hol-che. Those weak-looking cross-pieces so anomalous in the massive chamber walls are but the atrophied and almost disappearing tokens of the cross-pieces that are so important in the frame work of the ná and so useless in the chamber. That they did not utterly disappear from the outline of the chamber is perhaps due to the fact that they are so all-important in the ná. This survival of a once important function or act is seen in the turning of the horse and the dog before lying down, or, to bring it down to the common events of our own time, in the dress coat with its peculiar shape, which has survived while the rapier that called for it has long disappeared from use.

FIG. 74.

This in my opinion is the history and origin of the so-called Maya arch, a development from the ná cut short by conventionalism.

Now let us compare the outer walls of the chamber with those of the ná. The coincidence of the stone outset in the chamber wall with the pak of the ná has already been alluded to. By itself this coincidence means nothing, but, when combined with the other data, it means much. Like the walls of the ná those of the chamber and the edifice are divided into two broad zones. In the edifice of the Ah-kat-tzib, these zones are both plain, but this is unusual among the ancient structures of these groups, very rare indeed. As a rule the upper zone is devoted to symbolical designs, masks,

serpent-symbols, meanders, and the like. This is the zone that in the ná I have called the trophy zone, a zone of direct utility in the ná, of conventional symbolism and ornamentation in the edifice. A lower zone is sometimes plain as in the Ah-kat-tzib, or covered with columns and spindle designs as in the Palace of Labná. Do not these two surfaces recall, the one the adobe surface of the ná and the other the poles with the wythe bindings?

Now we have reached the roofing. the cap stones of the edifice, are ever as shown in figure 75 and they extend around the entire roof structure of the edifice. Whatever else may be added or omitted, these are ever constant, practically the same. What are they but the lines of the collective pac-hol, house-head wall, hol-ná, and those of

The terminal stone courses,

FIG. 75.

the binders, the kat-ché and hol-ché carried out and conventionalized in stone (fig. 76)? Although conventionalized it was in a marked degree an intelligent conventionalism that tried to get the best out of the material and within the limits given. These collectively applied lines of the pac-hol-ná were so combined as to hold and to serve their old purpose as roof binding and rain

YY

FIG. 76.

shields, and so to keep the waters of the roof as well from striking and defacing the symbols on the upper zone, as from what was in the ná, the trophy zone.

From these facts and data the safe conclusions to be drawn are these: The base lines, the ground measurements of the chambers and the edifice as well, are those

of the ná. The wall lines and measurements of the chamber are practically those of the ná. The shape, the inclinations, the general proportion of the chamber walls and roofing follow closely the

lines of the ná,-lines, angles, and measurements fixed and necessary to the ná, arbitrary and conventional to the chambers of the stone edifice. The so-called Maya arch is but the lines of the ná roof-structure expressed in stone and lime. The roofing of the edifice follows the lines and intent of the ancient pak-hol-ná expressed in conventional lines of stone.

In short the ancient stone edifices of Yucatan are arrested developments from the ná of the region. The features which they present were a typical, and, as far as it went, a perfect development from the type ná as it exists today, in the wilder portions of the peninsula, and bear no indication of exotic origin. Conventionalism held this race hard bound and conventionalism holds among the brown-skinned race today. "Who am I that I should do different from what my father did?" is a frequent expression on the tongue of the native Maya.

CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

SOME ASPECTS OF WINNEBAGO ARCHEOLOGY

TH

BY PAUL RADIN

HANKS to the activities of the Wisconsin Archaeological Society, an ever increasing mass of data relating to the antiquities of that state is now being collected. Much still remains to be done. It will, for instance, be impossible to correctly answer all the problems that have arisen from even a preliminary study of the data, until, on the one hand, a complete and thorough archeological survey of the entire state has been made coupled with a survey of the adjacent states and until, on the other hand, this data has been critically examined and interpreted by means of the ethnological facts at our disposal. Owing to the unfortunate lack of correlation between kindred sciences, due in part to the different historical developments of each subject archeology has too often been cultivated entirely apart from ethnology. This has, it is needless to say, given rise to a number of misconceptions and has, in addition, created a certain number of pseudo-problems. It is not with any desire of infringing upon the sacred rights of archeological research but from the simple desire of clarifying a condition of affairs that has at times threatened to nullify the results of both ethnological and archeological investigations, that it seems justifiable to state categorically that in very few cases has much good come from haphazard archeological investigations, begun without direct reference to problems suggested by ethnology. Archeology is necessarily but one phase of ethnology and if, owing to the richness of the material, it seems expedient to treat it as a separate science, the intimate relation it bears to the latter should never for a moment be forgotten. It is of the greatest importance, then, that the rôle of ethnology, in the consideration of archeological investigations, should always be borne in mind, and it is in connection with a cultural area where the evil results of a onesided archeological study have been painfully apparent, that the following paper was written.

In Wisconsin, of all areas within the United States, the most fantastic theories have been developed to account for certain peculiar, archeological features that upon inquiry have been explained in a very simple manner indeed and in which, as a matter of fact, the peculiar features turn out to be "archeological " only by sufferance. We do not in the least wish to disparage the careful work done by numerous investigators in Wisconsin and elsewhere, but we do wish to bring home to them how much better would their object have been accomplished, had they tempered their antiquarian enthusiasm with an attempt at realizing what ethnological information was requisite for a correct understanding of the problems with which they were confronted. As a matter of fact, when everything else had failed, a chance bit of information obtained by Dr Stout of the University of Wisconsin explained that one feature for which Wisconsin was renowned, namely, the effigy mounds.

We said before that much was still necessary before all the problems of Wisconsin archeology could be elucidated, but enough is known to justify a study of the general data at our disposal in its relation to the ethnology of the Winnebago-for it is to them that we wish to confine ourselves entirely-and from the point of view of a few of the more important archeological problems involved.

The large number of mounds covering Wisconsin was noticed many years ago. Many explanations were given but, as these were in almost all cases individual attempts to account for them in any manner that would satisfy the logical sense of the investigator, they need not detain us here. Of course, when the "moundbuilder" theory was in the ascendancy, the mounds fitted in admirably with the general scheme of things, especially since the inhabitants of the area where they were found professed to have no knowledge of their meaning. But the one thing that always puzzled investigators was the peculiar nature of their distribution and their enormous number.

The first really serious study of them was made by I. A. Lapham in 1850, and his work is of considerable importance still by reason of the admirable plats of mounds long since levelled. The next