the original writ the cause of the failure to appear.

If this cause be not legitimate, the judge or court issuing the citation shall immediately enforce the penalty which may be proper of those established in number 5 of the foregoing article.

ART. 177. When the notifications, citations, or summonses are to be served within the jurisdiction of another Spanish judicial authority, letters rogatory, letters requisitorial, or mandates shall be issued, as the case may be, inserting therein the requisites which a writ should contain.

If they are to be served abroad, the proceedings prescribed therefor by treaty, if any, shall be observed, and otherwise the principles of reciprocity.

ART. 178. If the person to be notified, cited, or summoned should have no known domicile, the proper orders shall be issued to the agents of the judicial police by the judge or court ordering the proceeding, that search be made for him within a brief period which he may set for the purpose.

If he be not found, the writ shall be ordered inserted in the official newspaper of the province of his last residence and in the Gaceta of the capital, if considered necessary.

ART. 179. After the notification, citation, or summons has been served, or a statement of the causes preventing such service has been made, the original writ or the letters requisitorial, letters rogatory or mandate, shall be attached to the record.

ART. 180. Notifications, citations, or summonses not served according to the provisions of this chapter shall be null.

Nevertheless, if the person notified, cited, or summoned should acknowledge service at the trial, the proceeding shall produce all its effects from that time as though service had been made according to law; but this shall not exempt the assistant or subordinate official from the disciplinary correction prescribed in the following article.

ART. 181. The assistant or subordinate official who shall be tardy in the discharge of the duties imposed upon him by this chapter, or who shall fail to comply with any of the formalities herein prescribed, shall be disciplinarily corrected by the judge or court to which he belongs by the imposition of a fine of not less than 62.50 or more than 250 pesetas.

ART. 182. Notifications, citations, and summonses may be served on the solicitors of the parties.

The following are excepted:

1. Citations which by express provision of law must be served in person on the interested parties.

2. Citations, the purpose of which is to secure the obligatory appearance of the said parties.

TITULO VIII.

DE LOS SUPLICATORIOS, MANDAMIENTOS Y EXHORTOS.

ART. 183. Los jueces y tribunales se auxiliarán mutuamente para la práctica de todas las diligencias que fueren necesarias en la sustanciación de las causas criminales.

ART. 184. Cuando una diligencia judicial hubiere de ser ejecutada por un juez ó tribunal distinto del que la haya ordenado, éste encomendará su cumplimiento por medio de suplicatorio, exhorto ó mandamiento.

Empleará la forma de suplicatorio cuando se dirija á un juez ó tribunal superior en grado; la de exhorto cuando se dirija á uno de igual grado, y la de mandamiento ó carta orden cuando se dirija á un subordinado suyo.

ART. 185. El juez 6 tribunal que haya ordenado la práctica de una diligencia judicial no podrá dirigirse á jueces ó tribunales de categoria ó grado inferior que no le estuviesen subordinados, debiendo entenderse directamente con el superior de éstos que ejerza la jurisdicción en el mismo grado que él.

Se exceptúan los casos en que expresamente se disponga otra cosa en la ley.

ART. 186. Para ordenar el libramiento de certificación ó testimonio y la práctica de cualquiera diligencia judicial cuya ejecución corresponda á registradores de la propriedad, notarios, auxiliares ó subalternos de juzgados ó tribunales y funcionarios de policía judicial que estén á las órdenes de los mismos, se empleará la forma de mandamiento.

ART. 187. Cuando los jueces ó tribunales tengan que dirigirse á autoridades ó funcionarios de otro orden, usarán la forma de oficios ó exposiciones, según el caso requiera.

ART. 188. Los suplicatorios, exhortos o mandamientos en causas en que se persigan delitos que no sean de los que sólo por querella privada pueden ser perseguidos, se expedirán de oficio y se cursarán directamente para su cumplimiento por el juez 6 tribunal que los hubiere librado.

Los que procedan de causas por delitos que sólo pueden ser perseguidos en virtud de querella particular, podrán entregarse bajo recibo al interesado ó á su representante, á cuya instancia se libraren, fijándole término para presentarlos á quien deba cumplirlos.

TITLE VIII.

LETTERS REQUISITORIAL, MANDATES, AND LETTERS ROGATORY.

ART. 183. Judges and courts shall mutually aid each other in the execution of all proceedings necessary for the hearing and decision of criminal causes.

ART. 184. When a judicial order is to be executed by a judge or court other than the one issuing the order, the latter shall commit the execution thereof by means of letters requisitorial, letters rogatory, or mandates.

Letters requisitorial shall be used when he applies to a judge or court higher in degree; letters rogatory when said execution is directed to one of equal degree, and letters mandatory or mandates when directed to a subordinate court or judge.

ART. 185. The judge or court which shall have ordered the execution of a judicial proceeding can not address judges or courts of a category or degree lower, who are not his subordinates, but he must deal directly with such of their superiors as exercise a degree of jurisdiction equal to his own.

Cases for which the law expressly provides otherwise are excepted.

ART. 186. A mandate shall be employed for the purpose of ordering the issue of certificates or transcripts or the fulfillment of any judicial proceeding, the execution of which is imposed upon registrars of property, notaries, assistants, or subordinate officials of inferior or superior courts, and members of the judicial police who are under the orders of the same.

ART. 187. When judges or courts are obliged to direct requests to authorities or officials of another department, they shall do so by official communications or statements, as the case may require.

ART. 188. Letters requisitorial, letters rogatory, or mandates in causes involving crimes which are not of those which can be prosecuted only on a private complaint, shall be issued ex officio, and shall be transmitted directly for execution by the judge or court issuing them.

Those issuing in causes for crimes which can be prosecuted only on a private complaint may be delivered to the interested party upon the giving of a receipt therefor, or to his representative, at whose instance they were issued, a period being fixed for presenting them to the person who is to execute the same.

Se exceptúan los casos en que expresamente se disponga otra cosa en la ley.

ART. 189. La persona que reciba los documentos los presentará, en el término que se le hubiere fijado, al juez ó tribunal á quien se haya encomendado el cumplimiento, dando aviso acto continuo de haberlo hecho así al juez ó tribunal de quien procedan.

Al verificar la presentación, el funcionario correspondiente extenderá la diligencia á continuación del suplicatorio, exhorto ó carta orden, expresando la fecha de su entrega y la persona que lo hubiese presentado, á la que dará recibo, firmando ambos la diligencia. Dicho funcionario dará además cuenta al juez ó tribunal en el mismo día, y si no fuere posible, en el siguiente.

ART. 190. Cuando hubiesen sido remitidos de oficio, el juez ó tribunal que los reciba acusará inmediatamente recibo al remitente.

ART. 191. El juez ó tribunal que reciba, ó á quien sea presentado un suplicatorio, exhorto ó carta-orden, acordará su cumplimiento, sin perjuicio de reclamar la competencia que estimare corresponderle, disponiendo lo conducente para que se practiquen las diligencias dentro del plazo, si se hubiere fijado en el exhorto, ó lo más pronto posible en

otro caso.

Una vez cumplimentado, lo devolverá sin demora en la misma forma en que lo hubiese recibido ó en que se le hubiese presentado.

ART. 192. Cuando se demorare el cumplimiento de un suplicatorio más tiempo del absolutamente necesario para ello, atendidas la distancia y la índole de la diligencia que haya de practicarse, el juez ó tribunal que lo hubiese expedido remitirá de oficio, ó á instancia de parte, según los casos, un recuerdo al juez ó tribunal suplicado.

Si la demora en el cumplimiento se refiriese á un exhorto, en vez de recuerdo dirigirá suplicatorio al superior inmediato del exhortado dándole conocimiento de la demora, y el superior apremiará al moroso con corrección disciplinaria, sin prejuicio de la mayor responsabilidad en que pueda incurrir.

Del mismo apremio se valdrá el que haya expedido una carta-orden para obligar á su inferior moroso á que la devuelva cumplimentada.

ART. 193. Los exhortos á tribunales extranjeros se dirigirán por la vía diplomática en la forma establecida en los tratados, y á falta de éstos, en la que determinen las disposiciones generales del gobierno.

En cualquier otro caso se estará al principio de reciprocidad.

Cases for which the law specially provides otherwise are excepted.

ART. 189. The person receiving the documents shall present them, within the time set, to the judge or court to whom their execution may have been intrusted, giving notice at once of their delivery to the court or judge issuing the same.

Upon their presentation, the proper official shall at once make a memorandum at the foot of the letters requisitorial, letters rogatory, or letters mandatory, of the date of delivery and the person presenting the same, to whom a receipt shall be given, both signing the entry. Said official shall furthermore make a report to the judge or court the same day, and if this be impossible, on the day following.

ART. 190. If they shall have been transmitted ex officio, the judge or court receiving them shall immediately acknowledge the receipt thereof.

ART. 191. The judge or court who shall receive, or to whom are presented letters requisitorial, letters rogatory, or letters mandatory, without prejudice to demanding jurisdiction which he may consider as pertaining to him, shall order what may be proper for the execution of the request made therein within the period fixed in the letters themselves, or otherwise, as soon as possible.

After the commission has been fulfilled, the letters shall be returned without delay through the same channels by which they were received or presented.

ART. 192. If the execution of letters requisitorial be delayed longer than is absolutely necessary therefor, taking into account the distance and the character of the proceedings to be had, the judge or court issuing the same shall transmit ex officio, or at the instance of a party, as the case may be, a reminder to the judge or court upon whom the request was made.

If the delay in the fulfillment should relate to letters rogatory, instead of a reminder, letters requistorial shall be directed to the immediate superior of the judge upon whom the request was made, advising him of the delay, and the superior shall punish the negligent official with a disciplinary correction, without prejudice to the greater liability he may incur.

The official issuing letters mandatory shall also avail himself of similar compulsion to oblige a tardy subordinate to return the same duly executed.

ART. 193. Letters rogatory directed to foreign courts shall be sent through diplomatic channels in the manner prescribed by treaty, and in the absence thereof, as prescribed by the general regulations of the government.

In all other cases principles of reciprocity shall govern.