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§ 94. belong adjs. like e.g. σeμvó- for *σeß-vó- (§ 68, 1, c) ‘revered,’

√σeß (σéß-oμaι revere); άy-vó- (worshipper, hallowed), √ảy (ἄζο-μαι revere); στυγνό- (hated, detested), στυγ in ἔ-στυγ-ον (στυγ-εῖν hate) ; στεγνό- 'covered, στέγ in στέγ-ω (cover); del-vó- 'feared,' √dɩ (fear, cf. de-λó-s cowardly, dé-doi-ka); Toleι-vó- 'longed-for,' verb-stem Tо0ее- (πоléw long for), etc. Substantivally used is Ték-vo- 'thing born, bairn,' TEK (bear, εf. ἔ-τεκ-ον, τέ-τοκ-α).

Latin. Not as regular participial formation. Relics are e.g. plé-no- (filled) √ple=pla, origl. par (fill); mag-no- ‘increased,' mag Sk. mah (wax); dō-no- 'gift,' √da (give); reg-no- ruled thing,' √reg (rule), etc.

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§ 95. XII. Stems with suffix -ni-.

Sf. -ni- is much like -ti- in use and function, but rarer. Like -ti- it appears added to other sff. (cf. § 98, Lat. sf. -tiō-ni-). Generally speaking, there stand side by side the suffix-scales -na-, -ni-, -nu-, and -ta-, -ti-, -tu-. Sf. -ni- is origl.

Indo-Eur. ag-ni- (fire), vag?, is the only trustworthy example; yet it is highly probable that abstracts in -ni- were formed before the division of languages, because they occur in all Indo-Eur. languages.

Sanskrit. E.g. glá-ni- (fem. fatigue, exhaustion), √gla (lose strength); há-ni- (fem. abandonment), ha (leave); ģír-ni(weakness from age) for *gar-ni- (§ 7), √ģar (to age), etc., which all form their p.p. pass. in -ná- all, however, do not take sf. -ni-, the majority take -ti-, e.g. khin-ná- (splitten), but khit-ti- (splitting, n.), √khid.

The datives of these abstracts in -ni-, like those in -ti-, can serve as infinitives.

Greek. Sf. -ni- is rare in Gk.; e.g. μñ-vi- (μñvi-s, g. unvi-os, fem. wrath), vorigl. ma (think); σrá-vi- (fem. want),

σπα.

Note.-Benfey, followed by Leo Meyer (Vgl. Gramm. ii. 141), explains the much-debated Gk. forms in -w, such as x-ά (echo),

TELO- (persuasion, earlier ), etc., voc. Teloî, g. Teloûs from § 95. *πЄLoos, etc., as stems in -ovi-, f.f. thus ani- (*Tele-ove, whence Tell-oî, as e.g. μeisw from μeilova); G. Curtius (Erläuterungen, p. 50 sqq.) on the other hand, as stems in -oFi-, probably rightly (cf. their Iôn. acc. in -ovv).

Latin. Masculines only, e.g. ig-ni- (ignis fire)=Sk. ag-ni-; pā-ni- (bread), √pa (cf. pa-sco); pē-ni- for *pes-ni- (§ 77, 1, a), ✔origl. pas (gignere ?), cf. Sk. pás-as (ntr. pēnis), Gk. πéos for *πeσ-os, M.H.G. vis-ellīn (penis); probably also crī-ni-, fù-ni-, fi-ni- and lē-ni-, seg-ni-, the roots of which are difficult to trace. XIII. Stems with sf. -nu-.

Indo-Eur. ta-nu- (stretched; body), vta (stretch); su-nu- §95a. (one born, son), √su (bear, beget). The stems in -nu- are also used as pres.-stems (§ 165, iv. a), e.g. ta-nu-, vta; ar-nu-, √ar.

Sanskrit. ta-nú- (thin; fem. body), √ta; sū-nú- (son), √su; bhā-nú- (sun), √bha (shine); tras-nú- (fearful), √tras (tremble); grdh-nú- (greedy, eager), √gardh (seek, strive), etc.

Greek. Sf. -nu- is very rare, e.g. Opĥ-vv- (footstool), √0pa (Opn-oaolai seat oneself; Opâ-vo-s seat), origl. dhra, dhar (set, fix); My-vú- (fem. smoke, mist), root doubtful.

Latin. Sf. -nu- very rare, as in Gk.; te-nu-i-, like adj.stems in u- generally (§ 88, b), has passed into the i-form; *te-nu-=origl. ta-nu-. Probably ma-nu- (fem. hand) belongs here, origl. ma (measure, shape).

XIV. Stems with sf. -ta-.

The participle in origl. -ta-, the past part. pass. comes under special notice here.

The element -ta- (cf. the pronominal root of like sound), one of the commonest sff. of our language, is multifariously used in stem- and word-formation (for the formation of the 3 pers. of the verb, probably also for the ablat. sg., as case-sf.). The sf. -ta- forms not only the adj. discussed hereafter, which must probably have had a more general meaning originally (cf. e.g. Sk. stem sthi-tá- 'standing,' √stha stand, like Gk. σTA-Tó-; çak-tá'powerful, mighty,' √çak 'be able, capable'), and have been

§ 96.

§ 96. hardened into a regular means of expressing p.p. pass. only at a later period of the Indo-Eur. lang.-but nouns also substantivally used are formed by -ta-, e.g. Gk. кoî-тo- (masc. couch, bed), κoí-τŋ (fem. id.), √kɩ (keî-tat lies); póρ-To- (masc. load, burden), √pep (pép-w bear); TÓ-TO- (masc. draught), √πo (drink); äpo-To- (masc. ploughing), stem apo- (plough); here belong nomina agentis masc., with stem termination raised to -τη-, as κριτής (n. κριτής judge), γκρι (κρίνω sift); δέκτη(receiver), ν δεκ (Ion. δέκομαι beside δέχομαι, receive); ποιητή- (maker, poet), verb-stem ποιη- (ποιέω make); προ-†η-τý- (prophet), √pa (pn-μí say); TOğEV-Tń- (bowman), verbstem TO§EV- (TO§euw shoot arrows), etc., which end in -тa, sometimes in nom. case, in Hom.; Latin noxa (hurt), i.e. *noc-ta, √noc (nocere hurt); sec-ta (mode of action, sect), √sec (sequi follow); and in Zend, Scl., and Lith.

As a secondary sf. -ta- often occurs, thus in function of forming superl. (v. post. § 106), moreover in Gk. -т- (as primarily), forming nomina agentis, e.g. Tо§ó-τη- (bowman), Tó§O(bow, ntr.); iππó-τη- and -та (horseman), ππо- (horse); TOM-Tη- (burgher), Tóλ- (fem. city), etc.; further often forming fem. abstracts, e.g. Sk. prthu-tā (breadth), prthú- (broad); Gk. Bio-Tń (life), Bío- (masc. life); Scl. and Goth.

Sf. -ta- forms moreover one kind of pres.-stem (§ 165, vii.), e.g. Gk. TÚTT-TE-, TUTT; often it stands combined with other sff. also added. These combinations will be collected at the end of this section.

Indo-Eur. The sf. -ta-, forming the p.p. pass., occurs immediately at the end of the fundamental form of the root in case of stem-verbs, in case of derived verbs at the end of the verb-stem, e.g. da-ta- (datus), n. sg. masc. da-ta-s, ntr. da-ta-m, fem. da-tā, √da (give); kru-ta- (*clutus), √/kru (hear); kak-ta(coctus) kak (cook); sadaya-ta- (fixed, set), stem sādaya-, √sad (sit), etc.

Sanskrit. Sf. -tá-, n. sg. masc. -tá-s, ntr. -tá-m, fem. -tá,

e.g. çru-tá-, √çru (hear); ma-tá-, √ma, man (think); ģńā-tá-, § 96. ✔ģńa (know); bhr-tá-, √bhar (bear); yuk-tá-, √yug (join); bad-dhá- for *badh-ta-, √badh, bandh (bind); lab-dhá- for *labh-ta-, √labh (get); vistá- for *viç-tá-, √viç (enter), etc. The contact of the sf. with consonantal root-terminations brings many sound-laws into play (cf. §§ 58, 59, for details a Sk. special grammar). Several roots have auxil.-vowel i (§ 15, f), e.g. pat-i-tá-, √pat (fall); rarely i, e.g. grh-i-tá-, √grah, grabh, (seize, grasp); stems in -aya- always have i, which is probably a relic of -ya-, e.g. vēdi-tá-, stem vēdaya-, or perhaps from a stem *rēd-ya- (make known) ✔/vid (perceive).

Roots ending in nasals, which did not become amalgamated with the origl. root vowel-termination till a later date, show their shorter primitive form before the sf., e.g. ga-tá-, √ga (go), which appears mainly as gam; ta-ta-, √ta, which appears mostly as tan (stretch), etc. On the other hand, e.g. kān-tá-, with nasal retained and root-vowel lengthened, ✔kam (love).

Before this sf. weakening or loss of root-vowel a is very common, e.g. kr-tá-, √kar (make); prš-tá-, √prakh (ask); sthi-tá-, √stha (stand); hi-tá- for *dhi-tá-, √dha (set); pē-tá-, √pa (drink), etc.; dattá- for *dad-ta- retains pres.-reduplication (cf. 1 pl. pres. dad-más damus), √da (give). Particulars of this formation would be out of place here.

Greek. Sf. -Tó-, n. sg. masc. -Tó-s, ntr. -Tó-v, fem. -Tý; e.g. KλU-TÓ-, √KλU (hear); step-formn. of root-vowel remains the same as in pres.-stem, þeʊê-тó-, 1 sg. pres. þeúy-w, √ þvy (flee), at an earlier period pux-тó- still existed; Xeπ-Tó-, pres. λeiπ-w, VT (leave); other pres. formns. however are not retained in Κλιπ these forms ; σπαρ-τό-, νσπερ (sow), pres. σπείρω=*σπερ-ψω ; στα-τό-, νστα (stand), pres. ἵστημι; θε-τό-, νθε (set), pres. τίθημι, γνωστό-, γνο (know), pres. γιγνώσκω ; Ερηκ-τό-, V Fρακ (break), pres. Fρήγνυμι ; τιμη-τό-, verb-stem τιμη(honour), pres. Tiμáw, etc. Acc. to Leo Meyer (Vgl. gr. ii. 318 sqq.) in like compound forms there occurs -7- also, instead of

§ 96. complete -70-, e.g. ȧ-yváт- (n. ȧyvás, gen. ảyvŵt-os unknown), cf. γνω-τό- ; ἀβλής, ἀβλή-τ- beside ἀβλη-τό- (unstruck), and a few similar cases, wherein 7 follows a long root-vowel.

Latin. Sf. -tu-, earlier -to-, n. sg. masc. -tu-s, earlier -to-s, ntr. -tu-m, earlier -to-m, fem. -ta, e.g. da-to-, √da (give); sta-to-, √sta (stand); i-to-, √i (go); di-ru-to-, √ru (destroy); in-clu-to-, Vclu (hear); but ex-u-to-, vu (put on; ex-u-o put off), im-bū-to-, etc.; coc-to-, coc (cook); rup-to-, √rup (break); strā-to-, √ster, stra (spread); passo- for *pas-to- for *pat-to-, √pat (suffer), etc.; (the sound-laws in cases where final consonants of roots come into contact with t of sf. -to- are treated of in § 77, 1). With active function, a tolerably common tolerably common use of this sf., pō-to(drunken), po, origl. pa; pranso- for *prand-to- (having dined), √prand (prandere), etc. These participles are often used substantivally, e.g. stems dic-to- (dic-tu-m saying), gnā-to- (nā-tus son), fae-to-, uō-to-, etc.

Screip-to- (cf. Umbr. screih-to-) may come from the pres. screib-o, scribo (write), like iunc-to- from iung-o (join). The lengthening of vowel in ac-to-, lēc-to-, strūc-to-, iunc-to-, etc., not universally marked in pronunciation (Corssen, Aussprache und Betonung, i. 156, 158, sqq.), is a late-formation in Latin, or perhaps nothing more than a result produced by the influence of grammarians upon the language. In secu-to-, √sequ, sec, origl. sak, Sk. sak, etc. (follow); locu-to-, loqu, origl. rak (speak); ū has been developed out of the v following guttural k (§ 71, 1), after the analogy of derived verbs; the origl. *sec-to- occurs clearly in e.g. sectari (Pauli, Geschichte der Lateinischen Verba in -uo, Stettin, 1865, p. 17).

Not unfrequently there occurs the auxiliary vowel i (§ 43), e.g. in uom-i-to-, √uom (spue), beside em-p-to-, √em (buy; for -p- v. § 77, g); gen-i-to-, √gen (produce), 1 sg. pres. gi-g(e)n-o; amā-to-, sopī-to-, acu-to-, from verb-stems amā-, sopī-, acu-, but mon-i-to-, auc-to-, etc., according to the class of stem-verbs, not *monē-to-, *augē-to- (moneo, augeo), yet dēlē-to-, suē-to-, etc.

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