U. S. departments of state, war, and commerce were represented, respectively, by Edwin C. Reed, Secretary of the Esperanto Association of North America; Dr H. W. Yeamans, Vice-President of the American Association, and E. C. Kokeloy. Dr Yeamans, who was President of the Sixth Congress, held in Washington last year, opened the convention. One of the features of the first session was the ovation accorded to Dr Ludwig L. Zamenhof, of Poland, the inventor of Esperanto, when the Spanish consul presented to him on behalf of King Alfonso the Cross of the Order of Isabella.

AN "AMERICAN INDIAN ASSOCIATION" has been founded which met for the first time in Columbus, Ohio, from October 12 to 15, 1911. The objects of the association can best be given from its own circular:

"The American Indian Association is primarily an organization of American Indians. It proposes to bring together all progressive Indians and friends of Indian progress for the purpose of promoting the highest interest of the Indian as a race and as an individual. It asserts that any condition of living, habit of thought, or racial characteristic that unfits the Indian for modern environment is detrimental and conducive only of individual and racial incompetence."

THE Council of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland sent to the recent Imperial Conference in London a Memorial urging the establishment of an Imperial Bureau of Anthropology. The proposal is that the Bureau should be established in London and that it should be managed by a committee composed of the Council of the Royal Anthropological Institute and representatives of the Governments of the British Dominions, of the Indian and Colonial Offices, and of those universities in Great Britain, in India and in the Colonies and Dependencies of the Empire where anthropology is systematically studied.

A NOTABLE addition to the facilities offered by Paris as a center of anthropological research is the Institute of Human Paleontology recently founded by the Prince of Monaco. In the new Institute the Abbe H. Breuil, formerly of the University of Fribourg, occupies the chair of prehistoric ethnography, and Docotor H. Obermaier, former colleague of Professor Hoernes at Vienna, that of geology in its relation to prehistory. Professor M. Boule of the Museum of Natural History, Jardin des Plantes, is the director.

ANNOUNCEMENT is made that a "Navaho-English and EnglishNavaho Vocabulary" is being prepared for publication by the Franciscan.

Fathers of St Michaels, authors of the noted "Ethnologic Dictionary of the Navaho Language." A limited edition only will be published, in two octavo volumes of about 150 pages each, at five dollars per volume, and it will be ready for distribution in all probability in the summer of

1912.

MR HARLAN I. SMITH, formerly of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, has been put in charge of archeology under the Division of Anthropology of the Geological Survey of Canada. It is his intention to organize Canadian archeological work in as systematic and thorough a manner as possible, and to contribute to our knowledge of prehistoric Canada by a careful and intensive study of selected sites.

IN the July issue of Man Miss A. C. Breton describes some of the museums of archeology and ethnology in America, including the New York Natural History Museum, the Brooklyn Institute, the Peabody Museum of Harvard College, the Yale University Museum, the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, the National Museum at Washington, and the National Museum of San José, Costa Rica.

DR CHARLES G. WELD has bequeathed to the Boston Museum of Fine Arts his collection of Japanese paintings and lacquer work which has been in the custody of the museum as a loan collection and to the Peabody Museum at Salem all the property now in the custody of that institution, including the collection from the South Seas, and the sum of $25,000.

MR ARTHUR A. ALLEN, instructor in neurology and vertebrate zoology in Cornell University, will spend the next year in South America as chief of an expedition organized by the American Museum of Natural History. The expedition will go to Colombia, its immediate object being to explore ruins and collect antiquities.

THE eighteenth Congress of Americanists will be held next year in London, from May 27 to June 1, the invitation issued by the Royal Anthropological Institute, through its president, Mr A. P. Maudslay, having been accepted by the congress. The president-elect is Sir Clements Markham.

THE results of the scientific expedition of the Planet have now been published. Volume V is the only one that will interest Anthropologists. It contains ethnographical and anthropological sketches of the Basuto and of the inhabitants of the Hermit Islands, by Kraemer.

We learn from Nature that the geological and archeological collections made by the late Rev. E. Maule Cole, all the objects of which are connected with East Yorkshire, have been presented to the Hull Municipal Museum by Lady Philadelphia Cole.

Dr Franz Boas, of Columbia University, New York City, and Dr Alexander F. Chamberlain, of Clark University, Worcester, Mass., have been made corresponding members of the Sociedad de Folk-Lore Chileño, Santiago de Chile.

Professor KARL PEARSON, F.R.S., has been appointed to be the first occupant of the chair of eugenics in the University of London, established by the legacy bequeathed for that purpose by the late Sir Francis Galton.

PROF. HUTTON WEBSTER of the University of Nebraska and Dr A. A. Goldenweiser of Columbia University attended and read papers at the recent meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science.

PROFESSOR Baldwin SpenCER has been making valuable observations on the natives of the Adelaide River Plains and Melville Island, in connection with a scientific expedition in Australia.

SENOR GENARO GARCÍA has been supplanted as Director of the Museo Nacional of Mexico by Señor Robelo and Senor Battres as Inspector of Antiquities by Ingeniero Rodriguez.

EXCAVATIONS are being carried on by Russian archeologists about the lake of Ladoga for the purpose of finding the burial place of Rurik, the famous early ruler of the Russians.

FUNDS are being collected for the purpose of erecting a monument to honor the memory of the late Professor Cesare Lombroso, at his native place, Verona, Italy.

DR JOHN BEDDOE, F.R.S., a practising physician who has made important contributions to anthropology, died on July 19, aged eightyfour years.

MR M. R. HARRINGTON was appointed Assistant Curator of the American Section of the University of Pennsylvania Museum last January.

DR NICOLAS LEON has been named Professor of Anthropology at the Museo Nacional, Mexico.

THE Seventh International Congress for Criminal Anthropology met at Cologne, Oct. 9-13.

American Anthropologist

NEW SERIES

VOL. 13

T

JULY-SEPTEMBER, 1911

NOTES ON THE KADO, OR SUN DANCE OF

THE KIOWA

BY HUGH LENOX SCOTT

I. INTRODUCTION

No. 3

HE Plains of the West were inhabited at the time of their discovery by a number of wandering tribes that depended upon the buffalo for subsistence. They spoke different languages, yet possessed together a culture that was distinctive of the Plains. One of the most conspicuous elements of that culture, after the sign language, was the Medicine or Sun dance.

It is not known in what tribe this dance originated. It must, however, have started in the north, for all the tribes now on the southern Plains that practise the ceremony are, like the Kiowa, intruders, and brought it with them from the north.

The Kiowa received their Sun dance from an old Arapaho, to whom it was given by the Crows. It may have been that some of its features originated with the Crows, and were afterward amalgamated with others from a different source, after the Kiowa left the northern Plains.

The Kiowa, for instance, do not allow any cutting of flesh or shedding of blood in their Sun dance, whereas the Crows, from whom the Kiowa received the ceremony, cut themselves like the Dakota and Blackfeet, as well as the Southern Cheyenne and Arapaho, who migrated south after the Kiowa had moved down, packing their property on dogs.

The Pawnee have been considered somewhat original in their culture. Some of the customs of other tribes have been traced to them; they were long in the district where found at the discovery, and appear to have reached it from the Southwest, according to their traditions, while their bloody sacrifice of captives to the Morning Star had a Mexican cast. They were enemies of the Kiowa as far back as the latter can remember, down to March, 1873, when peace was made between them on the Washita.1 The Comanche preceded the Kiowa, moving southward from the headwaters of the Platte and the Arkansas, moving their property with dogs. They left behind them their relatives the Shoshoni. The Comanche have no Sun dance, nor do their western relatives the Lemhi, according to Lowie, whereas the Shoshoni not only have a Sun dance but cut themselves like the other northern Plains tribes. It is therefore probable that the Comanche left the Shoshoni before the acquisition of the Sun dance. The former do not appear in Spanish writings as being in the south before the year 1700.

It is the view of the writer, then, that the Sun dance originated on the northern Plains-we can follow it certainly from the Kiowa to the Crows in one instance, and the Crows may have been the tribe which originated it, Pawnee influence possibly being responsible for the torture features, although we have nothing definite pointing to the Pawnee,2 other than the fact of their ceremonies, for the Morning Star.

The Kiowa and Kiowa Apache both say that they have been together ever since they grew up as a people, migrated together from the north, and have the same Sun dance. The Kiowa Apache have a regular, appointed place in the Kiowa ceremonial circle.

Those of us who study the Indian in his home, possibly from the viewpoint of a single tribe, are apt to take a narrow view of the customs and ceremonies observed, but it is a fact that a tribe can not

1 Battey, Life and Adventures, p. 130.

2 The counterpart of the torture features in the old world is found in India and is called "hook swinging." "A place on the shoulders is beaten by the priest until benumbed. After that the hook is fixed into the flesh thus prepared, and in this way the unhappy wretch is raised in the air. While suspended thus he is careful not to show any sign of pain, and it is done in fulfillment of a vow for recovery from sickness." -Dubois, Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies, p. 605.