А

COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR

OF THE

MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES

OF INDIA.

A

OF THE

MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES

OF INDIA:

TO WIT,

HINDI, PANJABI, SINDHI, GUJARATI, MARATHI,

ORIYA AND BANGALI.

BY

JOHN BEAMES,

BENGAL CIVIL SERVICE,

FELLOW OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALCUTTA,
MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY, THE GERMAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY,

ETC., ETC.

LONDON:
TRÜBNER & co., 57 and 59, LUDGATE HILL.

1879.
(All Rights reserved.)

BOOK III.-THE VERB.

CHAPTER 1.-STRUCTURE OF VERBAL STEMS.

PAGE

1

.

6

8

11

16

22

.

25

28

29

32

33

36

37

§ 1. Structure of the Sanskrit Verb

$ 2. Beginnings of the Analytical System in Sanskrit

$ 3. Conjugations of the Pali Verb

§ 4. Tenses of the Pali Verb

$$ 5. 6. The Verb in Jaina Prakrit

§ 7. Scenic Prakrit Verb

§ 8. Apabhrança Verbal Forms

§ 9. The Modern Verbal Stem

§ 10. Phases of the Verb .

§ 11. Single and Double Stems

$ 12. Single Neuter Stems from Sanskrit BHƯ Roots

§ 13. The same from other Classes of Sanskrit Roots

$ 14. Modern Neuter Stems from Sanskrit Past Participles

§ 15. Single Active Stems

§ 16. Treatment of Sanskrit Roots ending in a Vowel

§ 17. The Stem DEKH

§ 18. Double Verbs

$ 19. Sindhi Double Stems Differing in the Final Consonant

§ 20. Double Stems Differing in Vowel and Final Consonant

§ 21. Double Stems Differing only in the Vowel

$ 22. Examples and Illustrations

$ 23. Laws of the Formation of Modern Stems

§ 24. The Passive Intransitive .

§ 25. The Passive

$ 26. The Causal

$ 27. The Passive Causal