HARPERS' ENCYCLOPEDIA OF UNITED STATES HISTORY Iberville, PIERRE LE MOYNE, SIEUR D', founder of Louisiana; born in Montreal, Canada, July 16, 1661; was one of eleven brothers who figure in some degree in French colonial history. Entering the French navy at fourteen, he became distinguished in the annals of Canada for his operations against the English in the north and east of that province. In 1698 he was sent from France to the Gulf of Mexico with two frigates (Oct. 22), to occupy the mouth of the Mississippi and the region neglected after the death of La Salle. On finding that stream. he received from the Indians a letter left by De Tonty, in 1686, for La Salle. There he built Fort Biloxi, garrisoned it, and made his brother Bienville the King's lieutenant. In May, 1699, he returned to France, but reappeared at Fort Biloxi in January, 1700. On visiting France and returning in 1701, he found the colony reduced by disease, and transferred the settlement to Mobile, and began the colonization of Alabama. Disease had impaired his health, and the government called him away from his work as the founder of Louisiana. He was engaged in the naval service in the West Indies, where he was fatally stricken by yellow fever, dying in Havana, Cuba, July 9, 1706. Idaho, the thirtieth State admitted to the American Union, was first explored by the whites of the Lewis and Clark expedition. Within its present limit the Cœur d'Alène mission was established in 1842. The region was visited almost ex I. UNITED STATES SENATORS. Name. No. of Congress. Date. 51st to 1890 1890 to 1895 1897 1903 George L. Shoup.. Fred. T. Dubo:s. Ide, GEORGE BARTON, clergyman; born and silver mining, and for several years later, Idaho was classed politically as a silver State. Prospecting, however, developed a large number of rich paying gold properties, and during the copper excitement of 1898-1901 many veins of that mineral were found. During the calendar year 1899 the gold mines of Idaho in Coventry, Vt., in 1804; graduated at yielded a combined product valued at Middlebury College in 1830; ordained in $1,889,000; and the silver mines a pro- the Baptist Church; pastor of the First duct having a commercial value of $2,311,- Baptist Church of Philadelphia, Pa., in 080. The development of the various min- 1838-52, and afterwards had a charge in ing interests was seriously retarded for Springfield, Mass., for twenty years. He many years by the lack of transporta- published Green Hollow; Battle Echoes, tion facilities, but by 1900 railroads or Lessons from the War (a series of had been extended to a number of im- sermons delivered during the Civil War), portant centres, and wagon-roads had been etc. He died in Springfield, Mass., April constructed connecting direct with the 16, 1872. chief mining properties. The State also had a natural resource of inestimable value in its forests, a considerable variety of timber in commercial demand flourishing well up to the snow-line of its mountains. The chief agricultural productions are wheat, oats, barley, potatoes, and hay, and the combined values of these crops in the calendar year 1900 was $6,773,261, the hay crop alone exceeding in value $4,280,000. For 1900 the equalized valuation of all taxable property was $47,- land, Germany, and the United States. 545,905, and the total bonded debt was $425,500, largely incurred for the construction of wagon-roads. The population in 1890 was 84,385; in 1900, 161,772. See UNITED STATES, IDAHO, vol. ix. Date. 1863 to 1864 1864 1866 1866 1867 1870 1870 to 1871 1871 1871 to 1876 1883 Ide, HENRY CLAY, jurist; born in Barnet, Vt., Sept. 18, 1844; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1866. He was a member of the Vermont State Senate in 1882-85; president of the Republican State Convention in 1884; and a delegate to the National Republican Convention in 1888. In 1891 he was appointed United States commissioner to Samoa; and in 1893-97 was chief-justice of the islands under the joint apportionment of Eng On returning to the United States he engaged in banking and manufacturing. See SAMOA. Ik Marvel. See MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT. Illiers, COUNT HENRY LOUIS, military officer; born in Luxembourg in 1750; was one of the French officers who served in the Revolutionary War; took part in the battle of Brandywine, where he saved Pulaski. He is the author of De la guerre d'Amerique, etc. He died in Paris in 1794. Illinaia, the proposed name of a State. See UNITED STATES, CEDED LANDS. Illinois. The site of the present State was first explored by Marquette and 1884 to 1885 Joliet, French missionaries from Canada, 1885 1889 in 1763, who were followed by La Salle and Hennepin. Twenty years later mission stations were established at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Peoria; and early in the eighteenth century a French monastery was established at Kaskaskia. By the treaty of 1763, the "Illinois country," as it was called, passed under the jurisdiction of the English. By the treaty of Date. 1783 it was ceded to the United States, leadership, and he followed his army back and it formed a part of the Northwest to Fort Harrison, where they arrived Oct. Territory. The country conquered by 25. This march of 80 or 90 miles into the General Clarke, in 1778-79, the Virginia Assembly erected into a county, which they called Illinois. It embraced all ter ritory north of the Ohio claimed as within the limits of Virginia, and ordered 500 men to be raised for its defence. In 1809, when the present boundaries of Indiana were defined, Illinois included Wisconsin and a part of Minnesota, and in 1810 contained more than 12,000 inhabitants. Indian country had greatly alarmed the Indians, and so did some good. Towards the same region aimed at by General Hopkins another expedition, under Colonel Russell, composed of two small companies of United States regulars, with a small body of mounted militia under Gov. Ninian Edwards (who assumed the chief command), in all 400 men, penetrated deeply into the Indian country, but, hearing nothing of Hopkins, did not venture to attempt much. They fell suddenly upon the principal Kickapoo towns, 20 miles from Lake Peoria, drove the Indians into a swamp, through which they pursued them, sometimes waist-deep in mud, and made them fly in terror across the Illinois River. Some of the pursuers passed over, and brought back canoes with dead Indians in them. Probably fifty had perished. The expedition returned, after an absence of eighteen days, with eighty horses and the dried scalps of several persons who had been killed by the savages, as trophies. General Hopkins discharged the mutineers and organized another expedition of 1,250 men, composed chiefly of foot-soldiers. Its object was the destruction of Prophetstown. The troops were composed of Kentucky militia, some regulars under On Oct. 14, 1812, Gen. Samuel Hopkins, Capt. Zachary Taylor, a company of ranwith 2,000 mounted Kentucky riflemen, gers, and a company of scouts and spies. crossed the Wabash on an expedition They rendezvoused at Vincennes, and marchagainst the Kickapoo and Peoria Indian ed up the Wabash Valley to Fort Harrison, villages, in the Illinois country, the former Nov. 5, 1812. They did not reach the 80 miles from his starting-place, the latter vicinity of Prophetstown until the 19th. 120 miles. They traversed magnificent Then a detachment fell upon and burned prairies covered with tall grass. The army a Winnebago town of forty houses, 4 was a free-and-easy, undisciplined mob, miles below Prophetstown. The latter and that chafed under restraint. Discontent, a large Kickapoo village near it were also seen at the beginning, soon assumed the forms of complaint and murmuring. Finally, when halting on the fourth day's march, a major rode up to the general and insolently ordered him to march the troops back to Fort Harrison. Very soon afterwards the army was scarcely saved from perishing in the burning grass of a prairie, supposed to have been set on fire by the Indians. The troops would march no farther. Hopkins called for 500 volunteers to follow him into Illinois. Not one responded. They would not submit to his laid in ashes. The village contained 160 huts, with all the winter provisions of corn and beans, which were totally destroyed. On the 21st a part of the expedition fell into an Indian ambush and lost eighteen men, killed, wounded, and missing. So destitute were the troops, especially the Kentuckians, who were clad in only the remnants of their summer clothing, that the expedition returned without attempting anything more. They suffered dreadfully on their return march. Among the prominent events of the War of 1812-15 in that region was the massacre at CHICAGO (q. v.). After that war the population rapidly increased, and on Dec. 3, 1818, Illinois, with its present limits, was admitted into the Union as a State. The census of 1820 showed a population of more than 55,000. THE BLACK HAWK WAR (q. v.) occurred in Illinois in 1832. There the Mormons established themselves in 1840, at Nauvoo (see MORMONS); their founder was slain by a mob at Carthage, in 1844, and soon afterwards a general exodus of this people occurred. A new State constitution was framed in 1847, and in July, 1870, the present constitution was adopted. The Illinois Central Railroad, completed in 1856, has been a source of great material prosperity for the State. During the Civil War Illinois furnished to the national government (to Dec. 1, 1864) 197,364 troops. Illinois Indians, a family of the Algonquian nation that comprised several clans-Peorias, Moingwenas, Kaskaskias, Tamaroas, and Cahokias. At a very early period they drove a Dakota tribe, whom In 1899 the equalized valuations of they called the Arkansas, to the country taxable property aggregated $953,099,574; on the southern Mississippi. These were and in 1900 the entire bonded debt con- the Quapaws. In 1640 they almost exsisted of $18,500 in bonds, which had terminated the Winnebagoes; and soon ceased to draw interest and never been presented for payment. The population in 1890 was 3,826,351; in 1900, 4,821,550. See UNITED STATES, ILLINOIS, vol. ix. TERRITORIAL GOVERNOR. afterwards they waged war with the Iroquois and Sioux. Their domain was between Lakes Michigan and Superior and the Mississippi River. Marquette found some of them (the Peorias and Moingwe Ninian Edwards.......commissioned.... ...April 24, 1809 nas) near Des Moines, west of the Mis 1826 1842 1846 1857 March 18, 1860 1865 1869 1873 sissippi, in 1672; also the Peorias and 1818 Kaskaskias on the Illinois River. The 1822 Tamaroas and Cahokias were on the Mis1830 sissippi. The Jesuits found the chief Il1834 linois town consisting of 8,000 people, in 1838 nearly 400 large cabins, covered with water-proof mats, with, generally, four 1853 fires to a cabin. In 1679 they were badly defeated by the Iroquois, losing about January, 1861 1,300, of whom 900 were prisoners; and they retaliated by assisting the French, under De la Barré and De Nonville, against the Five Nations. The Illinois were converted to Christianity by Father Marquette and other missionaries, and 1893 in 1700 Chicago, their great chief, visited 1897 France, where he was much caressed. His son, of the same name, maintained great influence in the tribe until his death, in 1754. When Detroit was besieged by the Foxes, in 1712, the Illinois went to its relief, and in the war that followed they suffered severely. Some of them were with the French at Fort Duquesne; but they refused to join Pontiac in his con March 4, January, 1877 ... Feb. 7, 1883 . January, 1885 1889 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 66 Date. 1901 1818 to 1824 1818 66 1826 1830 1826 1935 1830 1831 to 1841 1836 |