ground between Zungeru and Kuta, on the site of an old Gwari town, called Ajugbai, with numerous burialjars, in which the dead were placed, with ornaments, weapons, offerings, etc. This urn-burial has been succeeded now by disposal of the dead after the Mohammedan fashion. Claus (H.) Die Wagogo. Ethnographische Skizze eines ostafrikanischen Bantustammes. (Baessler Archiv, Lpzg. u. Berlin, 1911, Beih. II, 1-72, 103 fgs.) Treats of country and population (ca. 120,000); the tembe or dwellings (construction, plans; furniture; wall-paintings; transportable bed, etc.); domestic animals (cattle chief riches; asses; fowl; doves, recently introduced from the Wanyamwezi; dogs; honey-bees); agriculture (typical Hackbau; harvest-dance); food and its preparation (utensils; tobacco smoked and snuffed, rarely chewed); clothing and ornament (hair-dressing, earplugs and ear-rings, bracelets, etc.); weapons (spears, clubs, bow and arrow, shield; war-costume; war-dance; hunting of minor importance); industries, manufactures, etc. (ironsmith not specially honored; pottery altogether in hands of women; professional itinerant musicians; preparation of salt by women; trade chiefly exchange); counting, divisions of time, sign-language (numerals 1-10 on p. 38); hygiene, medicine, shamans, rain-makers, etc. (list of 20 plant remedies, pp. 39-40, treatment of disease); customs concerning birth, circumcision of youths and maidens (in bush; female operator for girls; new names after rite), marriage, burial; totemism (relations between groups of human beings and certain animals), religious ideas (god-creator, mulungu; spirits of dead continue life of earth); mythology and märchen (animal-fable, pp. 50-54); law criminal and civil; relationship (table, p. 59); inheritance; slavery; history of the Wagogo (pp. 61-65). Appended is a German-Wagogo and Wagogo-German vocabulary (pp. 66– 72, four columns to the page). Cowper (H. S.) On a series of small worked flints from Hilwan, Egypt. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI. 6–11, fgs.) Treats of 204 specimens collected in

February, 1910, on the sandy plain just west of the modern town of Hilwan in Lower Egypt. They include right-handed and left-handed, right-handed shouldered and lefthanded shouldered, and crescentshaped flints. At this spot existed probably a "manufactory" of these little flints; the crescents were probably used for arming the edge of serrated weapons, or for pointing harpoons, fishing-spears, etc. These flints are not paleolithic. Cummins (S. L.) Golo models and songs. (Ibid., 132-133, 3 fgs.) Notes on clay models of animals, from the Golo tribe near Waw in the Bahr-el-Ghazal; also English texts of four brief songs (Guma song, hunter's song, song of elephants, and rain song) recited to the author in 1902 by the chief of the tribe, one Guma, son of Kiango.

Curtis (C. D.) Objects of terra-cotta found at Cyrene. (Bull. Arch. Inst. Amer., Norwood, Mass., 1911, II, 166-167.) Brief notes on terra-cotta figurines (the majority of a good Greek period), "loom-weights" (77 of these were found), entire or fragmentary lamps (125, mainly of a Greek period). Hundreds of pinheads of glass paste (originally gilded) were also found. Dahomey songs. (Univ. of Penn. Mus. J., Phila., 1911, 11, 54.) Gives English text of a war-song and a wedding-song (of which the phonograph records are in the Museum), obtained from Inquátwa, a young Yoruba.

Dahse (J.) Ein zweites Goldland Salomos. (Ztschr. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 1-79, 7 fgs.) Argues for West Africa (Guinea) as "the second (besides Ophir) gold-land" of the voyagers of Solomon's sailors. Treats of the voyage to Tarshish and the products brought back; Guinea as a land of gold, history of the West African States; the knowledge of the ancients concerning West Africa; the relations of West Africa to the east and north; the displacements of population in West Africa; traces of ancient intercourse by sea (aggry-beads; swastika on gold-weights; astronomical evidences, figures on calabashes, etc.), other traces of Phenician voy

ages to the west, inter-relations between West, East, and South Africa. According to Dr D., Ophir was lo cated in South Africa (Zimbabwe), but Uphas (Jer. X. 9) was Guinea (West Africa)," the Gold Coast." Dayrell (E.) The incest tabu. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 153-154.) Author's experience of 9 years in the Ikom district of the eastern province of Northern Nigeria leads him to believe that "incest is extremely rare; it is entirely against native custom, and in the olden days would have been punished by death." Examples are given.

Eichhorn (A.) Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Waschambaa (nach hinterlassenen Aufzeichnungen von A. Karasek). I. (Baessler Archiv, Lpzg., u. Berlin, 1911, 1, 155-222, 27 fgs.) Treats of houses and villages and their arrangement (real Wajamba type of house is bee-hive hut; villages average 25 huts), construction, etc.; food, ornament, and hair-dressing (women and girls very fond of ornament; old Wajamba hip-bands very interesting); artificial deformations (painting now in vogue only on two festival occasions; burning of kanzu figures into skin, adopted from coast tribes; tattooing rare; earpiercing; deformation of teeth; deformation of nose among women only); clothing (now resembles that of the coast peoples); agriculture (felling of trees and burning of underbrush work of men; hoeing of fields done by men and women; besides work in general plantation, woman can cultivate her own special plot, the product of which belongs to her alone; list of plants cultivated, etc., pp. 176-180); tobacco, music (mouth-drum disappeared; musical bow, etc.); means of transportation (bridges formerly unknown); marriage, position of woman, children (looser ideas of marriage coming with civilization; white men despised by women on account of color and because uncircumcised, when European); birth and death (declining birth-rate attributed by natives to coming of Europeans and to failure to observe strictly old religious taboos, etc.; suicide rare); circumcision-festival (author gives details

as observed by him); belief in spirits, "magic," etc.; medicine ("doctor" is generally shaman also); diseases and therapy (list given with "cures," pp. 198-207); time-reckoning, astronomy, etc. (great rainy period serves to set off seasons). At pages 210-222 are given German texts only of 26 brief tales, legends, fables, etc. Ellis (G. W.) Political institutions in Liberia. (Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., Concord, N. H., 1911, V, 213-223.) Historical items and personal sketches of prominent Liberians in politics. Friedrichsen (F.) Mitteilungen über Forschungen in Zansibar. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1910, XLII, 954-955.) F. maintains that the minarets of the Mahometan mosques, in E. Africa, at least, and the peculiar ornaments on the graves of the South Arabians and their métis descendants, are simply more or less conventionalized sacred phallic symbols. Some of the Zanzibar grave-ornaments are closely related to some on the ruins of Zimbabwe in Mashona land. Garstang (J.) Second interim report on the excavations at Meroë in Ethiopia. Part I. Excavations. (Ann. Arch. & Anthrop., Liverpool, 1911, IV, 45-52, 6 pls.) Treats of exploration of the Temple of Amon, the Temple of the Sun, the royal city (walls, palaces), and other buildings. Among the finds were a remarkable Greek cameo (ca. 300 B. C.), Meroitic cursive inscription on stone tablet (with low reliefs), obelisk with one of the longest Ethiopian texts yet discovered, wall-scenes, Egyptian objects of various periods, a bronze Roman portrait, three Meroitic statuettes. Some of the temples seem to have been built on the refuse-mounds of iron-smelting. See Bosanquet, R. C.

des coutumes des Robo du cercle de Koury, Soudan français. (Rev. d'Ethnogr. et de Sociol., Paris, 1911, II, 125-145, 6 pls.) Treats of religion (cult of deity of generation, cult of gris-gris, cult of ancestors,-djinns, etc.), rites and ceremonies (lobbey or chief priest, sacrifices), political and social régime (village, family), internal constitution of family (housechief, houses, reception of strangers), society and customs (rights of chief, position and rôle of women and children, parasitic classes), individual and social life (birth, pregnancy, circumcision,-girls only, tattooing of both sexes, marriage by capture and regular, chastity, treatment of adulterer, dowry, divorce, polygamy), death and burial, property and inheritance, judiciary system (thefts rare; crime and punishment), racial character, etc. Pages 142-144 contain notes on the Souhouni, Samono or Samorho, who are not really Robos. The author is optimistic as to the future of the Robos, who are sympathetic, industrious, and capable of advancement.

Guérin (P.) La noix de kola. (Rev.

Scientif., Paris, 1911, 1, 257-262.) Treats of the kola-nut in Africa, etc., its use by the natives (remedy for diarrhoea, fever, etc.; aphrodisiac for young and old; used as gifts, amulets, fetish-offerings, ordeals; symbol of friendship and love; in some regions freemen only allowed to eat kola-nuts; various uses in religious and superstitious ceremonies; in some parts trees are property of chief, in others individually inherited; planted to commemorate birth of child or other important family event). Based on A. Chevalier and E. Perrot's work, Les Kolatiers et la noix de Kola (Paris, 1911). Gutmann (B.) Zur Psychologie des Dschaggarätsels. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 522-540.) Discusses the psychology of the riddles of the Wajagga negroes. Riddle as secret discloser of things; basal knowledge of man found first expression in riddle, peculiarities of environment also; imagination and jest; contrast-riddles; an early critic as well as former of human conceptions of the world; religious riddles,

The

-little influence of religion upon Wajagga riddles; periphrastic and kindred riddles, avoidance of real names, etc., of animals and natural phenomena; derisive riddles, political riddles; onomatopoeic and related riddles; jesting riddles; riddles of comparison; riddles as preservers of old words, etc., and as originators of new ones; proverbs in riddles,-relation of riddle and proverb, etc. riddle is a valuable means of investigating the folk-soul and of the best traditional documents for the intellectual history of mankind. Harris (N. D.) French colonial expansion in West Africa, the Soudan, and the Sahara. (Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., Concord, N. H., 1911, V, 353373.) Sketches the course of events by which "the great Sahara has been conquered and French North, West, and Central Africa permanently

united. The Eastern Sahara and the Bornu-Wadai regions remain under military rule.

acts

Hobley (C. W.) Kikuyu customs and beliefs. Thahu and its connection with circumcision rites. (J. R. Anthr. Inst., Lond., 1910, XL, 428452, 3 pls.) Gives, on pages 430-439, a list of 62 thahu (a condition into which a person is supposed to fall if he or she accidentally becomes the victim of certain circumstances, or intentionally performs certain which carry with them a kind of illluck or curse). If the thahu (the person becomes emaciated, breaks out into eruptions, or boils, etc.), said to have been produced by the ngoma or spirits of departed ancestors, is not removed, the person will probably die. The ceremony of the kuchiaruo ringi (to be born again), which prepares the child for circumcision, is described (pp. 440-442) and the circumcision ceremonial itself on pages 442-443. The Masai fashion of these ceremonies is also described with some detail. On pages 447-449 is described purification by a medicine-man; and on pages 449-452 two versions of the generations of the Akikuyu.

Hofmayr (P. W.) Religion der Schilluk. (Anthropos, St. Gabriel-Mödling bei Wien, 1911, VI, 120-131, I pl.) Treats of "the great spirit," Cuok,

his nature, etc. (he is creator, but not worshiped to a large extent); ancestor-cult (Nyang is the first Shilluk king, a very beneficent ancestor; animal taboos and offerings; text of prayer, p. 126), spirits of dead, life in the other world; myths and legends (creation of man by Cuok; why the Shilluk are black and subordinated to the whites).

Hollis (A. C.) A note on the Masai system of relationship and other matters connected therewith. (J. R. Anthr. Inst., Lond., 1910, XL, 473482.) Gives (pp. 473-477) a list, with explanatory remarks, of the principal terms of relationship, when spoken of indirectly and when addressed directly. Sociological data as to marriage, sexual intercourse, mother-in-law taboo, etc. (pp. 477481). A chart of the system is appended.

Holt (G. E.) The two great Moorish religious dances. (Nat. Geogr. Mag., Wash., 1911, XXII, 777-785, 5 fgs.) Describes briefly the annual dances of the Aisawa and Hamadsha sects, the former the followers of Mohammed Ben Aisa, a saint who lived about two centuries ago, and the latter (less numerous and influential), the followers of Sidi Ali Bel Hamdush, a saint of later date. Hoppin (J. C.) Vases and vase fragments found at Cyrene. (Bull. Arch. Inst. Amer., Norwood, Mass., 1911, II, 164-165.) At Cyrene ProtoCorinthian, Corinthian, and Rhodian wares were imported and "the real Cyrenaic probably followed suit as a local industry." A large number of fragments of Arretine

ware were

found. In a foot-note R. Norton expresses the opinion that "besides importing the true Arretine ware, the potters of Cyrene made vases of the same type and of equal beauty." Hough (W.) The Hoffman Philip Abyssinian Collection. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Wash., 1911, XL, 265-276, 23 pls.) Catalogues, with brief description, and figures: Basketry (embroidered hat, coiled millet-basket), metal work (embossed shield, miter, necklaces, crosses, bracelets, scabbard mounting, tweezer-case, mental bands, food-strainer, bell,all of silver), drinking cup of horn,

orna

oil-cup of wood, pictorial art (triptych; religious painting on coarse muslin representing coronation of Mary; painted scroll with Biblical story of rich man and Lazarus; painting of Menelek; scroll painting of battle of Adowa, 1896; pictures on brass); theological treatise in Amharic script on parchment; mantle of tanned goatskin and lion's mane headdress; ornaments (necklet, armlets, anklet, earring); religious mask; spoon; head-rest; lasso and horsebell; specimens of coinage, etc. Collection (probably first Abyssinian to be brought to America) was made by U. S. Minister Philip in Abyssinia in 1909.

to

Hurel (E.) Religion et vie domestique des Bakerewe. (Anthropos, St. Gabriel-Mödling bei Wien, 1911, VI, 62-94, 276-301, map.) Notes on the religion, family life, etc., of the natives of Ukerewe, the largest island in L. Victoria Nyanza. Habitat, population (Mukwaya first occupants, most numerous; Musese, ruling class; Mururi, paria, slave class), history (oral tradition), government (absolute monarchy); religion (amulets and talismans comparatively few; superstitions, beliefs relating nameless deities; spirits; known spirits; myth of Namuhanga, creator and sun-deity, pp. 79-81, soul-lore); shamans and sorcerers (for the fields, against birds and locusts, rainmakers, "doctors," soothsayers),bafumu, sorcerers, balogi, practicers of black magic, musiba, "priests"; sacrifices and offerings, sacred dances; morals (polygamy general, but tending to disappear); dwellings (two distinct types) and architecture; food, cookery, meals (two meals, about noon and about 7 P. M.); dress (boys up to 8-10 years naked); family and social organization (paternal; adoption not common; bloodpact common; slavery); marriage (account of wooing, etc., pp. 288290, wedding 290–292; divorce); child-birth, education (physical only), old age and death, burial (account of royal funeral, pp. 299-301). Jenks (A. E.) Bulu knowledge of the gorilla and chimpanzee. (Amer. Anthrop., Lancaster, Pa., 1911, N. S. XIII, 56-64.)

Johnson (F. E.) Tunis of to-day. (Nat. Geogr. Mag., Wash., 1911, XXII, 723-749, 24 fgs.) Treats of houses, market-scenes, food, streetscenes and industrial activities, Jewish wedding customs, etc.

The mole-men: an account of the troglodytes of southern Tunisia. (Ibid., 787-846, 60 fgs.) Account of visit in 1911 to the cave-city of Matmata and environs in Tunisia 45 km. to the south of Gabes. Notes on the home of Sheik Ferdjani, status of woman, domestic life, food, etc. The illustrations (Arab types, fair-scenes, bread-making and selling, potterymaking, camels, domestic scenes, gaming, market-life, street-scenes, washing, cemetery, school, cavedwellings of various sorts, etc.) are of ethnologic value.

Joyeux (-) La magie musicale chez les peuplades africaines. (Revue Musicale, Paris, 1911, XI, 103-104.) Letter from Kouroussa, French Guinea, on music and magic as practices by hunters (ceremonies on death of hunter, etc.). A song is sung to counteract the effect of the souls of animals slain upon the soul of the dead hunter.

Junod (H. A.) Deux cas de possession

chez les Ba-Ronga. (Bull. Soc. Neuchât. de Géogr., Neuchâtel, 1911, XX, 387-402.) Discusses in detail two cases of possession" (psikouembo, "folie des dieux"), both women, among the Baronga of Lourenço Marques, S. E. Africa. One of the cases was provoked, the other spontaneous. Both women are now good Christians. "Possession " is more frequent with women among Baronga.

the

Keith (A.) On certain physical characters of the Negroes of the Congo Free State and Nigeria. (J. R. Anthrop. Inst., Lond., 1911, XLI, 40-71, 4 pls.) Treats with details of measurements of the stature of certain tribes (Bushongo 18 males, 2 females; Basoko 11 m., 4 f.; Sango 10 m.; 24 males from various regions, Azande, Momuu, Bangelime, Bangala, Gombe, Bula, Bapoto, etc.; and 12 females, Gombe, Bapoto, Mongwi, etc.), and 86 crania of Batela of the region between the sources of the Sankuru and Lomami rivers, data

Mr

and skulls obtained by M. E. Torday; also measurements (by Mr P. A. Talbot) of certain tribes of the Oban district of British Nigeria (Ekoi 23 m., I f.; Korawp 13 m., 4 f.; Kabila 10 m.; Calabar 2 m.; Uyanga 4 m.; 3 m. from the west further beyond the Kalile) and 5 crania (3 m., 2 f.) from the Ekoi country; likewise 5 crania obtained from the delta of the Niger, at Ogoni, near Bonny. Torday's material is chiefly typical Bantu, Mr Corner's non-Bantu, while Mr Talbot's comes from a region on the border-line between the Sudanese and Bantu-speaking negroes. The Nigerian tribes are taller than the Congolese (except that the Korawp belong in the shorter group, while the Congolese Bushongo go with the taller). The finger-reach of the Korawp is 7% greater than the stature. In stature, span, face, head, pigmentation, and nose the Ekoi and Kabila approach the negro average; the Bushongo resemble the Niamniam rather than the Korawp; the Batetela and the Basoko are types of Congolese contrasting in head-form with the laterally compressed Nigerian type. The influence of Arab blood in the equatorial part of Africa has probably been exaggerated. Lang (H.) News of the Congo expe dition. (Amer. Museum J., N. Y., 1911, XI, 191.) Note on Mangbetu. The anthropological collection now numbers 1,400 specimens, representing "practically the entire territory inhabited by the Mangbetu and tribes intimately mingled with them." Lowie (R. H.) Industry and art of the Negro race. (Ibid., 12-19, 8 fgs.) Notes on the Museum's collection in the African Hall: native metallurgy, musical instruments, decorative woodwork and pile cloth, -the Kasai patterns occasionally rise to classic beauty of composition." The iron-work "is at times equally impressive by the almost incredible virtuosity of its ornamentation." McCoy (L. H.) The riddle of the Pyramid. (Amer. Antiq., Benton Harbor, Mich., 1911, XXXIII, 123134, I fg.) Argues that "the arrangement and construction symbolizes the destiny of man and his ultimate end," and that the Egyptian