duodecimal and sexagesimal systems of measuring time and things, the gnomon (instrument for taking observations), the knowledge of the most important data of uranography, the ecliptic, the signs of the zodiac and the planetal series. Even after the Persian wars some borrowings also took place of a calendaric nature, lunar ideas, etc.

Del Campana (D.) Intorno ai Sadhus dell' India inglese, monaci mendicanti. (Arch. p. l'Antrop., Firenze, 1910, XL, 374-380, 4 fgs.) Treats of the Sadhus, begging monks (abstainers from all luxury, tobacco, betel, opium; non-resisting, except for personal defense; industrious; monogamous; more or less eclectic; having convents at Lahore, etc.). Their sacred book is the Dadupanthi, the life of Dadu (their founder), written in the Kindi language. Their dress, paraphernalia, etc., are described.

Divine Child of India (A). (Open Court, Chicago, 1911, XXV, 702-703, I fg.) Notes on "India's divine babe," a girl of Vizayavada in the Kistna district of the Madras Presidency, who is now the subject of the worship of a certain circle of the native population.

van Doort (K.) A royal cremation. (Century Mag., N. Y., 1911, LXXXII, 751-755, 3 fgs.) Brief account of the ceremonies in connection with the cremation at Bangkok on March 16, 1911, of the remains of the late king of Siam, Chulalongkom. Edmunds (C. K.) Science among the Chinese. (Pop. Sci. Mo., Lancaster, Pa., 1911, LXXIX, 521-531.) Pt. I Treats briefly of Chinese anatomy, materia medica, botany and zoology, geography, astronomy-astrology, mathematics, action and reaction of elements, chemistry-alchemy, general cosmological ideas, etc. According to Dr E., "in scientific knowledge, as in nearly everything else, China presents a case of arrested development." Fassett (E. C. B.) A treasure of ancient Chinese bronzes. (Amer.

Mus. J., N. Y., 1911, XI, 59-65, 7 fgs.) Notes on the unique collection made for the Museum by Dr B. Laufer in 1901-1904: libation cup, decorated mirror, sacrificial grain

vessel, sacrificial wine-jar, “hill" censer, cooked-meat vessel, templebell, etc. The oldest specimen is the libation-cup used during the Shang Dynasty (B. C. 1766-1122). Fitzpatrick (F. W.) The influence of Oriental art. (Open Court, Chicago, 1911, XXV, 594-620, 21 fgs.) Points out Oriental flavor, suggestions, etc., in certain American structures: Terminal of McAdoo tunnel, Singer tower, N. Y.; a San Francisco building; the Pittsburg court-house; a Minnesota bank, etc. References are made to the Mosque of St. Sophia, the Taj Mahal, St. Mark's cathedral (Venice), the shrine of Hussein and Abbas (Kerbela), the Alhambra, the tomb of I'timadudaulah (Agra), the Hall of Classics (Pekin), etc.

Fowle (T. C.) Report on a bath newly excavated at Tadmor, Palmyra. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 120.) Brief note on bath, at hot springs, discovered in 1910.

Frachtenberg (L. J.) Allusions to witchcraft and other primitive beliefs in the Zoroastrian literature. (Dastur Hoshang, Mem. Vol., Bombay, 1911, 399-453.) Treats of sorcery and witchcraft (attitude of ancient Iranians altogether hostile to black magic; sin of witchcraft a product of the wicked creation of Ahriman); wizards, witches, kavis and karpans (the Iranian witch is more of an enchantress; various noxious creatures were thought to be born of the union of witches and wizards with demons, also the negro); evil eye (and counter-belief in good-eye); nail-paring and haircutting (burial of these); noxious creatures (mouse, weevil, tortoise, frog, lizard, scorpion, snake, worm, ant, locust, spider, gnat, toad, louse; bear, ape, cat, wolf, hawk); miscel laneous (taboo of night-time libations and offerings, etc.; continual fire in house of pregnant woman or newborn child; holiness of cock and certain other animals; taboo against urinating or voiding faeces while standing or walking; sacred girdle or shirt; law against talking while eating or drinking, etc.); spells and exorcisms (Airyaman prayer Ahunaver prayer, names of Ahura Mazda, charms, etc.). The primitive customs

Grimme (H.) Das Alter des israelitischen Versöhnungstages. (Ibid., 130-142, I fg.) Discusses the antiquity of the Jewish day of reconciliation and ceremonies therewith connected. G. regards it as an old part of the law. The demon Azazel is to be explained from the northwestern Arabian steppe (cf. the rock-hewn figures of demons at el-Oela, etc.). Haas (H.) Lautes und leises Beten. (Ibid., 1910, XIII, 619–621.) Cites data concerning loud and silent prayer from the Sai-yo-shō, a work by a priest of the Jodo sects of Buddhists in Japan, written ca. 1300 A. D. The spoken word is better, but neither is insufficient to help enter the eternal life.

heard (W. B.) Notes on the Yezîdis.

(J. R. Anthrop. Inst., Lond., 1911, XLI, 200-219.) Treats of history and origin (tribal myths; Sheikh 'Adi), religious beliefs, (deities of good and evil, minor deities), the last day, the 9 archangels, the creation (legends), the ark (rested on Mt. Sinjar), the seven sanjaks (clans), religious hierarchy, secret rites, birth-customs, betrothal (same as among Kurds), marriage and divorce, burial (specimen prayer), clothing (white; blue is forbidden), fasts, exemption from military service (on account of religious taboos), the New Year, names, superstitions (charming, etc.), Sheikh 'Adi's pilgrimage, shrines, sacred books. On pages 215-219 are given Chapters 1-5 of the Jelwet, one of the sacred books of the Yezîdis, adopted from a translation of a Chaldean ecclesiastic of Mosul, made in 1901. Huntington (E.) Physical environment as a factor in the present condition of Turkey. (J. of Race Develop., Worcester, Mass., 1911, 1, 460– 481.) Treats of nomadism (chief

cause of present status of Turkey; Turk not permanently and inevitably a nomad); unrest and devastation on borderlands (largely due to nomadism); diversity of races; incompetence, inertia, laziness, hopelessness not necessary qualities of Turkish race, but due to physical environment; religion (innate character of Turks may not be greatly inferior to that of Christians). The problem of the Turkish empire one of adaptation and the elimination of undesirable qualities. Improvement of physical environment is absolutely necessary. The race is not necessarily bad at the core.

Jacobi (H.) Der Jainismus. (Arch. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1910, XIII, 615618.) Résumés and critiques of recent works on Jainism: Guérinot's Essai de Bibliographie Jaina (Paris, 1906) and Répertoire d'Epigraphie Jaina (1908), Barnett's Antagadadasão and Anuttaro vavāiya-dasão (London, 1907), and various monographs including periodical articles by Jacobi, Suali, Belloni-Filippi, Charpentier, Satis Chandra Vidybhusana, Hüttemann, Hertel, Meyer, Ballini, etc.

Jenkins (H. D.) A word about Turkish women. (Open Court, Chicago, 1911, XXV, 264-270.) Treats of the change wrought in 1908, the occupations open to Turkish women, the work of Halideh Hanum, Halideh Salih, etc. A very optimistic view is taken.

Joyce (T. A.) Note on a number of firesticks from ruined sites on the south and east of the Takla-makan desert collected by Dr M. A. Stein. (Man, Lond., 1911, XI, 34-36.) Describes and figures typical apparatus for the "twirling" method,-in all cases but one the "female" stick alone was found. These Central Asiatic firesticks "might, from their appearance, perfectly well have come from East Africa. J. suggests Graeco-Buddhistic influence in these firesticks, which from the circumstances of their finding, can not be of great age. Kinnosuke (A.) Christian missions in Japan. (Century Mag., N. Y., 1911, 740-750, 6 fgs.) Gives account of the first Protestant Christians in Japan, in the early seventies, etc.

(the author is an outsider pure and simple "), and progress since. Mr. W. E. Griffis adds a comment (pp. 749750), in which he estimates that "at least five million Japanese see in Jesus their Master and in pure Christianity the only hope for Japan, and they more or less earnestly strive to live after his example." By way of families (the social unit), if ever, Japan will become Christian. Knosp (G.) Rapport sur une mission officielle d'étude musicale en Indochine. (Intern. Arch. f. Ethnogr., Leiden, 1911, XX, 121-151.) Gives results of study of Indo-Chinese (Annamite) music made by author, who resided in Indo-China 1898-1904. History (Annamite music is of Chinese origin; story of invention of music according to Chinese writers, pp. 124-133), melody (music improves from China south; binary rhythm common, ternary rare). Pages 138-149 occupied with Annamite texts; pages 150-151 music of Annamite song. To be continued. Laufer (B.) King Tsing, the author of the Nestorian inscription. (Open Court, Chicago, 1911, XXV, 449-454.) Treats of the Nestorian missionary Adam, the character of the inscription (Buddhistic influence, aid of native scholar, etc.), literary features, etc. The inscription (discovered in 1625), "is a literary production of the highest order."

The introduction of vaccination into the Far East. (Ibid., 525-531, I pl.) Describes the introduction of vaccination into China, Japan, etc., with particular reference to a colorprint (reproduced and explained) by Katsugawa Shuntei, a pupil of Shunyei, with a long inscription by Sōsai Setto, Shuntei flourished about 18001820. The print treats of the introduction of vaccination into Japan, and sometime before 1850 (the print is probably posthumous) "a new deity sprang up," for in this print we have "the conception of a powerful lucky genius, riding on a cow, and driving out, with the force of his spear, the disease of small-pox." The small-pox devil is the typical Japanese oni, or the Chinese kuli. v. Le Coq (A.) Sprichwörter und Lieder aus der Gegend von Turfan

mit einer dort aufgenommenen Wörterliste. (Baessler-Archiv, Beiheft I, 1910, iv + 100, I pl.) Gives native text, phonetic transcription and translation of 312 East-Turkish proverbs and proverbial expressions from the region of Turfan, collected during the Central Asiatic expedition of 1905; and of 7 love-songs, 2 satirical songs, a song on women, and 3 other songs, from the same region. The vocabulary (pp. 81-100) of words collected at Qara-Chōdscha contains three columns to the page. The dialect of Turfan is not much different from Radloff's Ili dialect of Tarantchi. According to v. Le Coq the language of Turfan neglects considerably vowel harmony and sometimes admits very strange combinations of consonants. For the appellation of the German Kaiser, which had begun to be used in the form gilähäʼlim the author was able to substitute giyōm, a transcription of the French and less liable to become corrupted. Many of the proverbs are very striking, e. g., "The hero eats the arrow, his child eats excrement," i. e. "the hero dies in battle, his child suffers from poverty "; an official has neither father nor mother"; "only a fool shows his wife to another." The horse and the dog figure often in these proverbs. The explanations of words in the vocabulary contain many ethnological and folk-lore data.

66

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Mackenzie (R. D.) India's restless neighbors and the Khyber Pass. (Century Mag., N. Y., 1911, LXXXII, 675-680, 6 fgs.) Contains a few notes on the Afghans, etc. Marie (A.) La découverte récente de deux livres sacrés des Yézîdis. thropos, St. Gabriel-Mödling bei Wien, 1911, VI, I-39.) Native texts and translations of the Ktebi Jalwek and Mashaf Ras, two sacred Mss. of the Yezidis, the "book of revelation" and the "black book," preserved among the religious books of this sect in the library on the mountain of the Yezidis. The language of these Mss. is said to resemble ancient Kurdish. The alphabet is of a mixed character. See Bittner (M.). Messing (O.) Über die chinesische Staatsreligion und ihren Kultus. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII,

348-375, 7 fgs.) Treats of the Chinese state-religion and its cult,-history development, etc., from earliest times, as represented in sacred books (particularly the Shu-King, the ShiKing, and the Li-Ki), down to the present. The worship of Shangti ("Heaven"), ancestor-cult and sacrifices, the temple of heaven (pp. 363373) and altar of earth in Peking. M. emphasizes the purity of the ancient Chinese cult (no Bacchus, no Venus, no obscene characters; Yin and Yang were not popular deities, but rather philosophic theories or physical facts). Buddhism, the only foreign culture-element that hitherto has gained a firm and lasting footing in China, is responsible for developments in the direction of priesthood, temples, and picture-cults. M. thinks that in the first period (ca. 2500-1200 B. C.), prehistoric and perhaps half mythical, the ideas handed down by tradition were "purely monotheistic"; then after the Chou period a change to a dualistic view (Heaven and Earth) occurred; and later still in the 6th century B. C., developed the still existing materialistic, or rather agnostic, view with some slight echo of monotheism.

Moller (A. A.) A girls' school in

Manchuria. (Parents' Rev., Lond., 1911, XXII, 224-226.) Notes of visit to girls' school in the inland town of Hsin Min Fu. The girls probably "compare favorably with girls of a similar age in English schools." Mueller (H.) Über das taoistische

Pantheon der Chinesen, seine Grundlagen und seine historische Entwicklung. (Z. f. Ethnol., Berlin, 1911, XLIII, 393-428, 18 fgs.) Treats of the origin and development of the Taoist Pantheon of the Chinese, as distinct from the family-pantheon and the Buddhistic and Lamaistic pantheons. Terms (Tao, Yin and Yang, etc.); the development of the Pantheon, the old religion, the Yi-king, Lao-tze, Taoism of the Han-period (golden age), the T'ien-shih (particularly Chang-tao-ling), Buddhism, foreign religions, Persian influences, Manichaean-Taoistic influences, the montheistic religions, further development), the Taoistic Pantheon in its present form (sources, classification

of the gods,-nature-deities, personification of ideas, deification of prehistoric or protohistoric personalities, deifications from the historical period, Buddhistic figures which have made their way into the Chinese Pantheon; Feng-sheu; the Pantheon of the Feng-sheu-yen-yi, etc.). Müller (W.) Japanisches Mädchenund Knabenfest. (Ibid., 568-580, 6 fgs.) Treats of the Japanese "girls' festival," celebrated on the third day of the third month (pp. 570-576) and the "boys' festival," celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month. The reaction of Japan against too much Occidentalization is revealed in one way in the attention given to "the five festivals," the other three are the Jinjitsu or Nanakusa, the Tanabata, and the Choyo festivals. Nilsson (M. P.) Ariernas första uppträdande i främre Asien. (Ymer, Stockholm, 1911, XXXI, 153–167, map.) Résumés data (from recent works of E. Meyer, H. Winckler, etc.) as to the first appearance of the Aryans in Asia Minor, etc.

Oberhummer (E.) Die Sinaifrage. (Mitt. d. k.-k. Geogr. Ges. in Wien, 1911, LIV, 628-641, 3 maps.) Discusses the question of the location of the Sinai of the Bible,-views of Burckhardt, Lepsius, Ritter, Tischendorf, Beke, Burton, Grätz, Stade, Wellhausen, Miketta, Gunkel, Meyer, Haupt, Musil, etc. Prof. O. thinks that the recent researches of Musil and Kober have probably made it certain that the Sinai of the Bible was the volcano Hala-l-Bedr, near N. lat. 27° and W. long. 37°. This upsets the theory of the wanderings of the Israelites in the Sinai Peninsula.

O'Brien (A. J.) Mianwali folk-lore notes. (Folk-Lore, Lond., 1911, XXII, 73-77.) Notes on "rain-making," prejudices against shooting by women, and by husbands of women with child, "evil eye," etc., among Panjab chuprassis (doorkeepers). Offord (J.) A Hittite bronze statuette. (Ann. Arch. & Anthrop., Liverpool, 1911, IV, 88-89, I pl.) Describes and figures a bronze Hittite statuette probably from the Delta of the Nile, obtained in Cairo in December, 1910. Certain Hindu affinities are suggested by the author. The female figure is

placed erect upon a lion or panther.

Life in ancient Babylonia four thousand years ago; as depicted by the Dilbat tablets. (Ibid., 15-21.) Treats of irrigation, legal documents and records, etc.

Oldenberg (H.) Der indische Buddhismus 1907-1909. (Arch. f. Religsw., Lpzg., 1910, XIII, 578-614.) Résumés and critiques of literature of Indian Buddhism from 1907 to 1909, works of Senart, de la Vallée Pouissin, Lehmann, Windisch, Oltramare, Hackmann, Oldenberg, Foucher, Bertholot, Neumann, Pavolini, Norman, Mrs Rhys-Davids, Fuchs, Cowell and Rouse, Dutoit, Charpentier, Schrader, Geiger, Huber, Anesaki, Lévi, Lefmann, Wogihara. Marshall, Stein, v. Le Coq, Sieg und Siegling, Pischel, Thomas, de Zilva Wickremasinghe, van der Bergh van Eysinga, Edmunds, etc.

Oldest love-letter in the world. (Amer. Antiq., Benton Harb., Mich., XXXIII, 1911, 40-41.) Cites English text of letter from Gimil Marduk of Babylon to the Lady Kasbuya of Sippara, ca. 2200 B. C. Also English text of part of the Egyptian

3 Song of the Harper," ca. 2500 B. C. Pick (B.) The Cabala and its influence on Judaism and Christianity. (Open Court, Chicago, 1911, XXV, 321-342, 3 fgs.) Treats of God, Creation, Adam Kadmon, the archetypal man, the cabbalistic tree, the realm of the Evil, the Messiah, etc. Planert (W.) Religiöse Bettler in Südindien. (Baessler-Archiv, Lpzg. u. Berlin, 1911, 1, 143-154, 4 pls., 10 fgs.) Treats in detail of the religious beggars and mendicants of South India, their relations to religion, dress, paraphernalia, performances, peculiarities, etc. Among the worshipers of Shiva the so-called Pandaram beggars are the most considered, among those of Vishnu the Sattadaver.

Proctor (H.) The migration of Dan. (Amer. Antiq., Benton Harb., Mich., 1911, XXXIII, 22-23.) Notes on the Abbé Fourrière's memoir in the Revue d'Exegèse Mythologique, in which, using the etymological" method, he "traces the origin of human sacrifices among the Greeks to the worship of Baal, brought in

by the Danite immigrants," in the time of Elijah. The Celts and the Druids are also Danite, according to F.

Rose (H. A.) Sirmûr folk-lore notes. (Folk-Lore, Lond., 1910, XXI, 503507). Gives from the Hindu State of Sirmûr, in the southern ranges of the Himalayas, items of folk-medicine, etc.: Native texts and translations of mantras for snakebite, bite of black scorpion, for expelling evil spirits from women, for curing fever, diseases of children, etc., charms against rats, etc.

Ross (E. A.) The race-fiber of the Chinese. (Pop. Sci. Mo., Lancaster, Pa., 1911, LXXIX, 403-408.) Notes recovery from terrible injuries, resistance to blood-poisoning, rareness of organic heart-trouble, freedom of women from displacement and other troubles peculiar to the sex, resistance to pain, rare succumbing under chloroform, etc. A part at least of the "toughness" of the Chinese, Prof. R. ascribes to "a special race vitality which they have acquired in the course of a longer and severer elimination of the less fit than our NorthEuropean ancestors ever experienced in their civilized state." Schotter (A.) Notes ethnographiques sur les tribus de Kouytcheou, Chine. (Anthropos, St. Gabriel-Mödling bei Wien, 1911, VI, 318-344.) Continued from Vol. IV. Treats of the Hẽmiao or "black barbarians,"-tribal divisions, dress, occupations (agriculture), marriage (daughter of sister marries son of brother), funerals, totemism, political régime, literature (songs and recitatives), traditions (myths of the origin of man, cosmogonic ideas, deluge, virgin birth), vocabulary (lists of 75 words in Hemiao and Pë-miao; tribes related to the Hë-miao) (the Tsin-miao; Ja-tsemiao or Ja-kë-miao,-account of duck-breeding, whence the name; Kaō-pō-miao or mountaineers); tribes related to the Kë-teou-miao (the Ketang, Chouy-sy-miao, Yang-hoangmiao); doubtful tribes (the Tsekiang-miao, Kiou-kou-miao, Yangpao-miao, Yão-miao, Tsin-teou-miao, Hoa-teou-miao, Tong-miao or troglodytes, Sy-miao of western barbarians," Tong-miao or eastern barba