as already stated, to apply the doctrine of secondary association to the subject of his inquiry. From this point of view, his paper constitutes a landmark in the history of totemic study, the prolegomena to all positive attempts at a sane interpretation of "totemic" institutions.

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY,

NEW YORK CITY.

NOTES ON THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE HURON

S

By F. G. SPECK

EVERAL visits to the Huron Indians of Lorette, P. Q., near

Quebec, in 1908-9 and again in 1911,1 for the purpose of studying their decorative art and moose hair embroidery, an account of which has already been published separately, also resulted, incidentally, in the collection of some specimens of material culture with explanatory notes which are here presented.

This historic tribe is now represented by those at Lorette, and the band known as Wyandot in Oklahoma, the latter numbering 378 in 1905, while some few more of the Anderdon band are to be found in Ontario near Detroit. The Lorette people, with whom alone this paper is concerned, are classed as the descendants of the Cord people of the Huron confederacy, the Attigneenongnahac3 of the Jesuits, who fled from Ontario to escape the Iroquois about 1650. From 1648 to 1660 the rupture between those of the Huron who fled westward, becoming known as Wyandot, and those who sought the protection of the French near Quebec, became perma

nent.

The Lorette Huron have been increasing quite rapidly in recent years although none can be strictly regarded as full bloods. Intermarriages with Algonkins of the Ottawa and Gatineau rivers, Abenaki of St Francis, Malisit of Cacouna, and a few Montagnais of Lake St John have been of quite frequent occurrence in recent generations.

Supported by Mr George G. Heye.

2 Cf. American Anthropologist, N. S., Vol. 13, No. 1, Jan.-March, 1911, pp. 1-14. The "Handbook of American Indians" quotes Potier, Rac. Huron et Gram. Ms. 1761, as recording the two names Ekeenteeronon and Hatindia8ointen as the names by which the Lorette Huron referred to themselves, although no translation is offered. The Montagnais of Lake St. John call the Lorette people Nádowéuts "People who kill everybody," this being also their name for the Mohawk and other Iroquois.

4 For example at my first visit in 1908 the Huron census at Lorette gave 466; in 1910 they numbered 484, exclusive of other Indians, while previous counts gave them 455 in 1904; and 293 in 1890.

The main significance of the information obtained from the Huron of Lorette, aside from the purely objective aspect, is in the fact that it enables us to point out some comparative traits between the Huron, their Iroquoian kindred, and the neighboring Algonkian tribes, leading to the determination of their later ethnographic affinities. From a comparison of the scanty Huron material and the fuller but as yet incomplete and unsystematized studies of the other groups, it seems that the major part of Huron material culture has been pervaded by northeastern Algonkian ideas, while the fundamentally Iroquoian particulars seem to be more like those of the Mohawk. Practically nothing distinctively Huron, as we know the older tribes of this group from the Jesuit accounts, appears to have remained with these people; not even the language. A mass of ethnologic material on this tribe could be compiled from the numerous historical works, but no attempt has been made to undertake this by the writer.

CLOTHING

Information was obtained about clothing to supplement what could be observed from specimens in the possession of the Indians. The characteristic chief's head dress is a large bunch of hawk feathers attached to the crown of a sort of cloth skull cap with a decorated headband and a few ribbons hanging behind (fig. 21). In the finer articles possessed by chiefs a beautifully ornamented silver band encircles it. In the more ordinary articles embroidered moose hair designs suffice. A similar cap with decorated head band and one or two feathers or several strings of beads hanging from the crown was worn by ordinary warriors, and boys. Cutting the hair. short has been in vogue for many years among the men. Women mostly part their hair in the middle and tie it up in a coil low down on the back of the head. Upon special occasions a decorated head band with a feather in the rear is worn.

A long, sleeved coat opening down the front is the next article. of importance. Among the chiefs this has taken the form of the long broadcloth military coat, with the lapel collar. There is little doubt, however, that some such garment was, in the earliest times, worn by the men of the Huron as well as of other north

eastern tribes. These coats, either of buckskin or cloth, reach almost to the knees. Around the collar and down the front of the lapels, on crescent-shaped epaulets edged with metal and moose hair danglers, upon the cuffs, and around the border of the skirt, flower decorations in moose hair are placed. A pair of silver bands fastened with ribbons ornaments the arms above the elbows, and

a woven sash confines the coat at the waist. The sash, being an important article with these people, wil! later be described separately. A large silver brooch with ornamental etchings fastens the chief's coat at the top. The military coat is as indicative of the chiefs as the large feather-bunch headdress. The men of plainer

rank wear a coat of similar pattern lacking, however, ornamentations. Their coats are usually of some vari-colored, plainer cloth resembling what one sees among the Shawnee, Seminole, and other southern tribes, except that they are a little longer. Men's hunting coats formerly possessed a peaked hood, separate or attached to the collar. Examples of both chief's and ordinary warrior's costume are shown in plate VIII.

The woman's body covering consists of a calico over-waist reaching half way to the knees with a broad frilled collar sometimes enlarged to the proportions of a small cape, fastened across the chest with a silver brooch. In most respects the female costume is quite the same as that worn by the Iroquois women. The ornamentation is frequently elaborate and individual, with beads and ribbon appliquée. The skirt follows the ordinary European pattern, reaching halfway below the knees. Decorations in beadwork or ribbon appliquée border the bottom. No sash confines the woman's over-waist, so this falls loosely over the skirt.

Men's leggings reach from the ankle about three-fourths of the way up the thigh. They give the impression of being a little too short. A flap to be decorated is left to the width of several inches outside the seam which comes at the side of the leg. Huron leggings are much ornamented, having ribbon appliquée or beadwork with the metal danglers on the flap, and ribbon or beadwork around the bottom, at the knee and something around the top. The leggings of common warriors correspond in plainness to their coats. Women's leggings come almost to the knee and have a similarly decorated flap and bottom. I saw no specimens of breechcloths among the Huron and could not find out about them. similar in general features to the coats worn by neighboring Algonkian tribes, the Huron garment lacks the broad decorated collar on the back which is so characteristic of the others. The conservative distinction between the equipment and clothing of chiefs and ordinary men among these people is a matter worthy of notice.

While

The moccasins, which are extensively made by these people and sold all over the country, are of an old Huron type. The common variety is really more of a slipper for home use than an article for heavy service. Deer and moose skin is the common moccasin