ADAMS.

Sumanokuta, mountain of the gods; its present name is Samanella, the rock of Samen (a mountaingod). By the Buddhists it is called Sri-pada-i. e., footstep of fortune' (felicity), from the print of Buddh's foot still believed to be visible upon it. The footprint consists of a depression in the rock, five feet long and two broad, and bounded by a ring of brass with a few gems of little value. Over the spot stands a temple which multitudes of devotees frequent. An Arabic legend relates that Adam here bewailed his expulsion from paradise, and stood on one foot a thousand years, till God forgave him.

of an unknown planet. Le Verrier did not commence his researches till the summer of 1845; but on the 10th of November published the results of his calculations, demonstrating the existence of an unknown planet, declaring it to be the cause of the known disturbance, and assigning to it almost the same place as A. had done in a paper which he left with the Astronomer Royal at Greenwich Observatory in the previous October, but which he neglected to publish. Le Verrier has thus acquired, naturally, the whole honour of the discovery; but the merit of A. is not less. The researches of the latter commenced earlier; his discovery, too, was earlier; and it was only unfortunate for the reputation of the young astronomer that he omitted to the Royal Astronomical Society shewed that they appreciated the value of A.'s labours, by awarding equal honours to both. In 1858, A. was appointed to the chair of mathematics in St. Andrews, which, however, he vacated within a few months, on being nominated to the Lowndean Professorship of Astron omy, Cambridge.

ADAMS, JOHN, the second president of the United States of North America, was born at Brain-publish the results he had obtained. The council of tree, in Massachusetts, on the 19th of October 1735. His parents were descended from a Puritan family which had emigrated from England to Massachusetts in 1630. Before the revolution, A. had distinguished himself as a jurist, and wrote in the Boston Journal an essay on Canon Law and Feudal Law (1765). He was sent by Massachusetts to the congress which commenced its sittings in Philadelphia in 1774. ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY, the sixth president of With Lee and Jefferson, he boldly argued for a the United States of North America, and son of the separation from the mother-country; and Lee's second president, was born in Braintree, Mass., July proposition of a declaration of independence was 11, 1767. In his boyhood he accompanied his father carried on the 4th of July 1776. A. and Jefferson on an embassy to Europe, and passed a considerable had been appointed to draw up the Declaration of Independence, but it appears that Jefferson is the part of his youth in Paris, at the Hague, and lastly in London. When his father was elected president, sole author of it. In succeeding years, A. was em- the younger Adams was sent on an embassy to ployed on many important negotiations with Euro- Berlin, and travelled through Silesia. Of this pean powers; among others, he assisted Franklin, country he gave a description in his letters, which Jay, Jefferson, and Laurens, in 1782, in setwere first published in the Portfolio, a Philadelphia tling the conditions of peace with England. In journal, and afterwards translated into French and 1786 he came to London as the first ambassador German. In his political views, A. perfectly agreed from the Union. George III. expressed his pleasure with his father, and, consequently, he was recalled in receiving an ambassador who had no prejudices from Berlin when Jefferson was elected president in favour of France, the natural enemy of the in 1801. On his return to America, he was engaged English crown, and A. replied: 'I have no preju- as professor of rhetoric, at Harvard University, dices but in favour of my native land.' He pub-in Massachusetts, the stronghold of the federalists; lished in London his Defence of the Constitution but he soon left his academical post to engage again and Government of the United States (3 vols. 1787). in politics, and was chosen as senator for Mass. On his return to America, in the same year, he was in 1803. elected as vice-president of the United States, and on the retirement of Washington (in 1797) became president. The enmity of the democratic party, which had already been excited against him, was now increased by the measures which he judged necessary to uphold the national honour against the pretensions of France, and by the Alien and Sedition laws ascribed to, but never recommended by nim. In 1801, when his term of four years of office had expired, his adversary Jefferson was elected by a majority of one vote. A. now retired to his estate of Quincy, near Boston, where he occupied himself with agricultural pursuits. After this retirement, he received many proofs of respect and confidence from his countrymen. When 85 years old, we find him still in his place as member of the convention appointed (1820) to revise the constitution of Massachusetts. He died on the 4th of July 1826, on the fiftieth anniversary of the day when he had proclaimed in Congress the independence of the United States. Life and Works of J. A. (10 vols. 1850-56); Life of J. A. (2 vols. 1871). ADAMS, JOHN COUCH, discoverer, simultaneously with Le Verrier, of the planet Neptune, was born near Bodmin in Cornwall, 1816. He early manifested an aptitude for mathematics; and after the usual amount of school-training, he was sent to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he attained the honour of senior wrangler, and became a mathematical tutor. In 1841, he undertook to find out the cause of the irregularities in the motion of Uranus, anticipating, indeed, his own and Le Verrier's discovery-namely, that they are due to the influence

of the federal party; but in later years he adroitly He soon became prominent as a leader changed his course, and seemed inclined towards the party of Madison. By Madison he was sent as land. On this embassy he took a part in the negoplenipotentiary to Russia, and afterwards to Engtiation of peace with England, and assisted with his counsel the deputies sent from America to Ghent. When Monroe was elected president, he recalled A. from Europe, and made him secretary of state. On the retirement of Monroe from office, A. gained the presidency, after a hard contest against Jackson

being elected by the House of Representatives in February 1825. He had now to strive against Demwho with bitter hostility brought against him the unocratic majorities, and a coalition of his enemies, sustained charge of corrupt collusion with Henry Clay. In March 1829 he was superseded by General Jack son as president. Adams retired to his estate of Quincy, near Boston; but in 1830 was chosen as representative of his district. He now joined the party of abolitionists, and frequently raised the whole House of Representatives against himself by his incessant petitions on the slavery question. On one occasion (in 1842), in order to assert strongly in the abstract the right of petition, he went so far as to present a petition for the dissolution of the union! This was misunderstood, and turned against him. He died at Washington during the session of congress, February 23, 1848. Among American statesmen of the old school, he was one of the most able. His Memoirs, embracing his Diary from 1795 to 1848 were published in 1874, et seq., in twelve vols.

ADAMS-ADDISON.

ADAMS, SAMUEL, one of the leading men of the American revolution, was born at Boston, U. S., September 27, 1722. His political leanings were early manifested; on taking the degree of A. M. at Harvard College, 1743, he maintained the affirmative of the question: Whether it be lawful to resist the supreme magistrate, if the commonwealth cannot be otherwise preserved? He intended at first to become a clergyman, but afterwards commenced a small business, and was made a collector of taxes. He displayed on all occasions an unflinching zeal for popular rights, and was, by the patriotic party, placed in the legislature in 1766. A. was a member of the first congress, and signed the declaration of independence in 1776. He took an active part in framing the constitution of Massachusetts, and was for several years president of the senate of that state. He held the office of its lieutenant-governor from 1789 to 1794, and of governor from that time till 1797. He then retired from public life, and died at Boston, October 2, 1803, poor as he had lived. A.'s character was one of great courage and determination. He was, at the same time, somewhat narrow-minded and bigoted, both in religion and politics. He was prejudiced against Washington, whose conduct of the war his ignorance of military matters led him to think weak and dilatory; and the confidence reposed in Washington, as first president of the republic, seemed to A. to savour of aristocracy.

ADA'NA, a Turkish ejalet or province in the south-east of Asia Minor, derives its name from its chief city Adana, containing 25,000 inhabitants. The city is distant almost thirty miles from Tarsus, on the way to Aleppo, commands the pass of the Taurus mountains, and carries on a considerable trade between Syria and Asia Minor. Pompey peopled the territory of Adana with pirates. The Syrian kings made the place a city, under the name of Antiochia ad Sarum, and on the ruins of Antiochia the caliph Haroun al Raschid built Adana. The present inhabitants are mostly Turks, mixed with some Greeks and Armenians.

the time of his death, August 3, 1806, he was earnestly devoted to the prosecution of his plan, too vast to be carried out by an individual.

ADANSO'NIA, a genus of the natural order Sterculiaceae (q. v.), sub-order Bombaceae, named by Linnæus in honour of the botanist Adanson (q. v.), and distinguished by a simple deciduous calyx, a very long style, with numerous stigmas, and a woody capsule containing a farinaceous pulp. There are two species, the 4. gregorii, in Australia, and A. digitata (the Baobab, also called Monkey Bread), a native of the tropical parts of Western and also Southern Africa. It is the largest known tree-not indeed rising to a very great height, but exceeding most others in the thickness of its trunk (20-30 feet). Even its branches (60-70 feet long) are often as thick as the stems of large trees, and they form a hemispherical head of 120-150 feet in diameter; their outermost boughs drooping to the ground. The leaves are digitate or 7-fid; the flowers are white and extremely large, on drooping peduncles of a yard in length. The fruit (Monkey-bread) is of the size of a citron. The bruised leaves (Lalo) are mixed with the daily food of the inhabitants of tropical Africa; and Europeans in that country employ them as a remedy for diarrhoea, fevers, and diseases of the urinary organs. The pulp of the fruit, which is slightly acid and pleasant to the taste, is eaten with or without sugar; and the expressed juice mixed with sugar is much esteemed as a beverage, being very refreshing, effectual in quenching thirst, and regarded as a specific in putrid and pestilential fevers. The bark is said to be powerfully febrifugal.

ADDA, the Latin Addua, a river of Lombardy, rising in the Rhætian Alps above Bormio. It flows into the Lake of Como, issuing from which below Lecco, it traverses the plain of Lombardy in a direction S.S.E., passing Lodi and Pizzighetone, and falls into the Po about 8 miles above Cremona. It formerly bounded the republic of Venice and the duchy of Milan.

name occurs in the authorised version of the Scriptures, it appears to be always in this vague sense; although the terms in the same places of the original may probably be more precise. A very venomous serpent of New South Wales (Acanthopis tortor) is sometimes called the Death (or Black) Adder. ADDISCOMBE. See CADET.

ADDER, a common English name of the Viper (q. v.), but also often more vaguely used for poisonADANSON, MICHEL, a celebrated French bot-ous serpents of the family Viperidae. Where the anist, born at Aix, April 7, 1727. He soon left the clerical profession, for which he was educated, and devoted himself to the study of natural history. In his early career, he entertained the ambition of superseding the Linnæan system by a clearer and more comprehensive method of arrangement. When about twenty-one years old, he went to Senegal in Africa, and, fearless of the unwholesome climate, stayed there five years, afterwards returning to France, with a large collection of specimens in natural history. Soon after his return, he laid before the French East India Company his plan of a colony on the African coast, in which all colonial produce was to be raised without slave-labour. But his plan was neglected. He published, in 1757, his Histoire Naturelle du Senegal, and, in 1763, his Familles des Plantes, in which he endeavoured to give a new form to botany; but he could not prevail against the established Linnæan system. His next undertaking was one on a vast scale-nothing less than a complete Encyclopædia, for which he hoped to gain the patronage of Louis XV. and the Academy; but though his bold plan was regarded with admiration, he received little substantial encouragement. This, however, did not check his enthusiasm; he proceeded with the work until he exhausted his means. During the Revolution he fell into very indigent circumstances. When invited to become a member of the National Institute, he answered that he was unable to attend for want of a pair of shoes. Afterwards he received a pension, and until

ADDISON, JOSEPH, the son of an eminent clergyman of the Church of England, was born at Milston, near Amesbury, in Wiltshire, on the 1st May 1672. After a preliminary education at various schools, he entered the university of Oxford when only fifteen years of age, where he greatly distinguished himself, especially by the facility with which he wrote Latin verse. He was originally intended for the church, but various circumstances conspired to draw him aside into literature and politics; the principal of which were, his acquaintance with Dryden, who honoured the young poet with his patronage, and his intimacy with Lord Somers, whose favour he gained by dedicating a poem to him on one of King William's campaigns. In 1699 he received a pension of £300 a year, and then set out on a continental tour. While in France, he perfected himself in the language of the country. On the outbreak of the Spanish war of succession, he departed to Italy, where he penned his charming 'Letter' to Lord Halifax. Towards the end of 1703, he returned home by way of Switzerland and Germany; but his expectations of a 'place' were disappointed, for the Whigs were out of office. The battle of Blenheim, however,

ADDISON.

which occurred in the next year, presented a brilliant opportunity to him, which he did not fail to make the most of. The ministry wished the victory commemorated in verse, and A. was appointed to do it. Lord Godolphin, the treasurer, was so excessively delighted with the first half of the triumphal poem, that before the rest was finished, he made A. a Commissioner of Appeals. The poet was now fairly involved in politics. He accompanied Halifax to Hanover; became under-secretary of state in 1706, and in 1709 went to Ireland in the capacity of secretary to the Lord-lieutenant, where he also obtained the office of Keeper of the Records, worth £300 a year. In the same year, his friend Steele commenced The Tatler, to which A. soon became a frequent contributor. He also wrote a number of political articles in the Whig Examiner. On the 1st of March 1711, appeared The Spectator,

married the Dowager-countess of Warwick, and in the following year was appointed secretary of state. For neither of his new situations was he at all suited. Lady Mary Wortley Montague, in a letter to Pope, expressed her fear that a day might come when he would be heartily glad to resign both.' He was so extremely timid and awkward in large companies, that it was out of the question for him to attempt debating in parliament-a thing indispens able to one in his position. He consequently resigned in 1718. Then as to the other matter, Dr. Johnson sarcastically remarks, that the lady was persuaded to marry him on terms much like those on which a Turkish princess is espoused-to whom the sultan is reported to pronounce: "Daughter, I give thee this man for thy slave." No one can doubt that this marriage was a mistake on the part of A. His health had been for some time in a very precarious state; and at length, after an illness of a few months, he died at Holland House, Ken sington, on the 17th June 1719, in the 48th year of his age, three years after what Thackeray calls his splendid but dismal union.' A. had appointed Mr. Tickell his literary executor, who published his works shortly after in 4 vols. quarto. Besides those to which we have incidentally alluded, he wrote A Treatise on the Usefulness of Ancient Medals, Especially in Relation to the Latin and Greek Poets, which, however, excited little interest. He also left an unfinished work on The Evidences of the Christian Religion. But the most delightful and original of all his productions is that series of sketches in The Spectator of which Sir Roger de Coverley is the central figure, and Sir Andrew Freeport and Will Honeycomb the side ones. Sir Roger himself is an absolute creation; the gentle yet vivid imagination, the gay and cheerful spirit of humour, the keen shrewd observation, and fine raillery of foibles which A. has displayed in this felicitous characterisation, render it a work of pure genius. But A. in prose is always excellent. He has given a delicacy to English sentiment, and a modesty to English wit which it never knew before. Elegance, which in his predecessors had been the companion of immorality, now appeared as the advocate of virtue. Every grace was enlisted in the cause of a benign the most popular and elegant miscellany in English and beautiful piety. His style, too, is perfect after literature. It ceased to appear on the 6th of Decem- its fashion. There are many nobler and grander ber 1712. A.'s fame is inseparably associated with forms of expression in English literature than A.'s, this periodical. The quality of his genius is now but there are none comparable to it in sweetness, determined by it, rather than by the cold, sonorous, propriety, and natural dignity. Whoever wishes, artificial rhetoric of his Tragedy of Cato, which was says Dr. Johnson, 'to attain an English style, familiar extravagantly admired in his own day, and even but not coarse, and elegant but not ostentatious, later. He was the animating spirit of the magazine, must give his days and nights to the volumes of A.' and by far the most exquisite essays and criticisms His various writings, but especially his essays, fully which appeared in it are the work of his hand. Next realised the purpose which he constantly had in view; followed a similar work, entitled The Guardian. In 'to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit 1713 appeared The Tragedy of Cato, the popularity with morality.' They materially helped to reform of which, considering its total absence of dramatic the manners of their time, and created, in addition, power, was amazing. It was generally understood to that class of readers, which has now become so have a political as well as a poetical inspiration; but prodigious in numbers, and on which all literature so prudently had A. expressed himself, that both now depends for its support-the middle class. It parties, Whig and Tory, received its frigid declama- must, however, be admitted, that since the beginning tion with rapture. It was translated into various of the present century, their popularity has underEuropean languages; and even the monarch of gone a considerable decline. The chief cause of French criticism, Voltaire, held Shakspeare a bar- this is, that much in them relates to temporary barian in tragedy compared with our author. All fashions, vices, rudenesses, and absurdities which are the laurels of Europe,' says Thackeray, 'were scarcely sufficient for the author of this "prodigious" poem. Every one in England praised it except Dennis. A. was called the 'great Mr. A.' after that wonderful night in the theatre, when, as Pope says, 'the numerous and violent claps of the Whig party on the one side, were echoed back by the Tories on the other.' This enthusiasm was a delusion which time has effectually dispelled. In 1716, A.

now out of date. Yet, after making every abatement, it is certain that there are in the collected works of A. so many admirably written essays on subjects of abiding interest and importance, on characters, virtues, vices, and manners, which will chequer society while the human race endures, that a judicious selection can never fail to present indescribable charms to the man of taste, piety. philanthropy, and refinement.

ADELAAR-ADHESION.

A'DELAAR, CORD SIVERTSEN, one of the greatest place, which he writes Athana.' It was also naval commanders of the 17th c., was born at known by the name of 'Emporium Romanum.' Brevig, in Norway, in 1622, and in his twentieth Up to the time of the circumnavigation of Africa, year was employed in the naval service of Venice against the Turks. Courage and good-fortune conspired in his favour. On one occasion, he broke through a line of sixty-seven Turkish galleys which surrounded his ship, sunk fifteen, burned several others, and destroyed about 5000 of the enemy. The various naval powers now contended for his services. Frederic III., by the offer of the then unheard-of salary of 7200 dollars per annum, engaged him as admiral of the Danish fleet; and, in 1675, under Christian V., he took command of the whole of the Danish naval force against Sweden, but died suddenly at Copenhagen before embarking. ADELAIDE, the capital of the colony of South Australia, is situated on the Torrens, near the Gulf of St. Vincent, where the first settlers arrived on the 27th July 1836. In March 1837 the site of the capital was fixed, and the town-lands surveyed. The town stands on both sides of the river Torrens, and is connected by a good macadamised road, and a railway with Port Adelaide, about seven miles distant, which has a very fair harbour. A. contains government offices, governor's house, a town-hall, a large botanical garden (120 acres), has many churches, and is the seat of an Episcopal and a Roman Catholic bishop. It has manufactures of woollen, leather, iron, and earthen-ware goods. Water is abundantly supplied by the river and by sinking wells. Around the city, a public demesne has been reserved, called the Park Lands, and beyond this are the suburbs. Pop. (1871) 27,208; with suburbs about 70,000.

A., so favourably situated at the entrance of the Red Sea, was the chief mart of all Asiatic produce and manufactures, and even the Chinese traded here. Marco Polo and other voyagers of the middle ages told wonders of the riches and splendour of the place. In the course of time, however, it was reduced to a small village, which in 1838 contained only about 600 inhabitants, including some 250 Jews and about 50 Indian merchants. The AngloIndian government had long been on the outlook for a speedy route by steam from India to Europe. The explorations on the river Euphrates afforded no satisfactory results, and ultimately the old commercial route by the Red Sea was chosen. This, of course, gave to the shores and harbours of that sea a new importance, and the English soon saw the advantages of a position like that of A. About this time, a British vessel suffered shipwreck off the coast of A., where the passengers were plundered and in other ways ill treated by the natives. A vessel was therefore despatched from Bombay, in 1838, to compel the sultan of the country to make restitution, and also to learn on what terms the Arabs would be willing to cede A. to the English. Captain Haynes, by fair promises, succeeded in gaining a cession of the country from the sultan, a weak and covetous old man. the displeasure of some neighbouring tribes, and Afterwards, fearing partly moved by the suggestions of religious sheiks, the sultan repented of the transaction, but was held to his contract by force of arms; and on January 11, A'DELSBERG, a district and market-town in 1839, after a few hours' contest, A. fell into the Carniola, in the vicinity of which is a large stalactite hands of the British. Here they have now a strong cavern called the A. Grotto, through which flows garrison and fortifications. In its medieval prosa rapid stream. This cavern, the largest in Europe, perity, A. had had a magnificent system of cisterns is divided into the Old and the New Grotto: the for collecting the rain-water from the circle of former is 858 feet in length; the latter, 8550 feet hills that surround it. Who built them is unknown; in length, contains some most remarkable stalactites, but it is conjectured that they had been begun about among which is 'the curtain' (vorhang), a white the 6th or 7th century. semi-transparent wall. The grotto ends in two paths, to fall into disuse, and were filled with rubbish, and They had been allowed one of which leads to a lake, beyond which more in ruins; but recently a considerable number have wonders of nature are likely to be discovered. The been excavated and restored by the British governcavern is shut, and can only be entered in ment. company If all restored, they seem capable of conwith an appointed guide. The town of A. is 22 taining 30 million gallons. Owing to the hard and miles N.E. of Trieste. naked character of the rocks, there is little absorpthe ravines, which soon fill the cisterns. A. is of tion, and a few hours of rain send torrents down great importance in a mercantile and nautical point of view, having a position between Asia and Africa It has of late rapidly increased, and the pop. now like that of Gibraltar between Europe and Africa. telegraph cable from Suez to Aden was laid in 1870. amounts to 30,000, gathered from every nation. ADENITES, ADENOCELE. See SUPP. in Vol. X. ADERNO. See SUPPLEMENT in Vol. X. A'DERSBACH ROCKS, a remarkable labyrinthine group of sandstone rocks situated near the village of the group has been compared to that of a city of Adersbach, in Bohemia. The aspect of some parts ruined by a conflagration. One of the pinnacles rises to a height of 218 feet. The structure of the the earth, but by the influences of rain, frost, and rocks has been produced, not by any commotion of other atmospheric changes, wearing down the soft sandstone into many fantastic forms. During the Thirty Years' War, the miserable people of Bohemia often found refuge in this locality.

A'DELUNG, JOH. CHRISTOPH, a distinguished linguist and lexicographer, was born, 1732, in Pomerania, and died, 1806, at Dresden, where he had held the office of chief-librarian. His chief works are his Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart (Dictionary of High German), in which he took Dr. Johnson as his model; and his Mithridates oder allgemeine Sprachenkunde, a work on general philology.

A'DEN, a peninsula and town on the south-west coast of Arabia. The most southern promontory of the peninsula, Cape Aden, is in N. lat. 12° 47', and E. long. 45° 9. This peninsula, the area of which is 18-20 square miles, is doubtless of volcanic origin, and consists chiefly of a range of hills not exceeding 1776 feet in height. It is joined to the mainland by a narrow, level, and sandy isthmus. In a valley which forms the crater of a submarine volcano, stands the town of A., which is also named from the neighbouring promontory, Bab-el-Mandeb, or the Gate of Mandeb. It was styled by the native Arabs Aden or Eden (Paradise), on account of its fine climate and great commerce, for which it was celebrated from the oldest times. It enjoys almost perpetual sunshine; a cloudy day is of rare occurrence; the heat is pleasantly tempered by the sea-breezes; and the inhabitants are generally healthy. Pliny the Elder seems to have known the native name of the

A

ADHE'SION is the species of attraction that is manifested between two separate bodies when their surfaces are brought to a considerable extent into close contact. It is nearly allied to Cohesion (q. v.). Adhesion is seen in the case of two solid bodies

ADIANTUM-ADJUDICATION.

when their polished surfaces are laid on one stance. A piece of a liver that has suffered what another; but it acts more powerfully between solids is called fatty degeneration, if immersed for some and fluids, owing to their intimate contact. We time in water, is said to become exactly like A. have instances of this in the film of water adhering A'DIPOSE TISSUE is a peculiar kind of animal to any body dipped in that fluid, and in water membrane or tissue, consisting of an aggregation running down the side of an inclined vessel from of minute spherical pouches or which it is being poured. All solids and liquids vesicles filled with fat or oil. do not exhibit this mutual attraction. Thus, though The tissue itself is organic and bright metals are wetted by mercury, glass and vital, the vesicles secreting the wood are not; nor does water adhere to fat. Capil-fatty matter from the capillary lary attraction (q. v.) is special manifestation of blood-vessels with which they adhesion. The adhesion of gases to the surface of are surrounded; the secreted solids is described by Liebig as playing an important product, or fat (q. v.), is inpart in many processes. A more or less condensed organic and devoid of vitality. atmosphere of gases surrounds every body, and every The adipose tissue differs from particle of a powdered or porous body; and gases, cellular or filamentous tissue in such as oxygen, have in this condition an intensified having the vesicles closed, so that the fat does not chemical action. Platinum in the state of powder escape even when fluid. A dropsical effusion, which condenses 800 times its volume of oxygen; and infiltrates the filamentous tissues, does not affect the when hydrogen comes in contact with the oxygen adipose tissue. There is a considerable layer of in this state, the two gases combine, though, when adipose tissue immediately under the skin; also free, they require the application of flame before around the large vessels and nerves, in the omenthey will combine. tum and mesentery, around the kidneys, joints, &c.