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tious to be consul, and Cæsar promised him the office; but Antony's opposition delayed the fulfillment, and before it could be arranged, Cæsar was murdered. Dolabella at once seized the insignia of office, made friends with the assassins, and was confirmed in the office which he had usurped. He threw down an altar erected to Cæsar, and crucified those who would offer sacrifices upon it. Antony sent him in command of an expedition against the Parthians, where his cruelty and rapacity added infamy to a name already infamous. He tortured Trebonius at Smyrna for two days to force him to disclose the hiding place of his treasures, and then murdered him. Hearing of this, the senate outlawed Dolabella, and sent Cassius to take his place. Having no further hope of power, Dolabella caused one of his own soldiers to kill him, 43 B.C.

DOLA BRA, a rude ancient hatchet. They are represented on the columns of Trajan and Antoninus, and abound in all museums. When made of flint, which was their earliest and rudest form, they are usually called celts (q. v.).

DOLCE, an Italian term in music, meaning softly and with tenderness.

DOLCE, LUDOVICO, or LUIGI, 1508-68; an Italian author, and a voluminous writer. He translated almost anything and everything from the Greek and Latin, and wrote original works, in all 70 in number. The best known is Marianna, a tragedy from the life of Herod, reproduced in French by Voltaire, and still on the stage. He also wrote the lives of Charles V. and Ferdinand I., many other dramas, and miscellaneous works.

DOLCI, CARLO, or CARLINO, a celebrated painter of the Florentine school, was b. at Florence in 1616. He received his first instructions in art from Jacopo Vignali, a pupil of Roselli, and a remarkably skillful teacher. After an uneventful life spent entirely in his native city, D. died Jan. 17, 1686. His works, which consist chiefly of madonnas and saints, exhibit the character attributed to him. The faces are full of a pleasing and tender softness, which, however, is often carried so far as to rob them of all character. D.'s drawing is generally correct, his coloring exquisitely delicate and transparent, and in the nicety and laborious care of his finish he approaches the most characteristic examples of the Dutch school. His works are numerous, and scattered over all Europe. Besides his madonnas, the most famous are his "St. Cecilia,' Christ Blessing the Bread and Wine,' Herodias with the Head of John the Baptist," and "Christ on the Mount of Olives." See illus., CORREGGIO, ETC., vol. IV., p. 360, fig. 4. DOLCINITES, or DULCINISTS, a sect established in Italy in the 13th c.; they were opposed to the popes, and their doctrines were similar in many respects to those of the spiritual Franciscans. In 1307, Dolcino, the founder of the sect, with some of his followers, was burned at the stake.

46

DOLE (Lat. dolus, guile), in Scotland, the amount of conscious guilt or evil intention which is necessary to make a legal crime. A person incapable of consent is also incapabable of dole-doli incapax, as it is technically called. The corresponding phrase in England is felonious intent.

DOLE, a well-built t. of France, in the department of Jura, 28 m. s.e. of Dijon. It is delightfully situated on a vineyard slope rising from the right bank of the river Doubs, and the environs are tastefully laid out in gardens and promenades. The principal building is an immense cathedral, named, in honor of the Virgin, Notre Dame. The chief manufactures of D. are hosiery, tiles, pottery, chemical products, and beer; there are also iron-smelting furnaces, flour-mills, and some trade in corn, wine, wood, marble, and iron. Pop. '76, 12,009. D. is the Dola Sequanorum of the Romans, of whose presence the ruins of two aqueducts, an amphitheater, several temples, and the "street" or road which passed from Lyon through D. to the Rhine, still give indications. There are also the remains of a castle built by Frederick Barbarossa in the 12th century. D. is likewise memorable for having sustained several sieges.

DOLE, NATHAN HASKELL. See page 883.

DOLE-FISH seems to be that fish which fishermen employed in the north seas do of custom receive for their allowance, 35 Hen. VIII. c. 7.

DOLES AT FUNERALS; these are of great antiquity. St. Chrysostom speaks of them as being given to procure rest to the soul of the deceased. On this ground, as well as on the score of general benevolence, the practice of making gifts to the poor at funerals was common until comparatively recent times; for it was continued, sometimes on a munificent scale, long after the custom of praying for the dead had been abandoned on the introduction of reformed doctrines. Nichols, in his History of Leicestershire, speaking of Strathern in Framland Hundred, observes of this usage: "In 1790, there were 432 inhabitants, the number taken by the last person who carried about bread, which was given for dole at a funeral; a custom formerly common throughout this part of England, though now fallen much into disuse. The practice was sometimes to bequeath it by will; but, whether so specified or not, the ceremony was seldom omitted. On such occasions, a small loaf was sent to every person, without any distinction of age or circumstances, and not to receive it was a mark of particular disrespect." These doles, whether in money or in articles of food and ale, were at one time common not only in England, but in Wales, Ireland, and Scotland; and the custom may be said to have represented, in a simple state of society, that form of benevolence which, in the present

day, consists of bequests to hospitals and other public charities. By some writers, the custom of making doles at funerals is traced to the sin-offering of the Hebrews. See Brand's Popular Antiquities, edited by Ellis.

DOLET, ÉTIENNE, 1506-46; a French writer and printer, said to have been an illegitimate son of Francis I. In 1537, he obtained a privilege for ten years to print any works of his own or which had received his supervision. His liberality of sentiment was manifest from his press issues, which ranged from the New Testament in Latin to Rabelais in French. This liberality brought upon him the persecution of the Roman Catholic church, and after long watching he was arrested as a relapsed atheist, put to the torture, and burnt to death; the alleged cause being his insertion in Plato's Ariochus of the words "Nothing at ali," implying a denial of the immortality of the soul; and yet Plato's book more exactly and positively makes that denial. Dolet was an earnest advocate for the circulation of the Scriptures in the common language of the people.

DOLGELLEY ("dale of hazels"), the capital of Merioneth, North Wales, near the center of the co., and the largest town in it, is situated on the banks of the Wnion, 208 m. n.w. by w. of London. It lies in a rich and picturesque valley, at the foot of Cader Idris, and during the summer months is much frequented by English and foreign tour ists. It has manufactures of coarse woolens and flannels; its Welsh tweed is in great repute and demand throughout the kingdom; lamb and kid skins are tanned and dressed; and in the vicinity there are fulling-mills and bleach-greens. Pop. '81, 2,457. Here, in 1404, Owen Glendwr held a parliament, and signed a treaty of alliance with Charles, king of France.

DOL'ICHOS, a genus of plants of the natural order leguminosa, sub-order papilionaceœ, closely allied to phaseolus (see KIDNEY BEAN), and chiefly distinguished by the extension of the base of the standard so as to embrace the wings of the corolla at their base. The genus includes a considerable number of species, some of them shrubby, some annual, and some perennial herbaceous plants. Some of them have beautiful flowers, and some of the herbaceous species are cultivated on account of their seeds, which afford a kind of pulse; or of their young pods, which, like those of the kidney bean, are boiled for the table. Among these are D. lablab, a native of India and Egypt (which has been made the type of a separate genus, lablab); D. Nankinicus (or lablab Nankinicus) a Chinese species; D. lubia, a native of Egypt; D. sesquipedalis, a native of America; D. soya or soja hispida (the soy bean), D. catiang, and D. uniflorus (horse gram), natives of India: D. sphaerospermus (calavana or black-eyed pea), a native of the West Indies. In the climate of Britain, even the most hardy kinds require the aid of a little artificial heat, and they are reckoned inferior to other kinds of pulse or garden vegetables of easier cultivation. The well-known Chinese sauce or ketchup called soy (q.v.) is made from the soy bean. Allied to D. is the genus canavalia, to which belong the SWORD BEANS of India. C. gladiata, the commonly cultivated species, has pods 2 ft. long. Another allied genius is psophocarpus. The seeds of p. tetragonolobus, formerly D. tetragonolobus, are used in the Mauritius as peas are in Britain; and its pods and tuberous roots are common Indian esculents. Some species of pachyrhizus, also an allied genus, are remarkable for their tuberous roots, as p. angulatus (formerly D. bulbosus), a native of India, now cultivated in South America and other warm countries, which produces pleasant turnip-like tubers; and P. trilobus, which has tubers 2 ft. long and nearly cylindrical, much used as a boiled vegetable in China and Cochin-China.

DOLICOCEPH'ALIC, long-headed, a designation of human skulls which have the diameter from front to back much greater than the transverse diameter. Such are the heads of certain Australian and West African races. The opposite conformation is called brachycephalic, or short-headed.

DOLI'NA, a t. of Austrian Galicia, in the circle of Stryi, 60 m. s. from Stryi, on an affluent of the Swica. It has extensive salt-mines. Pop. of town and commune about 8,000.

DO'LIUM, a genus of gastropod mollusks having shells spirally furrowed, resembling the hoops on a cask. More than a dozen species are found in the warm seas of the east, and seven fossils are known.

DOLL, an imitative baby used as a toy by girls. The word doll is of doubtful derivation; possibly from idol; in French, the name is poupée; in German, puppe, from Lat. pupa, a girl, a doll. The use of dolls dates from the most remote times, and is common in all countries, barbarous as well as civilized, because it springs from that love of nursing and fondling infants which is implanted by nature in the female character. Precisely as a child in a princely mansion in England fondles a finely dressed doll worth a guinea, so does the child of an African or Esquimaux take delight in a piece of wood or bone carved rudely in the form of a baby-in fact, girls in the humbler ranks may sometimes be seen hugging and talking to a bit of stick decorated with a few rags, as if it were a live child. This is not the place to discuss this curious psychological phe nomenon; it is enough to say that the love of dolls is a perfectly legitimate feeling, and its exercise helps to cultivate not only tender affections, but taste as regards the making and management of children's dresses. Accordingly, the keeping of a doll becomes a

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part of the home education of girls; and is recognized to be so by the universality of the practice.

As in the case of most other toys (q.v.), dolls were at one time imported into Great Brita in chiefly from the Netherlands; and hence not an unusual name for a doll was a Flanders baby. These old Flemish or Dutch dolls were made of wood, with neatly formed faces and flashy dresses, the cheaper kinds having slender wooden legs. Latterly, there have been great improvements in the making of dolls, and in England it has assurned the character of a manufacture; but there are still large importations from the coun tries on the Rhine, France, and Switzerland. In these continental countries, women and children are mostly engaged in the manufacture. Some carve the heads and bodies, others paint the faces and necks, others prepare legs and arms, and a different class cut out, sew, and put on the dresses. These operations are seldom executed in one manu factory. Usually, dealers buy the fragments so far prepared by villagers, and get them put together in a wholesale way. As the time employed in the preparatory processes is scarcely of any marketable value, the prices of fragments are most insignificant. Hence, as regards all the cheap kinds, with painted faces and ringlets, dolls can be imported at a cost below that at which they could be executed by hand-labor in England. When, however, we come to dolls of a superior kind, with molded wax or composition faces, arms and feet, glass eyes, stuffed bodies, flaxen ringlets, and gauze dresses, the English, by their machinery and capital, carry off the trade. In London there is a considerable number of doll-makers, manufacturing dolls of wax, gutta-percha, india-rubber, etc. In this as in other trades, there is an economic division of labor; there are dolls' headmakers, dolls' leg and arm makers, doll sewers, doll stuffers, dolls' wig-makers, dolls' eye-makers, and doll dressers. For some dresses, remnants of calico, gauze, silk, and other materials, are procured from shops; but for fashionably dressed dolls, much in demand, it is necessary to buy goods on a large scale. The extent to which doll's glasseyes are manufactured appears surprising. Some years ago, in evidence before a committee of the house of commons, a glass-manufacturer at Birmingham stated that he had received, at one time, an order for £500 worth of dolls' eyes. The cheaper dolls' eyes are simply small hollow glass-beads, made of white enamel, and colored with black or blue, but without any attempt at variety or effect: while those eyes of a higher quality have a ring of color to represent the iris. The introduction of wires and mechanism to make the eyes move or wink at pleasure, and also to cause the doll to utter the sounds "papa" and "mamma," have been highly appreciated steps in advance, with a corresponding rise in prices. It is stated in the experience of the trade, that since Victoria came to the throne, blue eyes for dolls have been in the ascendant in England; but that black eyes find the best market on the continent, especially for Spanish dolls. Black dolls are made for export to America, where they are in request by girls of negro parentage, and the introduction of gutta-percha is favorable for this branch of the trade. Composition-heads are usually made of papier mâché, cast in a mold, and waxed and painted to represent the features.

One of the most attractive stalls at the great exhibition in 1851, was that which con tained the dolls of Mme. Montanari, a London manufacturer. Referring to this stall, the jury report said: "It consists of a series of dolls, representing all ages, from infancy to womanhood, arranged in several family groups, with suitable and elegant model furniture. These dolls have the hair, eyelashes, and eyelids separately inserted in the wax, and are, in other respects, modeled with life-like truthfulness. Much skill is also evinced in the variety of expression which is given to these figures, in regard to the ages and stations which they are intended to represent." Some of those dolls were sold at five guineas undressed; and at a greatly increased price when richly attired. The same exhibition showed how much skill is now exercised in making rag-dolls, in which almost every part is formed of textile materials.

DOLLAR is the name of a coin, and the unit in the monetary system, of the United States. The origin of the name deserves notice. Dollar is a variety of the Ger. thaler, Low Ger. dahler, Dan. daler; and the word came to signify a coin thus: About the end of the 15th c., the counts of Schlick coined the silver extracted from their mines at Joachims-thal (Joachim's valley) into ounce-pieces, which received the name of Joachims-thaler-the Ger. adjective from the name of the place ("Joachims-dalers," as it were). These coins gained such a reputation, that they became a kind of pattern; and others of the same kind, though made in other places, took the name, only dropping the first part of the word for shortness. The American dollar is taken from the old Spanish dollar or piastre, and is only slightly less. It was formerly only of silver; but in 1873 the gold dollar was made the unit of value in the United States. In 1878, however, silver was "remonetized," and so now shares with gold the rank of standard money. Since 1837, the silver dollar is required to contain 4124 troy grains, or 26.4246 Fr. grammes, the fineness of which is fixed at. i.e., of it is alloy. In the standard silver of Great Britain, is alloy. The United States dollar is generally estimated in exchange at 48. 2d. sterling. Besides dollars, there are coined in silver, half-dollars, quarter-dollars, dimes ( dol.), half-dimes (dol.), and three-cent pieces. With regard to these, it was enacted in 1853, that the weight of the half-dollar shall be 192 grains, and that of the others proportional to this; and that such silver coins shall be legal ten

ders for all sums not exceeding five dollars. Accounts are kept in dollars and cents, or hundredths of a dollar, which are written thus: $13.78-thirteen dollars and seventyeight cents. The standard gold of the United States is of the same fineness as the silver -namely, and of this are coined double-eagles, eagles, half-eagles, and quartereagles, of 20, 10, 5, and 24 dollars, besides three-dollar and one-dollar pieces. The dollar or thaler in Germany had various values. That of Prussia, which was most current, was equivalent to 38. sterling.

DOLLAR, a village in Clackmannanshire, on the right bank of the Devon, 10 m. e.n.e. of Stirling. It lies in a plain under the Ochills (q.v.). Coal and iron occur in the vicinity. D. is noted for its academy, founded in 1818 under the will of capt. M'Nab, a native of the parish, who bequeathed £80,000 for the purpose. The academy was incorporated by act of parliament in 1847, and has a principal and 19 teachers in the classics, arts, modern languages, etc. The minister and kirk-session of D. were the original patrons and governors, but in 1847 the trust was extended so as to include the Jord-lieutenant, vice-lieutenant, convener, and sheriff of the county, the principal of the university of Edinburgh, county gentlemen, two members of the presbytery of Stirling, and two representatives appointed by the parliamentary electors of Dollar. Pop. '81, 2,014. The principal industrial feature of D. are its many famous bleacheries on the banks of the Devon. A mile n. of D. are the fine ruins of castle Campbell, in a wild romantic situation, on the top of a high almost insulated rock, in a hollow in the bosom of the Ochills, amid mountain rivulets and bosky woods. It long belonged to the Argyle family. John Knox is said to have resided in the castle under the protection of Archibald, fourth earl of Argyle, the first Scotch noble to embrace Protestantism publicly.

DOLLART, THE, a gulf of the German ocean, at the mouth of the river Ems, between Hanover and Holland. It is about 10 m. in length by 7 in breadth, and was formed by inundations of the sea, the first of which took place in the latter half of the 13th c., and the last in the 16th century. By these watery inroads a large number of villages were submerged, and thousands of persons perished.

DÖLLINGER, JOHN J. IGNATIUS VON, one of the most distinguished of the Roman Catholic divines of modern Germany, was b. at Bamberg, Feb. 28, 1799. He was educated at Würzburg, where he received holy orders. For a time he was engaged in parochial duties in his native diocese; but having manifested a peculiar fitness for a literary life, he was appointed a professor at Aschaffenburg, whence, in 1826, he was removed to the chair of ecclesiastical history in the newly established university of Munich. From the first he was distinguished as a ready and profound writer. He inaugurated his new professorial career by a work on The Doctrine of the Eucharist during the First Three Centuries, in 1826, and a History of the Reformation, being a continuation of Hertig's Handbook of Church History. He subsequently undertook a new History of the Church (vol. i. 1833, vol. ii. 1835), which was speedily translated into French, and also into English, and was carried down to the 15th c.; with a compendium which came down to the reformation (1836-43). His very learned and suggestive essay on The History, Character, and Influence of Islamism appeared in 1838, and The Reformation, its Internal Development and Effects, in 3 vols., in 1846-48. The design of this work, which consists almost entirely of extracts (connected by a very slight thread of narrative) from the writings of the leading reformers and other contemporary Protestant divines, is to present in the words of the actors in the great religious drama of the 16th c., a picture. doctrinal, moral, social, and political, of the reformation and its results; but as the great body of the authorities (exclusively Protestant) are German, the interest of the work is mainly national.

For a time, D. undertook the chair of dogmatic theology, in which capacity he delivered lectures on "The philosophy of Religion," on "Symbolism," and on Patristic Literature," none of which, however, have been published. He was a frequent contributor to the Historisch-politische Blätter; he published several pamphlets on subjects of occasional interest; and was one of the chief contributors to the Catholic cyclopædia, entitled Kirchen-Lexicon, in which his articles on Luther, on Bossuet, and on Duns Scotus attracted much attention. In the politico-religious movement of 1846-47, D. was elected to represent the university of Munich in the Bavarian chamber; but being deprived of his professorship, he became disqualified to sit in the chamber. In the parliament of Frankfort, in 1848, he was recognized as the leader of the Catholic party. Most of the measures of importance bearing on the relations of church and state which (however ineffectively) were originated in that assembly were prepared or suggested by him. In 1849, he was restored to his professorship at Munich, and also to his place in the Bavarian chamber, which he held till 1852. After that year, he devoted himself entirely to theological literature. His work entitled Hippolytus und Kallistus (1853) is a masterpiece of patristic criticism; and his Heathenism and Judaism, the Vestibule of the History of Christianity, is a most masterly survey of the religious, moral, and social condition of the world at the advent of our Lord. It was quickly followed by The First Ages of Christianity, to which it had been designed as an introduction. During the early discussions on Italian unity, D. delivered an address at Munich, which was represented as hostile to the temporal sovereignty of the pope. In order to explain his real

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opinions on that important question, D. published, in 1861, an elaborate work entitled The Church and the Churches, which was partly a comparative survey of the condition of the non-Catholic communions, and of the church, and partly a résumé of the history and condition of the papal states; showing that, while the temporal sovereignty was the mea us providentially established for maintaining the spiritual independence of the papacy, yet it was by no means essential; that the papacy long existed without it, and that even if it were overthrown, Providence would devise another means of attaining the same end. The second part was a criticism of the administration of the papal states, which is understood to have given dissatisfaction to the authorities, as being, although well meant, inopportune, and from this inopportuneness, unfriendly. A similar feeling is said to have been drawn forth by the part taken by Dr. D. in reference to the "Catholic union," some of the principles of which were supposed to trench dangerously upon the province of authority in matters of religious inquiry; but his orthodoxy and learning were unquestioned, and his influence, especially among Catholics of his own nationality, was very great until the approach of the time for the celebration of the council of the Vatican. It being understood that the doctrine of the infallibility of the pope would form a subject of discussion, D. took an active part in organizing an opposition. Articles which appeared in the Augsburg Gazette, in Mar., 1869, and which were reprinted more fully under the nom de plume "Janus," were ascribed to him or to his influence; and during the discussions of the council, he was entirely identified with the party opposed to the Ultramontane view. On the publication of the decree of the council, which defined the infallibility of the pope in all doctrinal teachings on faith and morals addressed ex cathedra to the universal church, D. refused to accept the doctrine. In Oct., and in depreciation of the impending censure of excommunication by the archbishop of Munich, he published an address to the archbishop, in which he claimed to be heard in the synod of German bishops, or before a committee of the cathedral chapter. His declaration on papal infallibility called forth replies from Dr. Hergenrother and others, and was accepted, on the other hand, by the so-called old Catholic party. D. was elected rector of the university of Munich (Feb. 29, 1817) by a large majority of votes. Persisting in his refusal to submit to the authority of the council, he was excommunicated by the archbishop of Munich on the 18th of April, 1871. In 1874, Dr. D. presided over the "old Catholic conference" at Bonn, where he frankly declared that he and his colleagues did not consider themselves bound by the council of Trent. He also introduced a declaration, adopted unanimously, that the eucharistic celebration in the church is not a continuous repetition or renewal of the great propitiatory sacrifice. His literary activity was little diminished. In relation to the prophecy of Orval, and other French prophecies supposed to bear upon the late war with Germany, he published in 1873 an elaborate essay on Prophecies and the Prophetical Spirit, which has been translated into English by Alfred Plummer. In addition to his accomplishments in book-learning, Dr. D.'s attainments as a linguist, both in ancient and modern languages, were very remarkable. In 1871, D. received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from Oxford university; and in 1872, that of LL.D from Edinburgh. In 1872, the king of Bavaria conferred on him the order of merit; and in 1874, the emperor of Germany the order of the red eagle, second class. In 1873, he was appointed president of the royal academy of science at Munich. He d. 1890. See OLD CATHOLICS.

DOLLOND, JOHN, a distinguished optician, inventor of the achromatic telescope, was descended from a French refugee family, and b. in London, June 10, 1706. His father was an operative silk-weaver, in humble circumstances, and D. was also brought up to that occupation. Engaged at the loom all day, he devoted great part of the night to his favorite studies of mathematics, optics, and astronomy. Not content with these, he turned his attention to the most varied subjects, made himself acquainted with anatomy, and even theology, and went so far in the study of the classical languages as to translate the Greek Testament into Latin. French, German, and Italian also, he knew well. He apprenticed his eldest son, Peter, to an optician; and after the latter had established himself in business on his own account, he was joined by his father in 1752. John D. now devoted himself to the improvement of the dioptric telescope, in which he was encouraged by the most distinguished scientific men of the time. After a series of wellcontrived experiments and researches, carried on for several years, he succeeded in constructing lenses that produced images without any colored fringe. See ACHROMATIC. This was undoubtedly the greatest improvement that the telescope had received since its first invention. The memoir (published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1758) in which he gave an account of his investigations, was rewarded by the council of the royal society with the Copley medal. In 1761, D. was elected a fellow of the royal society; his death took place on the 30th of Nov. of the same year. His two sons continued to carry on the business with great reputation and success.

DOLLY SHOP, the name popularly given in London to a shop where rags and other kinds of old articles are bought, and over the door of which a black doll is usually suspended. It is understood that dolly shops are in many instances a kind of unlicensed pawnbroking concerns. For small articles a few pence are given, on the understanding that the seller can buy them back at an advance some days after. In Edinburgh and