general effect of this ancillary may thus be taken to be that of completeness. Trumpp gives the following examples (p. 340): eì afgfg agt afgf at fast “When he was grown up, then he died ” (say “ died off "). सूंहनि जो सलाह वठु त वोरि लंघे व वत्रे "Take the advice of the pilots that thou mayst pass over (or pass through and escape from) the flood tide."

Completion or finality is also indicated by já in G., attached to the conjunctive participle, as in H. and P.; when added to the present participle, it implies continuance, as n an “go on writing."

In M. B. and O., this stem is not used as an ancillary.

5. "be able," is attached to the stem-form or apocopated conjunctive participle of all verbs in H. to imply power, as चल सकता “he is able to walk,” कर सकेगा “ he will be able to do." It is rarely, if ever, used alone in correct speaking, though one sometimes, in the eastern Hindi area, hears such an expression as "I shall not be able." This, however, is probably to be regarded merely as an elliptical phrase for हम कर सकेंगे नहीं “ I shall not be able to do.” In P. also it is used always as an ancillary, as qçı ŝ "he is able to read," and is conjugated throughout the verb. In S. the corresponding verby is used with the conjunctive participle in the same sense, as "to be able to do."

66

In all these three languages this verb may be added to the inflected form of the infinitive, though in H. and P. this construction is avoided by those who desire to speak elegantly. Still one often hears it, as he cannot go," and in the eastern Hindi area it is very common, as well as in the Urdu spoken by Musulmans in all parts of India. Among these latter, indeed, karne saktâ is much commoner than kar saktâ.

It is used in G. as in H., and may also be used in M., but in this latter language the existence of another method of expressing potentiality (§ 54) renders its use less frequent.

B. and O. do not know this ancillary. In its place they use पार in B. with the infinitive, as करिते पारि “ I can do,” in 0. with the past participle, and generally with the future of the ancillary, as ft uftfa “I shall be able to do," where we should use the present. Thus in asking, "Can you tell me his name?" one would say Me a afe ufta, literally, “Shall you be able to say his name?"

6.

"begin" (see § 12). In H. and P. with the infinitive, as a "he began to see." The ancillary is mostly used in the preterite, indeed almost exclusively so; for लगता "he begins to see," would be inelegant, and, I believe, quite unidiomatic. S. uses the same construction, as "he began to cry." So also G., as

af

“to begin to strike," and M. with infinitive of the principal verb, as लागला "he began to strike," but also with the dative of the future passive participle, as करावयास लागला “he began to do." B. the same, as afrà fu “he began to do,” O. aifeng enfren.

चुक

करे चुकणु

7. "fail," hence "leave off, cease to do." In H. added to the conjunctive part. in the sense of having already finished, as खा चुका “he has done eating,” जब खा चुकेगा “ when he shall have done eating." P. does not use this verb in this sense. S. uses, as in "to have finished doing;" but it has also other ways of expressing this idea, as by Ty "to remain,” वठणु “ to take,” निभणु “ to be ended,” बसि करण id. G. करी चुकवुं “ to have finished doing.” B. the same, as दिया चुकियाछि “I have done giving.” O. uses सार, as खाइ सारिलि “I have done eating,” से कर्म होइ सारिला “ That business is quite finished." B. also uses "throw," in this sense, as

66

बलिया फेलिलेन “They have done speaking.”

8. Marathi has two verbs not used in the other languages, ठेवणें and टाकणें, which are employed in many senses, and the distinction between which appears to be, at times, hard to draw.

The illustrations given, however, show that each word is faithful to its original meaning; ठेवणें = स्थापनं, and consequently means "put," while =, and means "throw away." These two words stand to each other in the same contrast as a and in H., thusŸ auc act aga "Fold up this cloth and lay it by,”✯ ma atya da “Tie up that cow" (having tied, put), but त्याची पोथी त्यास देऊन टाक " Give him up his book” (i.e. “give it him and let him go"), de caza zia "Root up that tree" (i.e. "uproot and throw away").

तुम

9.

"do," is used in the sense of repetition or continuance, in H. with the perfect part., as a “he always comes," क्यों ऐसा किया करते हो “ Why do you keep on doing so?" In Sindhi this sense is obtained by repeating the verb in the required tense after itself in the conjunctive participle, as सो हरफु पढिओई थो पढां “ Even that, that letter I read over and over again" (Trumpp, p. 343), where the participle has the emphatic i added to it. G., like H., uses with the inflected form of the p. p., as कर्याी करवुं “to keep on doing,” वांच्या

66

"to keep on reading." The various uses of karnâ in forming compounds both with nouns and verbs are so numerous and peculiar, that they cannot be inserted here, but must be sought for in the dictionaries of the respective languages, and, still better, by those who have the opportunity, from the mouth of the people.

10. "remain," differs from, in that it implies continuance in a state, while implies repetition of an action. In H. and P., with the conjunctive participle, as a Te¶ “to remain sitting," "They are going on with their play;" also with the present participle, as नदी बहती दहती “ The river flows on continually," labitur et labetur. There is a curious phrase in Hindi, (literally, "to remain going") used for "to be lost and gone," as an euphemism for death; thus मेरा बाप जाता रहा है " My father is dead (has passed

VOL. III.

15

"All his property is gone." I do not find this idiom in the

sister languages.

Sindhi uses in the sense of continuance, as रह atat teat विर्ची मिसिर शाम “He goes on travelling in fatigue from Egypt and Syria" (Trumpp, p. 344). The same sense is produced by वतणु “ to turn, wander,” as बीजलु घोडा चारींदो वते “Bijalu goes on grazing the horses" (ib.). In both cases the principal verb is in the present participle.

G. employs, which is its version of with conjunctive participle for continuance, as "to remain doing," and करी रेहेवुं with the present participle in the sense of completion, as रहेछे "he ascends completely."

This ancillary is truer to its original meaning in M., where it implies leaving off, refraining, with the genitive of the future participle, as मारायाचा राहिला “he left off beating.” This sense recalls that of Skr. fa="deprived of."

B. and O. do not use this verb as an ancillary. B. substitutes for it थाक्, and O. था.

11. q “fall,” implies generally accident, as in H. GIGGI "to know," "to be found out" (i.e. " to be known by an accident "), as उस का दोष जो जान पडे तो हम भी नहीं बचेंगे "If his fault should be found out, then we, too, shall not escape." So also in G., as वळगवुं “ to stick to,” वळगी

"to become attached to, to get caught in." M. uses it with the dative of the future participle, as तू ज्वरग्रस्त झालास म्हणून मला खेपा घालायास पडतें "On account of your being attacked with fever, I have to waste my time in travelling," literally, "to me the throwing away of journeys falls." Here the sense is that of necessity, as also in बायको केली तर घर बांधायास पडेल “ If you marry a wife, you will have to set up house." The same idea is expressed in H. by adding to the infinitive, as a qŝ “You will have to go (whether

you like it or not);" so also in B. caufa, where it also implies subjection, or falling into a state, as "fe “he got caught,” as सुन्दर पडेछे धरा शुनि बिद्या पडे धरा " Hearing that Sundar had been caught, Bidya falls to the ground" (Bhârat B.-S. 359, where there is a pun on the double use of the phrase), घुमिया पडिल “he fell asleep," मारा पडिल “ he caught a thrashing.” The same in O., as धरा पडिछि (for पडि अछि) "he has been caught."

This verb sometimes precedes the principal verb in the sense of doing a thing accidentally, and is then put in the past participle. In this sense I would explain the sentence quoted by Kellogg (p. 195) ya aja yet fu “A tiger happened to एक बाघ पडा फिरता था be prowling about," literally, "a tiger fallen was prowling," the word "fallen" being used to express accidentally arriving. In P. the verb takes the form (= 7), and the p.p. is पिआ; thus they say उह पित्र खांदा है " He is engaged in eating," where the sense is rather that of continuance; when put after the principal verb, it implies setting to work at a thing, as तुरना “ to walk," तुर पणा “ to set out on a journey.” So also in Sindhi, where the verb has the form qay, the conjunctive participle or precedes another verb with the sense of emphasis or energy, as वसरु सो विहाइ जो पई पुराणो न fau "Buy those goods which do not grow old" (Trumpp, p.341); here fy means rather "do not happen to become," "are not likely to become.", the conjunctive of "to खणणु lift," is used in the same way, but the two verbs appear to be contrasted much as le and de in H., khant being used where activity, pał where receptiveness or accident is implied. Thus खणी लिखणु “ to set to work writing,” खणी वजाए “he sets himself to play (music)." The past participle fat is also prefixed with much the same effect, as ¿f¿ Ã afsen fdfafufa aiâ fqm faufa "In it flashes like lightnings are found" (or "take place," or "appear;" Trumpp, ib.).

12. The above are the principal, if not the whole, of the