both were flights, the total time spent in the Congo region being only about six months. Thonner is, however, an indefatigable worker and, in addition to collecting his plants he made meteorological observations, kept close track of his hours of travel, watched the face of nature, and intelligently noted the life and characteristics of the populations encountered. The area he penetrated is relatively little known and his books are a genuine contribution to knowledge. In 1896 he struck in from the Congo at Lisala (Upoto) to Monveda, followed up the Dua to Dundusana, and then struck out toward Mongende, with a side journey paralleling the Congo from Mondunga to Dubo. In his second journey he went a little farther up the Congo, to the mouth of the Itimbiri; going up that river to Mandungu, he struck into the interior, connecting with his old trail at Mongende, and then pushing on into the interior to Yakoma on the Ubangi, at the end of the Uele. In his notes upon life and customs, Thonner does what few travelers have done-emphasizes the differing character of house architecture from people to people; in reality practically every little tribe has its own style of house building and village arrangement. The route followed cuts the boundary between tribes of Bantu and non-Bantu speech and Thonner better defines this limit than had before been done. He locates it between 2° and 4° North latitude and says it is practically marked by the Lua, Dua, and Rubi rivers although at some points Bantu languages (Ngombe and Ababua) reach the Ubangi and Uele Rivers. He groups the populations visited as follows: BANTU, three groups: Bangala.-Babangi, Bangala, Bapoto-Baloi, Ngiri, Tenda, Ngombe.-Bwela, Magunza (Elombo), Budja (between the Dua NON-BANTU (Sudanese negroes), five groups: Mandjia.-Mandjia and Baya: north from Ubangi and in Sanga Bwaka.-Bwaka, Mondjembo (Monsombo), Banziri: Middle Banda. Banza, Ngobu, Banda (north of Ubangi): from 2° N. to upper and middle Ubangi. Sango.-Sango, Yakoma (Upper Ubangi); Bongo (south of them) and Mongwandi (north part of the Mongala bend) and southward to the Dua. Mondunga.-Near the post of Ngali, one day north from Lisala and Upoto. The last of these non-Bantu speaking peoples is of special interest on account of its far southern range and its nearness to the Congo proper. In 1906, with the aid of the Rev. William Forfeitt, missionary at Upoto. I recorded a careful though small vocabulary of it. Thonner presents a valuable table regarding the twenty-two populations visited by him, in which he places side by side, in columns, for ready comparison, the characteristic facts relative to tribal marks (facial cicatrization), woman's dress, peculiarities of dress, village arrangements, house construction, linguistic connection, and the numerals from 1 to 5. A large amount of ethnographic material is here conveniently condensed and arranged. Thonner's interest in linguistics is everywhere evident and from each people visited, he secured a vocabulary of forty words, ten numerals, thirty others. These vocabularies are given in an appendix. Both volumes are abundantly illustrated with plates from his own negatives; they are for the most part good and the reproduction is of high grade; about one half of the illustrations are of ethnographic interest the others represent plant life, scenery, and colonial development. In an appendix, Thonner gives a careful day-by-day record of his travels-direction of march, time from place to place, etc. This conscientious record is made the basis for map construction by M. Moisel of Berlin, which is an actual contribution to Congo cartography. Les Warega. Edited by G. VAN OVERBergh. 8°, pp. xx, 376, plates and map. FREDERICK STARR. Bruxelles: Ad. de Wit, 1909. The fifth of the great series of ethnographic monographs on the peoples. of Congo Belge deals with the Warega (Vuaregga, Valega, Balegga. Balegghe, Walega, Wallegga, Waregga). They are a forest people, living in the eastern part of Congo Belge, west of the upper end of Lake Tanganika. The preceding volumes of the series have been noticed in the American Anthropologist, and the plan of work and method of presentation are already known to our readers. In this case the collection of previously-existing literature forms an insignificant part of the volume. There are few references to the Warega in ethnological and geographical literature and what has been written relative to them (largely in Italian) is so vaguely localized in place and race as to be almost worthless. The book consists almost entirely of the work of one man, Commandant Delhaise, who, while located in the region and among the people made careful replies to the Questionnaire issued by the Belgian Sociological Society, which forms the basis of the whole series. This gives his work exceptional value; such observations, carefully written down at the time, by a permanently settled student, conscientiously pursuing his investigations, are worth far more than replies to oral interrogation, made long after the return from a field where no actual investigations were conducted. Some of the replies are perfunctory but on the whole they are intelligent and carefully made and the book is an important original contribution to the knowledge of a before almost unknown population. The Warega live in the region of the Elila and Ulindi Rivers and are forestdwellers. They are divided into Ntala (highlanders) and Malinga (lowlanders), differing considerably from each other. They are frequently called Mwami, which is primarily the name of a head-covering worn to indicate a certain social position. Perhaps the most striking matter in the book relates to their complicated social system. La Obstetricia en México. FREDERICK STARR. Notas Bibliográficas, Etnicas, Históricas, Documentarias y Críticas, de los origines históricos hasta el año 1910. Colegidas y ordenadas por el Dr. NICOLAS LEÓN, Director del Consultorio Num. 2 de la Beneficencia Pública en la Cuidad de México. Partes Ia. y 2a. México: Tip. de la Vda. de F. Diaz de León, Sucrs., 1910. Pp. viii, 67, 748. Illustrated. This volume, published in connection with the celebration of the centenary of Mexican independence, gives a detailed history of obstetrics. in Mexico from the period of the Spanish conquest down to the present day, with numerous photographs of distinguished physicians, biographical notes, etc., descriptions of hospitals, methods of treatment, laws and regulations, etc. The first part, consisting of some 70 pages, gives a Bibliography (two columns to the page) of 1011 titles relating to the science of obstetrics in Mexico. The main data in this book include some interesting information concerning Mexican midwives past and present. For the anthropologist and the ethnologist, the section (pp. 3-92) on obstetrics among the aborigines of Mexico in pre-Columbian and in modern times will be of service. Among the authorities cited, more or less at length, are Clavigero, the Mexican and Mayan Codices, Orozco y Berra, Ruiz de Alarcón, Muñoz Camargo, Nuñez de la Vega, Landa, Hrdlička, Alderman, etc. The little pictures of Indian babies on all fours (p. 87) are what an American might call "cute." To what he finds in other writers old and new Dr León has added some of his own observations among the Indians. Following the account of aboriginal obstetrics come some notes on the practices and superstitions of the métis and Mexicans of the lower classes, with whom both old Indian and old European folk-lore makes its presence felt. As an example of European, or rather Oriental (Egypt and Palestine) superstition imported into Mexico, the author cites (p. 123) the use of the so-called "rose of Jericho." ALEXANDER F. CHAMBERLAIN. The Racial Anatomy of the Philippine Islanders, introducing New Methods of Anthropology and showing their Application to the Filipinos, with a Classification of Human Ears and a Scheme for the Heredity of Anatomical Characters in Man. By ROBERT BENNETT BEAN, B.S.M.D., Associate Professor of Anatomy, The Tulane University of Louisiana, New Orleans, La.; formerly Associate Professor of Anatomy, Philippine Medical School, Manila, P. I. With Nineteen Illustrations reproduced from Original Photographs. Seven Figures. Philadelphia & London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1910. Pp. 224. As with Africa of old, so now-a-days with our far-off eastern possessions, e Philippinis semper aliquid novi. This time it is the Homo Philippinensis, close kin of him of ancient Heidelberg. According to Dr Bean (p. 231) he is "a being somewhat apart, typical of neither the primary nor the secondary Australoid," at least as represented by the man of Taytay, whose photograph is given with anthropometric details (pp. 228-232). On the basis of "primordial man with a form similar to Homo Heidelbergensis, Mousteriensis and Philippinensis," the author derives the races of man in all parts of the globe, by variation, differentiation, segregation, modification, interbreeding, conglomeration, re-combination, etc. One is forced to admire Dr Bean's synonymy at times, as, e. g., when he goes still further and speaks (p. 29) of "the Australoid type" as "supposed to represent a mosaic of Iberian and Primitive," and, again (p. 30) of the Alpine as "apparently another mosaic of the Iberian and Primitive types." Dr Bean recognizes (p. 221) "three fundamental units of mankind, the Iberian being the fundamental European type, the Primitive being the type of the Orient, and the Australoid the primary negroid element." The other types, CroMagnon, Alpine, etc., "are modifications and combinations of the three fundamental types." Concerning the Filipinos the author observes (p. 224): "The Filipino peoples, exclusive of the Moros, are derived principally from East Indian sources, the southern Pacific Islands, China and Japan, and Europe. Continual intermingling has failed to eradicate, or fuse or blend the three fundamental types, Iberian, Primitive and Australoid, which continue in comparative purity throughout the Philippine Islands." What the future has in store in this part of the world is thus stated (p. 218): “Fusion of the mass of Filipinos throughout is evident in the formation of a blend that will probably be largely Primitive, or between that and the Adriatic, because in the course of time the Iberian elements will be eliminated to a great extent by disease, especially tuberculosis." In the differentiation of Filipino types "color markings have been of no value," "hair form has been of little avail (they all have straight black hair, with an occasional wave)," and "the cephalic index has been found unreliable because of possible distortion of the head." The ear, however, has not failed, for "the ear-form has been found a better indicator, and by this alone much can be known as to the individual's component elements (p. 217)." Primitive ears, we are told, "are almost the reverse of the Iberian in every respect (p. 195)"; the Australoid and Primitive ears are "old types," "the Iberian type D, A and C ears are intermediate, the Iberian type B, and B.B.B. ears are new types," "the others are mixed, intermediate and new." This reasoning makes the Filipinos older than the Chinese, Indians, or Spanish, since they have "older ear-types" (p. 188). This use of the ear as a universal anthropometer, prehistoric and modern, and as a sort of talisman or philosopher's stone for the discovery and the determination of human types, is something neither anatomists nor ethnologists will readily agree to, since variation in the form of the ear is about the least likely of any human physical character to possess fundamental significance. Chapter VIII of the book is devoted to "the omphalic index," which is found "by dividing the distance of the umbilicus from the pubic spine by its distance from the suprasternal notch, thus indicating its relative position on the body. By the use of this index, "the relative amount of Iberian and Primitive stock in a people composed of the two stocks can be determined with a fair degree of accuracy" (p. 164),-thus the Russian women measured by Teumin, "are 34 per cent. less Primitive than the Igorot women, 30 per cent. less Primitive than the women of Taytay, etc." In his researches Dr Bean, besides examining the ears of "several thousand Filipinos from every part of the Archipelago," took measurements of "about 800 students of the Trade and Normal Schools of Manila, more than 100 Igorots, 500 individuals of Taytay and Cainta, and about 200 subjects of Malecon Morgue." For comparison he used also the measurements of 100 American negroes (Johns Hopkins Hospital), 1000 students of the |