endeavored to duplicate the diagrammatical arrangement which he saw among the stars."

Macfie (J. W. S.) A Bassa-Komo

burial. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 185187.) Account of burial of the king's father as witnessed at Dekina, Northern Nigeria, in January 1911 (digging grave, honoring the dead, dressing the corpse, sacrifice, funeralwand, etc.).

Maes (J.) Notes sur quelques objets des Pygmées-Wambuti. (Anthropos, St. Gabriel-Mödling bei Wien, 1911, VI, 132-135, I pl.) Brief descriptions of bows and arrows, quiver, bracelets, belts, necklace, paint-block, axe, honey-box, basket, boxes, mortar, musical instrument (mandumba),— all specimens are in the Musée du Congo, from the Wambuti pigmies of the Mawambi forests.

Notes sur le matériel du féticheur Baluba. (Ibid., 181-185, 12 fgs.) Figures and describes the paraphernalia (wooden figurine, bâton, bracelets, belts, medicine-boxes, amulets, sachet, knife, gourd, shells, cauterizer, flints, spear-head, cap, antelope-skin, etc.) of a Baluba "medicine man."

Kese et Tambue fétiches des Wazimba. (Ibid., 18-19, 4 fgs.) Treats of two wooden fetishes in female form and one in male form from the Wazimba or Bango-Bango, a warlike, independant tribe of the Lualaba region. Four of these fetishes are now in the Congo Museum at Tewueren. They are sacrificed to in cases of illness, etc. Mascart (J.) L'Archipel Canarien.

(Rev. Scientif., Paris, 1911, 225-232.) Contains some notes on the ancient history (pp. 225-226), the primitive inhabitants (pp. 227-228), etc. To the literature cited should be added the article of A. C. Cook in Amer. Anthrop., 1900, N. S., 2, 451493. Neligan (C. W.) Description of Kijesu ceremony among the Akamba, Tiva River, East Africa. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 49, 1 pl.) Brief account of exorcism of a woman who had a fit on account of seeing author with helmet on.

Newberry (P. E.) The inscribed tombs of Ekhmim. (Ann. Arch. and

Anthr., Liverpool, 1911, IV, 99–120.) Describes, with reproduction of inscriptions, etc., 28 tombs of the 6th to the 12th dynasties, and one untouched burial with three painted wood coffins of the Old Kingdom, discovered at Ekhmîm, the city of the deity Min, 310 miles south of Cairo.

Nkonjera (A.) History of the Kamanga tribe of Lake Nyasa. A native account. (J. Afric. Soc., Lond., 1911, X, 331-341.) Treats of tribal divisions, and traditions, chiefs and their succession, wars and risings, etc., down to 1887.

Norton (R.) From Bengazi to Cyrene.

(Bull. Arch. Inst. of Amer., Wash., 1911, II, 57-57, 6 pls.) Treats of experiences of the preliminary reconnaissance," in May and June, 1910. Bargaining with Arabs, camping and traveling, ruins, etc.

The ruins at Messa. (Ibid., 135137, 9 pls.) Treats of ruins (buildings and traces, Ionic and rock-cut tombs, ancient road, etc.) at Messa, some hours southeast of Cyrene, discovered by the author in May, 1910. Messa was a Greek city and inhabited as early as the fourth century B. C.

The excavations at Cyrene: First campaign, 1910-11. (Ibid., 141-163, 35 pls.) Describes excavations (Acropolis, apse building, colonnade buildings, garden, necropolis), etc. Among the principal finds are: Pottery, terra cotta figurines and tiles, lamps, coins, half-length statues of women, marble statues, torso of Artemis, portrait-bust life-size (of first century A. D.), head of Athena with Corinthian helmet. The necropolis of Cyrene is of great extent and has an earlier and a later section. Offord (J.) Discovery of Byzantine papyri in Egypt. (Amer. Antiq., Benton Harbor, Mich., 1911, XXXIII, 148-150.) Treats of the record of a governor of the Thebaid, Flavios Marianos, on a papyrus, obtained at Kom Ishgaou (ancient Aphrodite), dating from the 6th century, A. D. Ouzilleau (—) Notes sur la langue des pygmées de la Sanga, suivies de vocabularies. (Rev. d'Ethnogr. et de Sociol., Paris, 1911, 11, 75-92, 5 pls.) Treats of the distribution of the pigmies and their languages, etc., with

résumés of opinions of various authorities (Stanley, Casati, Leroy, Schmidt, van der Burgt, Johnston, etc.). Vocabularies of some 90 words are given (pp. 80-92) in 10 pigmy dialects (Mbimu; Baya Buri of Bayanga, Upper Kadeï; Gundi, near Bakoto, below Nola on the Upper Sanga; Bongiri or Bukongo of Niémélé, Upper Sanga; Pandé, Upper Sanga; Niumba and Salo, Upper Sanga; Bakota and Loko; Lower Lobaye; Gundi, on the Bodingué, Upper Sanga; Bomassa, Central Sanga; Modjanbo, from Betu on the Central Ubangi; Banziri from Baganda on the Kémo, in the Ubangi region) in comparison with standard negrillo. According to Dr O. the negrillos observed by him do not use the languages of the peoples surrounding them. The languages of the negrillos in question are of two distinct sorts. One spoken by the tribes of the Lower Sanga, the Ngoko, the Mbimu, and the Kadeï, is evidently Bantu; the other, in use among the peoples to the east of the Sanga, the Bukongo country, Lobay and Ubangi, seems to belong to an independent stock, possibly the original language of the negrillos, but it is difficult to find any traces of it in the dialects of the Bantu-speaking negrillos. The illustrations are of pigmy types, etc. Papillault (G.) Anthropométrie com

parée des nègres africains et des français des deux sexes. (Rev. Anthrop., Paris, 1911, XXI, 321-344, 5 fgs.) Gives details of measurements of 26 men and 26 women of the Mundas (of Léré on the banks of the Mayo-mpe, a tributary of the Benué), made by Brussaux, in comparison with the same for modern French people. Stature, neck, length of trunk, legs and arms, head and face measurements, etc., are considered. As compared with the man of her race, the negress is not so tall as is the white woman relatively to the white man; the racial characters of the trunk are marked; the legs are longer in the negro than in the white man,the arms also. In the "intermembral index," the negro is farther removed from the anthropoids and from the infantile type than is the white

man; the Mundas are all quite dolichocephalic and platyrrhine. Parkinson (J.) A note on the social organization of the peoples of the Western Gold Coast. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 2-3.) Treats of the "twelve families" of the Tshi-speaking peoples and their relationship to one another, with respect to the natives of Appolonia. Each family or totem has its holiday or feast day. The week had 12 days, the month 60. Children are named from the day on which they were born (several born on Friday, are called Friday 1, Friday 2, etc.). The maximum number of children allowed is 9. In ordinary exogamous marriage, children "belong to the mother's totem, but in cases of civil war they act in conjunction with their father's tribe." Petrie (W. M. F.) Roman portraits in Egypt. (Ibid., 145-147, I pl.) Treats of canvas portraits of the dead, hung in a frame on the wall or over the face of the dead. The four portraits figured represent a young Egyptian with some Sudani ancestry; an old lady of the North Mediterranean type; a Syro-Egyptian; and a man probably of Moresque-Spanish ancestry.

The excavation of Memphis. (Rec. of Past, Wash., 1911, X, 3-14, 16 fgs.) Gives account of explorations of Palace of Apries and Temple of Ptah, with plans, etc. On the blocks of the great gateway are depicted scenes relating to the installation of the crown prince. Among the smaller finds were part of the fittings of the royal palanquin. Also remains from Persian times (steel scale armor, seals and labels, etc.). Remains of two quartzite sandstone sanctuaries of Amenhotep III and Amasis were found. From the for

eign quarter were obtained many terra-cotta heads (Iberian, Carian, Hebrew, Kurd). Excavations have also been carried on at Thebes, Meydum, etc.

Pöch (R.) Zur Simbábye-Frage. (Mitt. d. k.-k. Geogr. Ges. in Wien, 1911, LIV, 432-452, 4 pls., I fg.) Résumés, with bibliography of 46 titles, the facts and theories concerning the famous Zimbabwe ruins in Rhodesia. P. concludes that it has not been

66

the

proved that the remains represent anything older than the European Middle Ages, or anything beyond the capacity of the African aborigines. There is no evidence of the presence of Egyptians, Phenicians, Sabeans, etc.; nor was gold-mining here carried on beyond the ability of the negro. Raum (J.) Die Religion der Landschaft Moschi am Kilimandjaro. (Arch. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1911, XIV, 159-211.) Gives, from the Ms. of Yohane Msando, a Christian Tshagga teacher, valuable details on the religion and mythology of the natives of the Moshi country (Tshagga) about Kilimandjaro: Spirits (ancestral worshiped and prayed to; ancestor-cult here is the family-society continued beyond the grave; abode of spirits is underground: there are "spirits of the right side" and "spirits of the left side," the latter feared less); burial and disposal of the dead, curse of the dying; ideas about God (Ruwa),-probably more celestial than solar on the whole, and prayers to him; medicine-men (ordinary "magic" and evil magic ") and their activities. Regnault (M.) Les Babenga. Negrilles de la Sanga. (L'Anthropologie, Paris, 1911, XXII, 261-288, map, I pl., 6 fgs.) Treats of habitat and ethnic divisions, physical characters (av. stature 1,520 mm., lowest 1,350 mm.; prognathism not very marked; pilosity not exceeding limit of white races; nose characteristic feature of Babenga physiognomy; arms and legs wellmuscled; beard frequent; skin yellowish; "race-odor" marked); mutilations (teeth-filing, cicatricial tattooing, circumcision); material life (clothing, dwellings and camps,― typical sort now disappearing, rectangular huts succeeding the round; fire and fire-making; food,-essentially hunters,-honey and gathered fruits, roots, etc., no agriculture, tobacco and palm-wine obtained from neighbors; anthropophagy probable; utensils; hunt of elephant, pp. 275279; weapons; music and dance); domestic life (woman and marriage; monogamy common but not exclusively in vogue; birth, death; social life not very characteristic; ivory

trade; family is social unit; palavers),

etc.

Rütimeyer (L.) Über einige altertümliche afrikanische Waffen und Geräte und deren Beziehungen zur Prähistorie. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 240-260, 16 fgs.) Treats of African spears with bone points (rare specimens from the Jambo on the Gelo, a tributary of the Sobat in S. W. Abyssinia); lances with antelope-horn points from the Shilluk, etc. (cf. Herodotus' mention of the stone-pointed arrows of the Ethiopians); throwing-boards from Darfur and the Kongo; throwing-clubs from Nigeria and North Africa and boomerangs from Darfur, etc.; stone clubs of the Ja-Luo of Kavirondo on the Victoria Nyanza; wooden swords of the Issenghe; small wooden shields from Senegambia; stone pestles from the Sahara; fossil sea-urchins as amulets (so used in the region of Kano) (cf. similar objects from prehistoric Europe); soap-stone vessels of the Ababde (cf. soap-stone tobacco-pipes of the same tribes). According to R. the objects discussed offer clear rapprochement with the art and industries of prehistoric man, and prove for Africa not merely a stone age but other developments corresponding to those of man in prehistoric Europe, etc. Some of the objects (bone- and horn-pointed spears, parry-shields, wooden throwing-clubs and boomerangs) are, R. thinks, partly new members in the chains linking together the Nigritic culture of Africa with ancient Australian culture. The oldest population of North Africa was probably negroid. The implements and weapons of the sort here described represent a primitive African culture, the "Nigritic " of Frobenius, corresponding to the so-called "boomerang-culture" of Australia and the culture of the primitive Tasmanians. According to Foy, relics of this Nigritic culture occur especially in a belt of country stretching from the Blue Nile through the Congo region to N. Africa. Sayce (A. H.) Second interim report on the excavations at Meroë. Part II. The historical results. (Ann. Arch. & Anthrop., Liverpool, 1911, IV, 5365.) According to Dr S., "the Mero

itic civilization seems to have been imposed from without upon a native neolithic population." The city did not become the seat of civilization or government until the ninth century B. C. A marked influence of Greek culture occurs from the age of Ergamenes onward; this was succeeded in turn by Latin influence. After the partial destruction of Meroë in the first century A. D., "the court and priesthood themselves became more African," the kings married negresses and their offspring grew more and more negroid. When Meroë fell, in the fourth century, A. D., "it had practically ceased to be Ethiopian (Hamitic)." See Garstang (J.). Schenk (A.) A propos des Fang. (Bull. Soc. Neuchât. de Géogr., Neuchâtel, 1910, XX, 412-415, I pl.) Treats of the figurine surmounting the box containing the skulls of ancestors among the Fang or Pahouin of W. Africa. This fetish-box is called bieti, a specimen is now in the Museum of Natural History at Nîmes. Seligmann (C. G.) An Avungura drum. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 17, I pl.) Note on a wooden drum in the form of a bullock or cow, taken from Yambio, the most powerful chief of the Avungura (Azande) during a punitive expedition in 1905, and now in the museum of Gordon College at Khartum.

The physical characters of the Nuba of Kordofan. (J. R. Anthr. Inst., Lond., 1910, XL, 505-524, 5 pls., map.) Gives observations and measurements, made in the spring of 1910, in southern Kordofan, of 32 males and II females from Lafofa and Eliri, 3 men from Jebel Talodi, 8 from Jebel Lumun, and 7 from the hills of Tira Akhdar. The Nuba are not a pure race, as the wide range of variation (e. g. cephalic and nasal indices) show. Mesaticephaly predominates. The average stature of 32 men is 1,730 mm., of II women 1,570; average cephalic index 76.42 and 76.3.

and Murray (M. A.) Note upon an early Egyptian standard. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 165-171, 15 fgs.) Treats of hitherto unexplained standard occurring upon the great slate palette of King Narmer found at

AM. ANTH, N. S., 13-44.

Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt. The authors believe that the irregularly circular, slightly bilobed object, from which depends a streamer, represents the placenta and umbilical cord,-the placenta "plays a prominent part in the cult ceremonies of the Baganda." The name of the standard ("the khenu of the king") can be translated "the inside thing of the king."

Note on the "Sa" sign. (Ibid., 113-117, 1 pl., 2 fgs.) Discusses changes and developments of form; also meaning of word sa. Originally the sa sign did represent a bundle of papyrus-stalks (cf. the bronze amulet of El Kab), but later on "it came to be regarded as representing the uterus and its appendages,” as indicated, e. g., by the wing-like additions on each side of the main portion of the sign.

Seyffert (C.) Die Ausrüstung eines Elefantenjägers der Baia nebst einigen Bemerkungen über die Elefantenjagd in Kamerun. (Ztschr. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 91-110, 3 pls.) Describes, with list of articles I-44 now in the Royal Ethnographic Museum of Dresden, the equipment of an elephant-hunter among the Baia, a people of French Congo (partly also in German territory, on the Kadeï), with some notes on elephant-hunting in the Cameroons. The equipment includes caps, powder-flask, flutes, bells, fly-brush, rings for arms and and legs, purses, pouches, etc., strings of amulets and various other objects, leather thongs and strings of various sorts, knife-sheath, etc. Transformation of men into elephants is believed in. In the Ossidinge district the elephant, though a "totem-animal," is hunted. See Stumme (H.). Sladden (A. F. S.) Medical work at Cyrene, 1910-II. (Bull Arch. Inst. Amer., Norwood, Mass., 1911, 11, 168– 176.) Contains notes on diseases and treatment among Arabs, etc. Cauterization, seton, treatment of fractured limbs, headache-remedy, tattooing. Among diseases noted as common are: ophthalmia, syphilis, tuberculosis, carcinoma. Rare or infrequent are: hernia, varicose veins.

Some East African tribes. (Univ. of Penn. Mus. J., Phila., 1911, II, 4353, 9 fgs.) Notes on the Akikuyu

(also Anika and Masai), dress and ornament, iron-working, religion and shamanism, etc. Collections from these tribes have been recently added to the Museum.

Spiess (C.) Zum Kultus und Zauberglauben der Evheer, Togo. (Baessler-Archiv, Lpzg. u. Berlin, 1911, 1, 223-226, 277-279, 8 fgs.) Treats briefly of the legba-cult (spirit-fetish, human-like figures of clay, male and female), aklama (small, human-like wooden figures of protective spirits), "magic" for pregnant women, and the sacred azadagli stones among the Ewe of Togo-land; the dzogbemesikpo "house for the wife a man had before he came into this world"a little "house" erected in the hut, to which sacrifices, etc., are offered (it is very closely connected with the sexual life); the protective fetish gbone the lower jawbone magic of glākpedzo, etc.

Stannus (H. S.) Notes on some tribes

of British Central Africa. (J. R. Anthr. Inst., Lond., 1910, XL, 285335, 2 pls., 15 fgs.) Treats of the natives (Anyanja, etc.) of the southern end of L. Nyasa, particularly those near Ft. Johnston. Physical characteristics in general, senses, etc.; astronomy; enumeration; crimes, etc. (homicide and suicide offenses; all cases heard by chiefs and head-men; punishments practically all meant payments); customs, salutations, etc.; disease (names, treatment, medicines); circumcision and initiation ceremonies (pp. 296-298; circumcision was not practiced by Anyanja); morals; religion (mzimu, or spirit, and spirit-lore); witchcraft (mphiti, etc.; ordeals); superstitions; clans (and clan-names); marriage and status and activities of women (childbirth, menstruation, treatment of infants); death and burial ceremonies; artificial deformations (lip-stick; some nose piercing; ear-piercing; teeth-filing; cicatrization by both sexes; tattooing); ornaments (hairdress, beads, necklaces, charms, amulets, bracelets, belts; use of pigments on body very limited); clothing (varies from nothing to European garments); food (maize and rice staple); beer from maize or millet; list of food-stuffs, p. 322; food

taboos; duced from coast); agriculture; cattle; hunting and fishing; fire (simple fire-drill); habitations and house-life; pottery and basketry (varieties listed); leather; dyeing (practically none); painting (outside decoration of houses of recent origin); stone-work (no implements of stone except for grinding certain grains); metallurgy (iron; copper only in the north, Wahenga); boats (dug-out without outriggers); swimming (not taught; most can swim, but not fast or far); games (several games of the mancala type; no dice games; children's games); dances (list of 24, pp. 333-335). Staudinger (P.) Funde und Abbildungen von Felszeichnungen aus den alten Goldgebieten von PortugiesischSüdost-Afrika. (Ztschr. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 140-146, 8 fgs.) Treats of pictographs at Chikoloni in the Manu district of Portuguese Southeast Africa and at Katzombo in the Chipeta country. These pictographs are not "inscriptions," as some have supposed, although some others found by Wiese and Schlicht may be so in part. Among the objects found under the "inscriptionrocks," or in the old mines were stone hammers and pounding tools, clay "mould" (?), fragments of pottery, iron arrow-head, bronze or copper beads and hooks, gold objects, etc. According to Capt. Spring, through whom the specimens were obtained, the limits of the old "gold country" extend beyond the Zambesi to the north. To the northeast in Katanga copper was worked by the natives from time immemorial; to the south, in the Transvaal, iron and copper, and seemingly also tin.

tobacco-smoking (intro

Bruchstück eines west-afrikanischen Riesensteinbeiles. (Ibid., 146147.) Note on fragment of huge stone axe from Aburi in West Africa. Such implements are used for working soft woods, such, e. g., as Eriodendron anfractuosum. They have now been reported from several parts of West Africa.

Zinnschmelzen afrikanischer Eingeborener. (Ibid., 147-153, 5 fgs.) Treats of tin-smelting of the African natives in Riruei (or Riuwei) Baut