Dillenius to undertake this extraordinary investigation. No physical anthropologist, I think, would ever have supposed that the artificially deformed, hyper- and ultra-brachycephalic Calchaqui were primitively dolichocephalic, unless influenced by some preconceived idea. The work of Father Damasus Aigner (Ueber die Ossa parietalia des Menschen, Munich, 1900) must have inspired Miss Dillenius, for under its influence her work was done. At any rate, she followed Aigner's method. Aigner invented a system of measurements to find out the difference which exists between the parietal bone of men and the anthropoids, as well as the difference between the parietal bone of dolichocephalic and brachycephalic skulls. This method enables one to know "with exactness all the existing ratios between the different elements of the parietal bone" (Dillenius, op. cit., p. ii). It consists of linear measurements and various angular measurements, which latter are partly taken with a little instrument (op. cit., p. 40, pl. v).

One hundred adult Calchaqui skulls were taken for examination from a series of 250, collected at Poma, Fuerte Alto, and La Paya, in the ancient Calchaqui country. Among these 250, only 3 skulls are undeformed. The series studied is on the whole ultra-brachycephalic, oscillating between 92 and 115.6. All these skulls belong to the Museum of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters in Buenos Aires, of which Professor Ambrosetti is the director.

In Miss Dillenius' opinion all, or nearly all, the various deformations which she, and I myself, found on Calchaqui skulls, are subforms of the fronto-occipital deformation (p. 7), but she brings no proof whatever for this assertion. Her "à nuestro juicio" is not sufficient to convince

one.

The people, or group of tribes, which we are used to call Calchaqui, or better Diaguitas, as Boman suggested, were, somatologically speaking, decidedly a very mixed lot. Virchow and those few, including myself, who have studied their osseous remains, have found several types among them, not only deformed, but normal. The latter and the but slightly, accidentally deformed skulls in the La Plata Museum formed about 40 per cent of the collection I studied there in 1896. Among these 40 per cent I distinguished not less than six types, but only one was a true dolichocephal (index 72. 4), two were mesati- or mesocephalic, while all the others were brachycephalic in different degrees. And amongst all these non-deformed skulls there was not a single one which could be classed as Palaeo-American, in the sense employed by Miss Dillenius.1 Dr Rivet has shown in his valuable memoir After her own terminology, as Lehmann-Nitsche writes me, "ohne dass hier an Deniker gedacht worden wäre." This makes the question still more confused.

on the Lagoa Santa-race in Ecuador (Bull. et Mém. Soc. d'Anthr. Paris, Ve série, t. IX, pp. 251, 252) that the Calchaqui skull to which I at first attributed somewhat Palaeo-American characteristics, belongs to a different type. The same applies to a certain Araucanian skull, with which I compared it. Virchow, who described also a dolichocephalic skull from Tinogasta, said that this skull could never have belonged to the same race as the hypsi-brachycephalics of Barranca (Cf. my Anthropologie des anciens habitants de la région Calchaquie, pp. 32, 39, 59). Miss Dillenius does not say explicitly to which type the three skulls of her series, which had to be left out ("que debieron quedar fuera de concurso"), belong, but as two of them presented a slight flattening at the lambda, and it could not be made out whether the third was deformed or normal (p. 8), we may conclude that these three skulls were by no means typical Palaeo-Americans. It is obvious then that when we do not find any hypsi-dolichocephalic skulls among the non-deformed Calchaqui, the allegation of Miss Dillenius that the Calchaqui Indians were originally of the Palaeo-American type is valueless. Moreover, as long as we do not know in how far the other bones of the skull, besides the os parietale, are affected by artificial deformation, an absolute proof of what Miss Dillenius holds to be true can not be given. All the direct measurements and angles of this one bone after Father Aigner's method, however accurate it may be in itself, can not dispel my doubts. finally, if Miss Dillenius had made a comparative study of the other skeletal remains (long bones, pelvis, etc.) also, and had found her hypothesis about the primitive skull-form confirmed, this would have lent a greater degree of probability to it. The "pues" and "irrecusablemente" with which Miss Dillenius emphasizes her final conclusion (pp. 87-89) are as little convincing as the preceding chapters.

And

Regardless of the main purport of Miss Dillenius' work the chapter on the configuration of the lineae temporales and the coronal suture at the stephanion (pp. 71-81) is very interesting and, in my opinion, the most valuable part of the whole memoir. Miss Dillenius has proved and demonstrated by several figures that the said region of the deformed skulls shows a peculiar anatomical characteristic which until now was found only among apes. It is due, she holds, to the artificial head deformation and she calls it, as suggested by Lehmann-Nitsche, a pseudopithecoid characteristic. It is not congenital, but acquired, and belongs to "a primitive condition of man, in the sense of his ontogenetic evolution, and is a typical characteristic of the anthropoid apes."

The time and labor bestowed on El Hueso Parietal must have

AM. ANTH., N. S., 13-22

been considerable. It is therefore the more to be regretted Miss Dillenius did not choose another subject of investigation on which she could have proven her patience and skill. American physical anthropology abounds in interesting problems, the solution of which would have benefited science much more than the seeking for a chimerical "true" primitive headform. In this connection I would quote the opinion of Virchow: "Die Ermittelung der natürlichen Schädelform der Eingeborenen ist in keinem Welttheil mit so grossen Schwierigkeiten verknüpft, als in Amerika" (Crania Americana, p. 5). Thus the ground Miss Dillenius chose, or was suggested to tread on, is a slippery one indeed, with very few landmarks. Where many an old traveler in the fields of anthropology might have stumbled or lost his way, we can hardly blame a newcomer with but little experience if a similar fate befalls him.

H. TEN KATE.

Cat's Cradles from Many Lands. By KATHLEEN HADDON. London & New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1911. 71⁄2 × 5, pp. xvi, 95; 59 ills.

Miss Haddon has been introduced into the subject of the forms of play of primitive people under the eminent guidance of her father. She gives us in the present volume a useful collection of string figures, collected from a variety of sources. She applies the common terminology devised by Dr Haddon. Her book and that of Mr Jayne are valuable sources for a form of play that has attracted the attention of students, and is perhaps better known than any other games of primitive people.

FRANZ BOAS.

SOME NEW PUBLICATIONS

ANDREÏEV, M. S. et POLOVCOV, A. A. Matériaux pour servir à l'Ethnographie des Peuples Iraniens de l'Asie Centrale. (Publications du Musée d'Anthropologie et d'Ethnographie de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St.-Petersbourg.) Iškašim et Vakhan. St. Petersburg, 1911. 12×84, pp. 41, plates 6. Text in Russian.

AVEBURY, Right Hon. Lord [Sir JOHN LUBBOCK]. Marriage, Totemism and Religion, an Answer to Critics. London, New York, etc.: Longmans, Green & Co., 1911. 8X5, pp. viii, 243. (Price $1.25, net.)

CURTIS, EDWARD S. The North American Indian. Being a series of volumes picturing and describing the Indians of the United States and Alaska. [New York:] 1911. Vol. VI, pp. ix, 193; vol. VII, pp. xii, 210; vol. VIII, pp. ix, 227, all containing many illustrations. Also three portfolios of plates, one accompanying each of the three volumes of text above noted.

DENSMORE, FRANCES. Chippewa Music. (Bulletin 45, Bureau of American Ethnology.) Washington: Government Printing Office, 1910. 9×54, pp. 216, plates 12, text figures 8.

FEWKES, JESSE WALTER. Preliminary Report on a Visit to the Navaho National Monument, Arizona. (Bulletin 50, Bureau of American Ethnology.) Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911. 9×54, pp. 35, plates 22, text figures 3.

Antiquities of the Mesa Verde National Park; Cliff Palace. (Bulletin 51, Bureau of American Ethnology.) Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911. 9×54, pp. 82, plates 35, text figures 4.

MALER, TEOBERT. Explorations in the Department of Peten, Guatemala: Tikal. (Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. v, no. 1.) Cambridge: Published by the Museum, 1911. 14×11, pp. 1–92, plates 1-28, text figures 1-17.

OVINGTON, M. W., with a foreword by Dr Franz Boas. Half a Man, the Status of the Negro in New York. New York, 1911. 75%X5%, pp. ix, 236. SERGI, G. L'Uomo. Milano, 1911. 91⁄2×6, pp. xv, 421, figures in text 212, plates 107, map.

SPECK, FRANK G. Ceremonial Songs of the Creek and Yuchi Indians, with Music Transcribed by Jacob D. Sapir. (University of Pennsylvania Museum Anthropological Publications, vol. 1, no. 2.) Philadelphia: Published by the University Museum, 1911. 1034X734, pp. 155-245, figs. 4, frontispiece.

STARR, FREDERICK. Lolo Objects in the Public Museum, Milwaukee.

(Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee, vol. 1, part 2, July, 1911.) 9×6, pp. 209–220, plates 8.

SWANTON, JOHN R. Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico. (Bulletin 43, Bureau of American Ethnology.) Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911. 9×54, pp. 387, plates 32, text figures 2.

THOMAS, CYRUS; assisted by J. R. SWANTON. Indian Languages of Mexico and Central America and their Geographical Distribution. (Bulletin 44, Bureau of American Ethnology.) Washington: Government Printing Office, 1911. 9X54, pp. vii, 108, map.

THURNWALD, RICHARD. Stufen der Staatsbildung bei den Urzeitvölkern (auf Grund von Forschungen bei den Melanesischen Stämmen der Südsee). (Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft, xxv Band, gart: Ferdinand Enke, [1911]. 81⁄2X51⁄2, PP. 417–432.

Heft.) Stutt

Tozzer, Alfred M. Preliminary Study of the Ruins of Tikal, Guatemala. (Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.) Cambridge: Published by the Museum, 1911. 14X11, pp. 93-135, plates 29-30, text figures 18-47.

VOLK, ERNEST. The Archaeology of the Delaware Valley. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. v.) Cambridge: Published by the Museum, 1911. 91⁄2×61⁄2, pp. 258, plates 125, text illustrations 26, maps 2.

WRIGHT, G. F. The Ice Age in North America. Oberlin, Ohio, 1911. 9X 64, pp. xxi, 763, plates 9, text figures 196.