the Barons, 215. Attempts to enter Lon-
don, but is opposed by the citizens, 215.
Besieges Dover Castle, 215. Submits
his differences with the Barons to the ar-
bitration of Louis IX. of France, 216.
Louis's unsatisfactory decision, 216. The
Barons return to arms, 217. Strength
of the King's party compared with that
of the Barons, 217. Preparations for a
decisive struggle, 217. Takes the field
against the Barons at the head of a for-
midable force, 218. His successes, 218.
Ravages the sea coast and takes up his
quarters in Lewes, 218. Receives a letter
from De Montfort, whom he defies to
single combat, 219. Defeated and taken
prisoner at the battle of Lewes, 219.
Conveyed to Lewes priory, 220. Kept
by De Montfort in his own custody, 220.
The kingdom governed in the King's
name by De Montfort, 220. Henry gives
his consent to the appointment of a council
of nine to govern the country, 220. His
Queen collects an army and fleet in
Flanders to invade England and deliver
her husband from the power of the
Barons, 221. But her army melts away,
222. Vain efforts of the Pope to support
the King against the Barons, 222.
termination of Parliament to release his
son Edward, 222. Securities taken from
the King and Prince, 223. The Earl of
Gloucester deserts De Montfort and joins
the King's friends, 223. Increase of the
Royalist party, 223. Preparations for a
renewal of the contest between the King
and the Barons, 224. Escape of the
Prince, who joins the Earl of Gloucester
at Ludlow, 224. De Montfort and the
Barons defeated at the battle of Evesham,
227, 228. Henry III. compelled to fight
on De Montfort's side against his son and
the Royalists, 228. His danger in the
battle, 228. Triumph of the King over
his enemies, 228. His conduct after the
battle of Evesham, 230. His abuse of
his victory, 230. Summons a parliament
to meet him at Winchester, 230. Enacts
severe measures against the defeated
Barons and their followers, 230. Con-
firms the "Dictum of Kenilworth," and
tempers his severity against the Barons,
231. Devotes himself to the improve-
ment of his kingdom, 232. Exhorted by
the Pope to be moderate, 232. His son
Edward undertakes a new crusade, 232.
Death of Henry III., 233. His burial-
place, 233. Summary of his character,
234. Remarkable persons in his reign,
235. Henry's family, 246. Contrast
between his character and that of his son
Edward I., 249`
Henry, nephew of Henry III., besieged in
Rochester Castle by the Barons, 218.
Relieved by the King, 218. Kept in cus-
tody as hostage for the peaceable behaviour
of his father Richard, King of the Romans,
220
Heptarchy, the Anglo-Saxon, 16, 18. Made
subordinate to Egbert, first King of Eng-
land, 18
Hereford, Earl of, Constable of England, re-
fuses to obey Edward I., 306. Returns
to his county and resists the King's offi-
cers, 306, 307. Obtains a promise of
redress of grievances from the King,
313
Hereford, Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of,
joins the confederacy of the Barons to
resist Edward II., 366
Heriots, what were, 89.
heriots and reliefs, 89.
Difference between
Origin of heriots,
89, 90. Derivation of the word, 90.
Heriots in the time of Canute, 90
Herodotus, his notice of the British Islands,3
Hertford Castle, taken by Louis, son of
Philip Augustus, 163
Hertfordshire ravaged by the Normans under
William the Conqueror, 45
Hexham, monastery of, plundered by the
Scots under Wallace, 314
Hexhamshire, the former county of, 33
Hide, the division of land so called, 31
High roads and cross roads in the 13th cen-
tury, 252, 253
Homage, in the feudal times, origin of, 85.
Hood, Robin, his history, 236. Annual
festivals held in his memory, 237. Anec-
dote of Bishop Latimer and Robin Hood's
day, 237. Robin's personal character,
238. The ballad of Robin Hood, 239.
His death, 244. His burial-place, 245
Horses of the ancient Britons, 6. Great
numbers of, kept by the nobles of the
13th century, 252. Hackney-men's horses,
254, 334
Hospitality, abuse of, corrected by the Sta-
tutes of Westminster, 266
Houses of the 13th century, 255. The
floors seldom boarded, 255. Materials of
which houses were built, 256. Plaster-
ing and whitewashing, 256. Wainscoting,
256. Extent of royal wardrobes, 256.
The wood-cellar, 257. Glass seldom used
for windows, 257. A manor house of the
13th century, 258
Hundred, the division of land so called, 31
Hundred-courts, 110
414. The Queen gives orders for, or con-
sents to, the execution of the King, 415
Isaiah, his prophecy of the downfall of
Tyre, 3
EDBURGH, castle of, taken by Edward
I., 303. And by Sir James Douglas,
366
Jerusalem taken by the first crusaders, 52
Jews, massacre of, in the reign of Richard I.,
62, 63. Always the victims when money
was wanted, 218. Cruelties inflicted on
the, by the Barons in the reign of Henry
III., 218. Harsh and despotic enactments
against the Jews in the Statutes of West-
minster, 268. Great numbers of, thrown
into prison and put to death for clipping
the coin, 277
John, King of England, his treachery
to his brother Richard, 66, 67.
His
rebellion put down, 67. Succeeds to the
throne, 68. Remarkable events of his
reign, 68. Union of the Normans and
Saxons in his reign, 68.
panies the King to France, 369. Attempts
made by the Scots to take her prisoner at
York, 398. Advises the King to yield
to the demands of the Barons, 400. Re-
fused admittance into Leeds Castle, 402.
Turns in consequence against the Barons,
402. The King's French dominions in-
vaded by Charles the Fair, 410. Edward's
spite vented on the Queen, Charles's sister,
410. Sent to France to make peace, 410.
Refuses to return to England, 411. Her
suspected intimacy with Mortimer, 411.
The King prejudiced against her, 411.
Escapes from France to Flanders, 411.
Lands in England with a small force, 411.
Increased strength of her party, 412.
Marches with her army to Oxford, 413.
Besieges Bristol, which surrenders, 414.
The King taken prisoner, 414. The
Queen summons a parliament in London,
414. The King deposed, and his son Ed-
ward placed on the throne in his stead,
with his nephew Arthur, 69. Murders
Arthur himself, 70. Loses his French
provinces in consequence, 70. His quarrel
with the Pope, 70. His cowardly sub-
mission to him, 71. His universal un-
popularity, 71. Resistance of the Barons,
71. Takes an oath to govern England
according to Magna Carta, 72.
final struggle with the Barons, 72. His
death, 73. His tomb at Worcester, 73.
His character, 75. Signs Magna Carta,
157. Tries to escape from its conditions,
and appeals to the Pope for absolution,
157. History of his freebooter and friend
Fulke de Bréauté, 170. His royal de-
mesnes wasted by him, and given to the
Barons whom he hired to help him, 183
John XXII., Pope, commands a truce be-
tween England and Scotland, 392. Failure
of his messengers, 394.
Who excom-
municate Bruce, 394
Joseph, St., of Arimathea, chapel of, at
Glastonbury Abbey, 274
Judges, itinerant, 120. Become Judges of
Assize under Edward I., 120. Judges of
Nisi Prius, 121. Great state with which
Judges of Assize are received, 122.
Judges fined by Edward I., 286
Jury, trial by, 123. Principles on which
trial by jury depends, 123. Exact time
of the first trial by jury not ascertained,
124. Principle established by Magna
Carta that the prisoner must be tried by
his equals, 124. The two kinds of juries,
the Grand Jury and Common Jury, 125.
Difference between the Anglo-Saxon juries
|