University of Michigan, and 1,500 school-children of Ann Arbor, Mich. The origin records are on file at the Wistar Institute of Anatomy, Philadelphia, Pa. Out of them Dr Bean has made an interesting and wellillustrated book, even if one cannot agree with very many of the positions he takes or the theories he advances. The reviewer for one is not yet prepared to swear by the ear as the supreme court of racial anatomy. One might perhaps say that the author's material is better than his uses of it.

ALEXANDER F. CHAMBERLAIN.

Philippine Studies. I. A Little Book of Filipino Riddles. Collected and edited by FREDERICK STARR. Yonkers, New York: World Book Co., 1909. Pp. 133. In this little book Professor Starr gives us the native texts and translations, with explanations, etc., of 416 Filipino (Tagal, Ilocan, Pangasinan, Gaddang, Pampangan, Visayan, etc.) riddles, collected by him, chiefly from school-boys belonging to various peoples of the islands in 1908. In an introduction (pp. 5-22) riddles in general and Filipino riddles in particular are discussed in an interesting way. The distribution of these riddles as to subjects is as follows: Animals (mammals), 1-13; bell, 14-17; betel, 15-21; birds, 22-28; boats, 29–35; body (parts), 36–78; book, 79-80; candle, 81-85; cardinal points, 86; clock (watch), 87-89; *coffin, 90; disease, 91-92; dress, 93-99; drinks, 100-101; egg, 102-104; fishes, 105-114; fruit, 115-143; furniture, 144; games, 145; greeting, 146; hammock, 147–148; heavenly bodies, 149–163; hole, 164; house and parts, 165-177; implements, 178-196; insects and other invertebrates, 197-213; lamp, 214-216; love, 217-222; mat, 223-225; mirror, 226; musical instruments, 227–229; nature elements, 230-232; number, 233; occupations 234-238; persons, 239-251; plants, 252-284; qualities, 285; relationship, 286-289; religious, 290-317; reptiles, etc., 318-326; road, 327-329; shade, shadow. etc., 330-335; smoking, 336; storm, sky, etc., 337-345; stove, 346-352; time, 353-354; tools, 355-359; toy, 360–361; trunk, 362-363; umbrella, 364-365; utensils, etc., 366-393; vegetables, 394-405; vision, 406; waves, 407; word-plays, 408-416. Many of these riddles exhibit a curious combination of foreign (Spanish, Christian) influence and local coloring or adaptation. As Professor Starr indicates, our famous "Humpty Dumpty" is represented by the Ilocan (p. 49, No. 102):

Yti papapugan ti Ari; no maluctan saan nga maisubli. The lime-box of the king; if you open it you cannot restore it. The answer is Itlog, "Egg." The riddle of the "Pig" (No. 9, p. 27) is sui generis and quite Oriental besides. Nos. 170 and 237 are markedly of

local origin. Professor Starr is of opinion that "the true riddles in our series are largely original Filipino, while the insoluble riddles, the catches, the plays on words, are those where foreign influence is most evident (p. 20)." Coarseness and stupidity characterize a considerable number of Filipino riddles as they do likewise those of other peoples. The commonest form in which the Filipino riddle is cast is "two well-balanced rhyming lines," each line usually containing from five to seven syllables. Young people are the chief propagators of riddles among the Filipinos, and they “are much in vogue when a young gentleman calls upon his sweetheart." With the Tagals and Pampangans "the chief occasion for giving bugtong (riddles) is when a little group are watching at night beside a corpse." The various Filipino peoples have diverse names for riddles: Tagal and Pampangan bugtong; Bisayan tugmahanon; Pangasinan boniqueio; Ilocan burburtia, etc. The author intends this interesting little monograph to be the first number of a series of "Philippine Studies," each of which will treat independently of a distinct and separate subject. ALEXANDER F. CHAMBERLAIN.

The Stone Age in North America. By WARREN K. MOOREHEAD. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1910. 2 vols. 8° (price $5.00). In these volumes the author has attempted to group the various objects of stone, bone, shell, copper, etc., and to classify them according to his own conceptions; but, unfortunately, much irrelevant matter has been included, and the pages are replete with inaccurate, misleading statements, rendering the work, for all practical purposes, quite valueless.

Within the space of a brief review it will not be possible to refer to the many paragraphs that challenge criticism, but it will be well to understand the author's theories upon which the present work is based. On page 4, volume 1, is found this statement: "It has occurred to me that those museum men who collect and study modern material more than the prehistoric have not a clear perspective of the past in this country." This is the key to the whole work, and as a result of his adherence to this theory and failure to "study modern material" he has erred in the identification of certain objects. As an example, certain bone implements from a "Mandan site in North Dakota" (vol. II, p. 146 and p. 151), are identified as "bone celts . . . hollowed after the manner of Eastern stone gouges." Now as a matter of fact these are examples of the bone implements made by the Chippewa and other northern tribes at the present time, and used by them in removing the flesh from the inner surface of hides, during the process of tanning. Many examples are to be seen in museum

collections; therefore, contrary to the belief of the author, it appears that a knowledge of the arts and customs of the living tribes tends to shed light on the manners of their predecessors.

And again, the author is evidently of the belief that the majority of objects of stone, etc., forming the collections in museums possess great antiquity as he writes (vol. 1, p. 10): “Most of these exhibits are of objects in use long before Columbus discovered America." It is difficult to understand how such a conclusion could have been reached, and the author has evidently lost sight of the fact that for many generations subsequent to the year 1492, the Indian remained in his primitive condition and fashioned objects of stone, bone, and shell; and moreover that scarcely five generations have elapsed since the greater part of America was occupied by the native tribes, maintaining their aboriginal manners and customs, little influenced by European contact. It will thus be seen that in the preparation of this work the author has been influenced by the belief that the various objects found on the surface near village sites, or in contact with burials, represent the work of tribes so ancient that no knowledge of the origin or use of the objects can be gained by studying the habits and customs of the living tribes. In this connection it would be interesting to know how he would treat material from a known historic site.

The closing chapters (XXXVI-XXXVII) of the second volume are devoted to the "conclusions." This section opens with a reference to "The Population in Prehistoric Times"; it contains various contradictory, ambiguous statements, so we pass on to the next section "The Stone Age in Historic Times,"—a most interesting subject,-but, after writing, "It is unfortunate that Coronado, De Soto, Captain Smith, Hennepin, Marquette and the Pilgrim Fathers did not give us more detail about stone-age times" the author disposes of the subject by quoting a few paragraphs from a work on the "Seri Indians living on an island in the Gulf of California"! Following this section are a few pages on "The Antiquity of Man in America," referring to the work of certain "real archeologists" in the Delaware valley. Other sections follow including: "Art in ancient times and modern art" and "The Stone-age point of view." Following the conclusions is a bibliography which does not, however, purport to be complete.

The work contains some very good illustrations and many of an inferior quality, but they do not appear to have been selected to show the various types of objects; rather, the text seems to have been prepared to suit the available illustrations.

D. I. BUSHNELL, JR.

SOME NEW PUBLICATIONS

AVEBURY, The Right Hon. Lord. The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man. Mental and Social Condition of Savages. Sixth Edition (1902), reissue with a new preface. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1911. 82X52, pp. xxxii, 577; 5 plates, 20 figures, frontispiece.

BARING-GOULD, S. Cliff Castles and Cave Dwellings of Europe. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1911. 81⁄2×51⁄2, pp. 324, 51 ills. and diagrams.

BEUCHAT, H. and RIVET, P. Affinités des Langues du Sud de la Colombie et du Nord de l'Équateur (Groupes Paniquita, Coconuco et Barbacoa). Extrait du Muséon, 1910. Louvain: J. B. Istas, Editeur, 1910. 101⁄2 x61⁄2, pp. 94. BOAS, F. Abstract of the Report on Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants. (A report of the Immigration Commission.) Washington: Gov't Printing Office, 1911. 9×8, pp. 58, 23 figs. Kwakiut! Tales. pology, vol. 2.) New York: 92X6, pp. viii, 496, 1 ill.

(Columbia University Contributions to AnthroColumbia Univ. Press; and Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1910.

CHURCHILL, WILLIAM. The Polynesian Wanderings: Tracks of the Migration Deduced from an Examination of the Proto-Samoan Content of Efate and other Languages of Melanesia. Washington: The Carnegie Institution, 1911. 10X7, pp. viii, 516, map.

CONANT, CARLOS EVERETT. The RGH Law in Philippine Languages. (Journal of the American Oriental Society, Volume XXXI, Part 1, 1910.) 91⁄4×6, pp. 70-85.

COWAN, JAMES. The Maoris of New Zealand. Melbourne and London: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1910. 81⁄2X52, pp. xxiv, 356, ills.

CUMMINGS, BYRON. The Ancient Inhabitants of the San Juan Valley. Bulletin of the University of Utah, vol. iii, no. 3, pt. 2. Salt Lake City, November, 1910. 9x6, pp. 45, ills.

DILLENIUS, J. A. El Hueso Parietal Bajo la Influencia de la Deformación Fronte Occipital. Contribución al Estudio Somático de los Antiguos Calchaquíes. Buenos Aires, 1910. 11 x 72, pp. 92, 14 plates, 21 text figures, tables.

DUNN, W. E. Apache Relations in Texas, 1718-1750. (The Quarterly of the Texas State Historical Association, vol. 14, no. 3, Jan., 1911.) Austin, 1911. 9×6, pp. 198–274.

EASTMAN, C. A. The Soul of the Indian. Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Co., 1911. 71⁄2X41⁄2, pp. xiv, 170.

GATES, WILLIAM E. Commentary upon the Maya-Tzental Perez Codex, with a concluding note upon the Linguistic Problem of the Maya Glyphs. (In Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. vi, no. 1.) Cambridge: Published by the Museum, November, 1910. 91⁄2 x 61⁄2, pp. 1-64.

GRAEBNER, F. Methode der Ethnologie (Kulturgeschichtliche Bibliothek, 1. Reihe: Ethnologische Bibliothek mit Einschluss der altorientalischen Kultur

geschichte). Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1911. 7X 5, pp. xvii, 192.

GRUBB, W. B. (ed. by T. M. JONES). Unknown People in an Unknown Land: an Account of the Life and Customs of the Lengua Indians of the Paraguayan Chaco with Adventures and Experiences met with during twenty years' Pioneering and Exploration amongst them. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1911. 82X52, pp. 330, 53 ills., map.

HADDON, A. C. History of Anthropology. New York: G. P. Putnams' Sons, 1910. 64 x 4, pp. 206, ills.

A brief popular work.

HADDON, KATHLEEN. Cat's Cradles from Many Lands. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1911. 71⁄2×5, pp. xvi, 95, 59 ills.

HAILMANN, W. N. Education of the Indian. New York, (1910). 91⁄2 x 634, pp. 36.

HODGE, F. W. Jumano Indians.

(Reprinted from the Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society at the Semi-Annual Meeting, April, 1910.) Worcester, 1910. 10x62, pp. 22.

Editor. Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Part 2. Bulletin 30, Bureau of American Ethnology. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910. 9 x 54, pp. 1221, ills.

HRDLIČKA, ALEŠ. Contribution to the Anthropology of the Central and Smith Sound Eskimo. (Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, vol. v, part II.) New York, 1910. 92X61⁄2, pp. 175-280, plates

IX-XXIII.

HUMPHREY, W. B. North American Indian Folk-Lore Medicine. New York: The American Indian League, [1911]. 101⁄2×61⁄2, pp. 8, frontispiece, words and music of eight songs.

KROEBER, A. L. Phonetic Constitutents of the Native Languages of California. (University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 10, no. 1.) 101⁄2×7, pp. 1-12.

Laufer, BERTHOLD. Der Roman einer tibetischen Königin, tibetischen Text und Übersetzung. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1911. 10X7, pp. x, 264, 8 text figs.

LEÓN, NICOLAS. La Obstetricia en Mexico. Notas Bibliográficas, Etnicas. Históricas, Documentarias y Críticas, de los origines históricos hasta el año 1910, Parts 1 and 2. Mexico: Tip. de la Vda. de F. Dias, 1910. 8 x 6, pp. 748, ills. MACCURDY, GEORGE G. Recent Studies Bearing on the Antiquity of Man in Europe. (From the Smithsonian Report for 1909.) Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910. 91⁄2 x 6, 531-583, plates 1-18, text-figures 1-20. MACKENZIE, A. S. The Evolution of Literature. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell and Co., [1911]. 84×52, pp. xvi, 440.

MCCLINTOCK, WALTER.

of the Blackfeet Indians. ills. including 8 in colors.

The Old North Trail. Life, Legends, and Religion London: MacMillan and Co., 1910. 81⁄2 x 52, 95