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Some stems avoid the hiatus by insertion of, as anel, (see § 47), which is also used in some stems ending with

a consonant.

The conjunctive is खाऊन, पीऊन, घेऊन, येऊन. These are all the forms in which an initial vowel of a termination comes in contact with a final stem-vowel, and it will be observed that the change of the latter into a semivowel occurs generally before a or â, but not before i or û. When the stem-vowel is u or o, the semivowel is added to, not substituted for, the vowel, as in धुवावा, not ध्वावा. From this and other instances in word-building, and in the formation of the case of the noun, it would appear that the labial and palatal vowels are more permanent and less liable to change in Marathi than the guttural vowel.

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It is somewhat difficult to follow the author of the Portuguese grammar of the Konkani dialect, in consequence of the peculiarity of the system of transliteration which he uses, and only half explains, but there would appear to be several forms peculiar to that dialect. Thus he tells us that makes its past part. yelo or ailo, which latter he calls "marattismo," as if all Konkani were not Marathi. makes gheilo (perhaps ), as well as ghetlo (). Qhata () makes ghelo () "outros dizem qhailo" (T), he adds, "ambos irregulares,' though the latter, from a Marathi point of view, would be more normal than the actually used T. Perhaps the author would call it a "marattismo." Generally speaking, it would appear from the specimens of Konkani given by Burnell,1 that the termination of the p.p. consists of,,, etc., added to the stem without an intermediate vowel, as “sat" (M. बसला), पड्लें “ fell” (M. पडला), राव्ली “ remained ” (M. TI), and the like.

The differences between Konkani and Marathi do not, I

1 Specimens of South Indian Dialects (Mangalore, 1872).

think, entitle the former to be considered a distinct member of the Aryan group, but rather a dialect of the latter, which has been subjected very largely to Dravidian influences. Parallel to it, on the opposite coast of India, is the Oriya spoken in Ganjam and Vizagapatam, which, though radically Oriya, has, nevertheless, been much Dravidianized by the influence of the Telugu which surrounds it. Both Ganjam Oriya and Konkani Marathi show traces of this influence not only in pronunciation, but even in structure. There is much to be said on this subject, were this the proper place for it, and, from the known results in languages under our own eyes of Dravidian influences on Aryan speech, we might base considerations as to the probable extent and nature of those influences in former times. The subject would require a whole treatise to itself.

§ 79. In Bangali no attempt is made to avoid hiatus, the verbs ending in vowels simply add the terminations without any change. Thus "go" (pronounced já), makes

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Aorist 1. याहू 2. यास 3. याय. 1. याइ 2. याओ 3. यान.

Present याइतेछि, subjunctive याद्द्ताम, and so on.

Contraction, however, takes place in the 3 pl. of the aorist, as in यान for याएन, हन (honū) for होएन, and in the familiar "give," almost throughout; thus we have—

verb

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contracted from देइ

देइतेछि, देद्नु, देब, etc., respectively.

As a rule, however, though in ordinary speech many of the

forms of stems in vowels are very much contracted, yet in

writing the full forms are always used. It is only in a few very familiar words that the contractions are admitted into the written style of the present day. The old poets, however, writing more freely and naturally, employ them frequently. Thus Bhárat Chandra, मजुन्दारे संगे निला घोडा चडाया “ He took Majumdâr along with him, having mounted him on a horse" (Mansingh, 417), where fa is for al, from agâ “ to take.” So he constantly uses कय for कहे "says,” as कोटाल हासिया कय । कहिते लाज ना हय । “The Kotwal laughing, says, । Are you not ashamed to say so ?" (Bidyâ-S. 356), also for कहिब, as हाय हाय कि कब बिधिरे “Alas ! alas! what shall I say to fate?” (ib. 360), and दिन for देन aorist 3 sing., as आगे दिया कतदुख मध्ये दिन कतसुख " First having given how much pain, they give in between how much pleasure" (ib. 359).

The contractions admitted in Oriya are similar to those in Bangali, but the language does not avoid the hiatus in any way; and in both O. and B. the terminations are almost universally preceded by short i, which does not combine with the preceding vowel, but in pronunciation often disappears altogether. Thus they say, O. "wilt thou eat?" for खाबु . In a few words the vowel of the root has gone out, thus from "go," we have fafa "I will go," for f; from था “remain," infin. थिबा for थाइबा ; पा “find,” however, retains its vowel, as पाइलि, पाइबि, पाइबा. Also जा and था retain their vowels everywhere except in the preterite, future, and infinitive.

CHAPTER VI.

THE PARTICLE.

CONTENTS.-§ 80. ADVERBS NOMINAL AND PRONOMINAL.-§ 81. PRONOMINAL ADVERBS OF TIME, PLACE, AND MANNER.-§ 82. ADVERBS DERIVED FROM NOUNS AND VERBS.-§ 83. CONJUNCTIONS.-§ 84. INTERJECTIONS.—§ 85. POSTPOSITIONS.-§ 86. CONCLUSION.

§ 80. THE seven languages are rich in adverbs, and have a specially symmetrical range of pronominal adverbs, corresponding to the several classes of pronouns. The forms were given in Vol. II. pp. 336-38, in order to show their analogy to the pronouns, but nothing was said in that place about their origin; it will now be necessary to consider them more closely. The pronominal adverbs may be at once assumed to have sprung from the pronouns to which they respectively correspond, by the incorporation of some noun indicative of time, place, manner, and the like. On the other hand, the adverbs which have no pronominal meaning are clearly derived from various cases of nouns, whether substantives or adjectives. Participles, also, in virtue of their seminominal character, are used adverbially, either in their original form, or with certain modifications. Adverbs, therefore, may be divided into two classes, nominal and pronominal, with reference to their origin, and into three general categories of time, place, and manner, with reference to their meaning. To these must be added adverbs of confirmation and negation, and certain little helping words which are more adverbial in their nature than anything else. It is also to be noted that, while on the one hand simple nouns are often used adverbially, on the other hand, adverbs are

capable of being used as nouns with postpositions after them, as in H., lit. "the word of then," i.e. "the matter that took place then,” अब के नाजा लोग “ the kings of now,” i.e. “those of the present day."

§81. (1). Pronominal adverbs of time.-The near demonstrative is H., G. gà, M. yogi, O. ya. All these hang together, and are apparently compounds of the Skr. a "time," with the type of the demonstrative,, or . The fuller form in O. shows this, it is, which is clearly the locative case of a masculine, literally, "in so much time." G. has prefixed a , but many words in G. may be indifferently written with or ; there is, therefore, nothing organic about this letter when met with in this connection. In M. i also the seems to be somewhat anomalous. There are also, however, many other forms for "now" in the various languages, which appear to be unconnected with a. वेला.

Hindi is mostly, however, faithful to the type in ; thus in Braja, Marwari, and still more clearly Bhojpuri Tâ, which approaches to the O. a. The same type runs through all the pronominal forms, as “whenever,” “then,” a “ when.” Bhojpuri जेबेर, तेबेर, केबेर, Braj जबे, तबे, कबे . The Skr. forms यदा, तदा, कदा appear in H. जद, तद, कद, and in the dialectic forms, जद, जदी, जदू, जदां, जद्यां; as also तदे, etc.,

, etc.; the forms with the palatal and labial vowels have, I think, arisen from the incorporation of the affirmative particle or "indeed," of which more further on.

Panjabi हुण, G. S. हाणे, B. एखन, and a dialectic form in O. J&T, all meaning "now," are to be referred, as the B. form clearly shows, to the Skr. "instant, moment.” For the rest of the series P. has,, S., however, has कद. another type f, "now," in which we may, perhaps, see the Skr. "time," combined with the pronoun f“this;"

काल

VOL. III.

17

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