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lawyer; born in Hillsboro county, N. H., terms of the Standard Dictionary. Her May 22, 1826; studied at Harvard Col- works include The Ladies of the White lege in 1848-49; engaged in teaching; House; The Hearth-stone, or Life at graduated at the Harvard Law School Home; Chinese Gordon; Howard, The in 1853, and practised in New York Christian Hero; The Buddhist Diet Book, until 1870, when he was made Professor of Jurisprudence and dean of the law faculty at Harvard. In 1900 he resigned his chair, owing to failing eyesight and advanced age. His works include Selections of Cases on the Law of Contracts; Cases on Sales; Summary of Equity Pleading; Cases in Equity Pleading, etc.

Langdon, JOHN, statesman; born in Portsmouth, N. H., in 1739; was a successful merchant, and took an early and active part in the events preceding the outbreak of the Revolutionary War. He was a member of the Continental Congress (1775-76), but in June, in the latter year, he resigned his seat and became navy agent. He was speaker of the Assembly, and was ready to make any reasonable sacrifice to promote the cause. When means were needed to support a New Hampshire regiment, he gave all his "hard money," pledged his plate, and applied to the same purpose the proceeds of seventy hogsheads of tobacco. He furnished means for raising a brigade of the troops with which Stark gained the victory at Bennington. He was active in civil affairs, also, all through the war, serving in the Continental Congress and his State legislature. In 1785 he was president of New Hampshire, and in 1787 was one of the framers of the federal Constitution. He was governor of his State in 1788, and again from 1805 to 1811; was United States Senator from 1789 to 1801, and declined the office of Secretary of the Navy (1811) and of Vice-President of the United States (1812). He died in Portsmouth, Sept. 18, 1819.

Langley, JOHN WILLIAMS, educator; born in Boston, Oct. 21, 1841; graduated at Harvard College in 1861; assistant Professor of Physics in the United States Naval Academy in 1867-70; Professor of Chemistry at the Western University of Pennsylvania in 1871-74; and Professor of Chemistry and Physics at the University of Michigan in 1875-89. He became Professor of Electrical Engineering in the Case School of Applied Science in 1892. He is a member of several scientific organizations and the author of various scientific papers.

Langley, SAMUEL PIERPONT, astronomer; born in Boston, Mass., Aug. 22, 1834; graduated at the Boston High School, and engaged in the practice of architecture and civil engineering. In 1865 he was made an assistant at Harvard Observatory, and later became Professor of Mathematics in the United States Naval Academy. In 1867 he was selected for director of the Allegheny Observatory, where two years later he established the system of railroad time service from observatories, which soon went into general use. He also made the bolometer, which has been widely adopted, and other apparatus. Professor Langley has made many experiments on the problem of aerial navigation and firmly believes that a machine, not a balloon, can be created which will produce sufficient mechanical power to support itself in the air and fly,

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though," he adds, "this is not saying that we have yet got skill enough to manage this power so as to rise and fly about in the air and descend safely." He founded the Astrophysical ObservaLangford, LAURA CARTER HOLLOWAY, tory and the National Zoological Park at author; born in Nashville, Tenn., in Washington. He is a member of many 1848; graduated at the Nasville Female American and foreign scientific organAcademy; subsequently settled in New izations. He has been honored with the York City. She was twice married. For Rumford Medal of the Royal Society of twelve years she was associate editor of London; the Jannsen Medal of the Inthe Brooklyn Daily Eagle, and for nine stitute of France, and many others. His years president of the Brooklyn Seidl So- works include The New Astronomy; Reciety of Music. She was co-editor with searches on Solar Heat; Experiments in Anton Seidl of the department of musical Aerodynamics; and numerous other kin

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dred works, papers and articles in maga- years he was assistant instructor of math

zines.

Lanman, CHARLES, author; born in Monroe, Mich., June 14, 1819; received an academical education; spent ten years in a business house in New York City; and in 1845 became editor of the Gazette of Monroe. He was editor of the Cincinnati Chronicle in 1846; of the Express in New York in 1847. He was chosen librarian of the War Department in 1849, and librarian of copyrights in 1850. He next became private secretary to Daniel Webster. In 1855-57 he was librarian of the Department of the Interior, and in 1871-82 was secretary of the Japanese legation at Washington. He was the first man to explore the Saguenay region in Canada, and among the first to explore the mountains of North Carolina. His works in elude Essays for Summer Hours; Letters from a Landscape Painter: A Tour to the River Saguenay; Private Life of Daniel Webster; Resources of America, etc. He also compiled several works for the Japanese government. He died in Washington, D. C., March 4, 1895.

ematics in the University of Virginia; was instructor in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1871-72; assistant Professor in 1872-75; since 1875 has been Professor of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, and since 1883 has also had charge of the department of mechanical engineering. He is a member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Boston Society of Civil Engineers, American Mathematical Society. American Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, and of other scientific societies; and is a fellow of the American Society for the Advancement of Science, and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Professor Lanza has published Applied Mechanics and many scientific papers.

Larned, JOSEPHUS NELSON, author: born in Chatham, Ont., Canada, May 11. 1836; received a public school education in Buffalo; was on the editorial staff of the Buffalo Express in 1859-72; superintendent of education in that city in 1872Lanman, JAMES HENRY, author: born 73; superintendent of the Buffalo Library in Norwich, Conn., Dec. 4, 1812; became in 1877-97; and president of the Ameria lawyer and after several years' practice can Library Association in 1893–94. He in Norwich and New London, Conn., and is author of History for Ready Reference Baltimore, Md., he settled in New York and Talks About Labor. City and engaged in literary work. Later Larsen, LAUR, educator: born in he became interested in the State of Michigan. His publications include His tory of Michigan, Ciril and Topographical, which was afterwards published under the title of History of Michigan from its Earliest Colonization to the Present Time, etc. He died in Middletown, Conn., Jan. 10. 1887.

Lanman, JOSEPH, naval officer; born in Norwich, Conn., July 11, 1811; entered the navy in 1825; became captain in 1861, and commodore in 1862. He commanded the frigate Minnesota in the North Atlantic squadron, in 1864-65, and had the command of the second division of Porter's squadron in both attacks on Fort Fisher. He commanded a squadron on the coast of Brazil from 1869 to 1871, and in May. 1872, was retired. On Dec. 8. 1867. he was promoted to rear - admiral. He died in Norwich, March 13, 1874.

Lanza, GAETANO, educator; born in Boston, Mass., Sept. 26, 1848. For two

Christiansand, Norway, Aug. 10, 1833; graduated at the University of Christiania in 1850, and at its theological de partment in 1855, and entered the ministry of the Lutheran Church. He was minister in Pierce county, Wis., in 185759; Norwegian Professor of Concordia College and Seminary, St. Louis, in 1859– 61; president of the Norwegian Lutheran College since 1861; vice-president of the Norwegian Lutheran Synod in 1876–93; vice-president of the Synodical Conference in 1879-82, and acting president part of the time; and editor of the church paper of the Norwegian Lutheran Synod in 1868-69.

La Salle, ROBERT CAVELIER, SIEUR DE, explorer; born in Rouen, France, Nov. 22. 1643: in early life became a Jesuit, and thereby forfeited his patrimony. He afterwards left the order, and went to Canada as an adventurer in 1666. From the Sulpicians, seigneurs of Montreal, he ob

tained a grant of land and founded Lachine. Tales of the wonders and riches of the wilderness inspired him with a desire to explore. With two Sulpicians, he went into the wilds of western New York, and afterwards went down the Ohio River as far as the site of Louisville. Governor Frontenac became his friend, and in the autumn of 1674 he went to France bearing a letter from the governorgeneral, strongly recommending him to Colbert, the French premier. Honors and privileges were bestowed upon him at the French Court, and he was made governor of Fort Frontenac, erected on the site of Kingston, at the foot of Lake Ontario, which he greatly strengthened, and gathered Indian settlers around it. He had very soon a squadron of four vessels on the lake, engaged in the fur-trade, and Fort Frontenac was made the centre of that traffic, in which he now largely engaged and sought the monopoly. Conceiving a grand scheme of explorations and trade westward, perhaps to China, he went to France in 1678 and obtained permission to execute it. He was allowed to engage in explorations, build forts, and have the monopoly of the trade in buffaloskins, during five years, but was forbidden to trade with tribes accustomed to take furs to Montreal. Henri de Tonti, a veteran Italian, joined him, and, with thirty mechanics and mariners, they sailed from Rochelle in the summer of 1678, and reached Fort Frontenac early in the autumn. De Tonti was sent farther west to establish a trading-post at the mouth of the Niagara River. He proceeded, also, to build a vessel above the great falls for traffic on Lake Erie, and named it the Griffin.

In August, 1679, La Salle sailed with De Tonti through the chain of lakes to Green Bay, in the northwestern portion of Lake Michigan. Creditors were pressing him with claims, and he unlawfully gathered furs and sent them back in the Griffin to meet those claims. Then he proceeded, with his party, in canoes, to the

mouth of the St. Joseph River, in southwestern Michigan, where he established a trading-house and called it Fort Miami. Ascending the St. Joseph, he crossed to the Kankakee, and paddled down it until he reached an Illinois village, and, in January, 1680, he began the establishment of a trading-post on the site of the present Peoria, Ill., which he called Fort

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ROBERT CAVELIER SIEUR DE LA SALLE.

Crèvecœur.

Disappointed in the failure of the Griffin to make a return voyage with supplies, he put De Tonti in com. mand of the fort and despatched Hennepin and Acau to explore the Illinois to its mouth and the Mississippi northward. With five companions, La Salle started back for Canada, and from the mouth of the St. Joseph he crossed Michigan to a river flowing into the Detroit, and thence overland to Lake Erie. From its western end he navigated it in a canoe to Niagara, where he was satisfied that the Griffin had perished somewhere on the lakes. He also heard of the loss of a ship arriving from France with supplies. Settling as

well as he could with his creditors, La in Louisiana and the conquest of the rich Salle, with a fresh party of twenty-three mining country in northern Mexico. A Frenchmen and eighteen New England Ind- patent was granted him, and he was made dians, with ten women and children, be- commandant of the vast territory from gan a return journey to Fort Crèvecœur, the present State of Illinois to Mexico, with supplies. De Tonti had been driven and westward indefinitely. With 280 inaway by an attack on the Illinois settle different persons he sailed from France ment of the Iroquois. The desertion of Aug. 1, 1684, with four ships; but dishis men had compelled him to abandon putes between Beaujeu, the navigator of the fort and return to Green Bay, the squadron, and La Salle proved disastrous to the expedition. Touching at Santo Domingo, they entered the Gulf of Mexico, and, by miscalculations, passed the mouth of the Mississippi without knowing it. La Salle became satisfied of this fact, but Beaujeu sailed obstinately on, and finally anchored off the entrance to Matagorda Bay. The colonists debarked, but the store-ship containing most of the supplies, was wrecked. Beaujeu. pleading a lack of provisions, deserted La Salle, leaving him only a small vesse'. He cast up a fort, which he called St. Louis, and attempted to till the soil; but the Indians were hostile. Some of the settlers were killed, o'hers perished from disease and hardships, and, after making some explorations of the country, the party, at the end of the year, was reduced to less than forty souls.

La Salle and his party went down the Illinois to its mouth, when he returned to gather his followers and procure means for continuing his explorations. Late in December, 1681, he started from Fort Miami with his expedition, coasted along the southern shore of Lake Michigan, ascended the Chicago River, crossed to the Illinois, descended to the Mississippi, and went down that stream until it separated into three channels, which he explored to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle named the great stream River Colbert, in compliment to his patron at the Court of France. De Tonti explored the great middle channel. Then the whole company assembled at a dry spot near the Gulf, and there prepared a cross and a column, affixing to the latter the arms of France and this inscription, "Louis the Great, King of France and Navarre, April 9, 1682." He also buried there a leaden plate, with a Latin inscription. The whole company then signed a proces verbal, in the following order: La Métarie (notary), De la Salle, P. Zenobe (Récollet missionary), Henri de Tonti, François de Bousvoudet, volt. Penetrating the present domain of Jean Bourdon, Sieur d'Autray, Jacques Cauclois, Pierre You, Giles Mencret, Jean Michel (surgeon), Jean Mas, Jean Duglignon, Nicholas de la Salle. La Salle formally proclaimed the whole valley of the Mississippi and the region of its tributaries a part of the French dominions, and named the country Louisiana, in compliment to the King. So was first planted the germ of the empire of the French in that region, which flourished in the eighteenth century.

La Salle ascended the Mississippi the next year, and returned to Quebec in November, leaving Tonti in command in the west, with directions to meet him at the mouth of the Mississippi the following year. Then he proceeded to France and proposed to the government a settlement

Leaving half of them, including women and children. La Salle set out, at the be ginning of 1688, to make his way to the Illinois. His party consisted of his brother, two nephews, and thirteen others, some of whom were sullen and ripe for re

Texas to Trinity River. revolt broke out, and the two ringleaders killed La Salle's nephew in a stealthy manner; and when the great explorer turned back to look for him, they shot him dead. March 20, 1687. Nearly all of those who were left at Fort St. Louis were massacred by the Indians, and the remainder fell into the hands of the Spaniards, sent to drive out the French. La Salle, lured by tales of an abundance of precious metals in New Mexico, had penetrated that country, with a few followers, before leaving Fort St. Louis, but he was disappointed.

Las Casas, BARTOLOME DE, missionary: born in Seville, Spain, in 1474. His father was a companion of Columbus in his two earlier voyages, and in the sec ond one he took this son, then a student

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