होतों पण शरीरांत विकृती झाल्यामुळे घरींच राहिलों “ I was to have called (yenâr hotân) on you yesterday, but in my body illness having been (i.e. feeling unwell), I stayed at home." Future continuative composed of the present participle and future of ho, as तो बोलता होईल “ he will begin to speak (and go on speaking).” Imperfect subjunctive, from the subjunctive (future pass. part.) and imperfect of ho used in the Karma prayoga, as t aina già “you should have told," lit. "by you to be told it was." This may also be expressed by using as मला चाललें पाहिजे होतें “I ought to have walked.” "ought,” Another preterite phrase is formed by adding the imperfect of ho to the neuter genitive of the future pass. part., as HEL aamanà đã “I had to walk,” i.e. "I was obliged to walk.” It will be seen that all these instances of the use of ho as an auxiliary are rather elaborate verbal phrases than tenses, ingenious and successful attempts at filling up the gap caused by the loss of a large range of synthetical tenses and participles from the earlier stage of language. This verb is not used as an auxiliary in O. or B., though it is used as an ancillary to form a pedantic sort of passive with Tatsama p.p. participles, as B. ifta già, 0. âfta a "to be sent." This, however, forms no part of the actual living languages of either Orissa or Bengal, and may be passed over with just this much notice. § 69. STHA. The Pali and Prakrit forms of the various tenses of this verb were given in § 12, where also the principal parts of the verb in S. G. and O. were given. In Hindi there is only one part of this verb in use as an auxiliary, namely, the participial tense thủ “ was,” sing. T m., et f. ; pl. ê m., थे थीं. / . 1 1 I had formerly connected this tense tha with G. and Braj hato and been thus led to refer it to as; but further research, aided by the dialectic forms brought to light by Kellogg and others, has led me to abandon that view, and to adopt that given in the text,-dies diem docet. This form is, I believe, shortened from fat, and that again from the Skr. p.p.p. fa. It is therefore analogous to the shortened forms of other p.p. participles so largely employed in the modern languages. We saw in Vol. II. p. 275, how the genitive postposition kâ had been evolved by a long and varied process from Skr. krita; so, also, gå in the H. and P. future from gata, bhâ in Old-Hindi from bhûta, lâ and la in M., and other futures from lagna; and in exact parallelism to these is tha from sthita. The Kanauji Hindi has sing. m., & ƒ.; pl. â m., đỉƒ. ; but the Garhwali still preserves a fuller type in sing. u m., ƒ.; pl. m. Nearer still to sthita, and with incorporation of the Skr. root as, so as to make a regular imperfect, is the Nepali "I was," etc. थई f. थया Sing. 1. थियां 2. थिस् 3. थिया. Pl. 1. fag 2. faut 3. feren. Nepali is not an independent language, but merely a dialect of Hindi. The people who speak it call it Pârbatiya or mountain Hindi; it may therefore appropriately be taken into consideration in arguing as to the origin of Hindi forms. is used in Hindi in two tenses only. 1. With present participle, "was speaking." Imperfect. 2. With past participle, “had spoken." Pluperfect. In P. is occasionally used, though T, in its numerous forms, is far more common. This verb is also used with a full Trumpp1 calls it an auxiliary, but range of tenses in Sindhi. I can find no instances of its being used to form tenses of the ordinary neuter or active verb like as or bhû, and it takes parts of the latter to form its own compound tenses. There are, however, two parts of sthâ in use as auxiliaries in Sindhi, the former of which fe: nom., and the latter VOL. III. probably = 1 Grammar, p. 305. 14 थे = स्थिते loc. थो agrees with the subject in gender, and is used to form with the aorist an indefinite present Pl. Sing. 1. हलां थो m. हलां थी / qa faci f., “I go,” etc. This auxiliary differs from all others in the seven languages, in that it may be put before the principal verb. has the same peculiarity, and is used to make a continuative imperfect with the past participle of the principal verb; it does not vary for gender or person. Thus Pl. 1. fat, etc., "I used to go," or simply "I was going." Examples are बृ जालूं बार जे लाइ थे विडह्यं “ Two women were quarrelling (the viḍahyún) about a child." हिकिडा बृ जणा परे परडेहि थे बिना “Two men were going (the bia) to a foreign country." Here the auxiliary precedes, and with reference to the suggested origin of this auxiliary from the locative sthite, it is more natural that it should do so, for the verb, whether in a simple or compound tense, naturally comes last in the sentence, so that the phrase "I am (in the act or condition of) having gone," is rendered "in having been, I am gone.' G. has also the full verb in all its tenses, and it may apparently be used as an auxiliary just as ho. As regards meaning, is more powerful than ; the latter, also, is more powerful than. There are thus three grades of substantive verb. छे "he is," is merely the copula; is, or becomes," is a definite expression of existence; remains," is positive and prolonged existence. The distinction, 1 Stack, Grammar, pp. 134, 135. “he "he as pointed out before, is analogous to that between ser and estar in Spanish. थवुं forms compound tenses by taking parts of होवुं as auxiliaries, just as the ordinary verb, thus— Imperfect थतो हतो, as in ते लढाई थती हती “ That fight was going on." Preterite थयो होय छे, as in तेनुं मन कठण थयुं होय के “His heart has become hard." Dubitative present थतो हशे, as in ते हवे पश्तावो थतो हशे “ Therefore you may now be regretting," and so on.' In Oriya this verb plays a somewhat different part. It is there used not as a second auxiliary side by side with ho, but to the exclusion of it, and forms, with the participles of the principal verb, a range of well-defined tenses, which cannot be expressed otherwise. 1. With the present participle (kar "do") "doing" a. Aorist of tha a T, karu thâë, "he is (or was) doing." Continuative present. b. Preterite c. Future fu, karu thilâ, "he was doing." Imperfect. „aa faa, karu thibŏ, "he will be doing." Con tinuatiye future. 2. With the past participle aft “done”— a. Aorist of that “he has (usually) done.” Habitual preterite. b. Preterite aft ferer" he had done." Pluperfect. c. Future The difference between 1a and 2a is very delicate, and rather difficult to seize. Karu thâë implies that a person habitually The examples are from Leckey, Grammar, pp. 76, 81. does an act, and thus that he was doing it at the time mentioned, according to his usual custom. Thus, to a question से हाटरे बसु थिला “ Was he sitting in the market ?” the answer might be if a “Yes, he always sits there;” and thus it is implied that he was sitting there at the time referred to. So again, कबिराज जेते बेळे आसिला मु भलहेउ थाएं “ When the doctor came, I was getting well," implying that I had been improving before he came, and continued to do so. Kari thôi, on the other hand, literally, "He remains having done," implies a habit which is not necessarily in force at the time referred to, as भारजा प्रति ताहार बड राग होइ थाए "He is always very angry with his wife," not implying that he is actually angry at the moment of speaking. It is also used of an action which lasted some time, but has now ceased, asÎ DAT DE IN E “At that time I had a bad cough," implying that he had a cough which lasted a long while, but from which he has now recovered. Both tenses thus imply continuity, but the former indicates continuity still existing, the latter continuity in past time, which has now ceased. There are similarly two imperatives formed respectively with the present and past participles Here, also, the same fine distinction is drawn as in the other tenses गोबिंद से काम करु थाउ “Let Gobind go on doing that work." But, as Hallam well remarks (Grammar, p. 153), "The Oriya very often uses a past participle in his mode of thought, where we should use the present.' He illustrates this tense 1 Hallam, Oriya Grammar, p. 78. "2 2 I had the advantage of assisting Mr. Hallam when he was writing his grammar, and the definition of this tense was a source of much difficulty and discussion. He consulted a large number of natives, both educated and uneducated, the former as to the rationale, and the latter as to the practice. The latter, without knowing the reason why, often corrected karu thâ into kari thâ instinctively, and a large range of observations led to his adopting the definition in which I have followed him. |