on the surface or in a grave, is accepted by the "archeologist" as proof of great antiquity of the object, although many such specimens may date from the last century, may even have been made within a generation. Shell beads have been recovered from many burials in the area east of the Mississippi; many of these are undoubtedly less than two centuries old, yet they would be classed as "archeological material"; but how would the "real archeologist" classify the shell beads on the "habit" and "purse" now in the Ashmolean Museum, articles which were obtained in Virginia three centuries or more ago? The questions presented by Mr Moorehead in his reply are not of sufficient importance to be treated in detail. I see no reason for retracting a word of my review of Mr Moorehead's book, and, as I have already said, I regard the criticisms of his work as being rather mild. I reiterate the assertion made in the first paragraph of the review that "the pages are replete with inaccurate, misleading statements, rendering the work, for all practical purposes, quite valueless." DAVID I. BUShnell, Jr. Some Shoshonean Etymologies.-"The origin of the term Shoshoni appears to be unknown. It apparently is not a Shoshoni word, and although the name is recognized by the Shoshoni as applying to themselves, it probably originated among some other tribe." (Handbook of American Indians; Bureau of American Ethnology, part II, p. 556.) Repeated inquiries among the northern Paiute, of eastern Oregon, with whose language the writer is familiar, elicit but one answer as to the origin and meaning of the term Shoshoni. It is a Shoshonean word, and refers to the method of dressing the hair employed by the Shoshoni in former times. Captain Clark, in his work on the Indian Sign Language says: "The manner of dressing or wearing the hair in former years usually determined the tribe, the style in each being different." Further on, in reference to the sign of the Sioux, he proceeds to say: "To denote the Sioux (other than the Assinaboine branch), the Gros Ventres of the Prairie, Blackfeet, Flatheads, and some other tribes, in addition to above, bring palms of extended hands against top of head and move them down the sides, to indicate parting the hair in the middle and combing it down over the sides of the head." According to the Shoshoni, the Sioux "combed their hair like a woman," while the Shoshoni roached the forelock and rubbed it with the hand until it presented a tangled, curly appearance. From this characteristic arose the name "tsosóni," or "curly-head," in contra-distinction to the term "tsopátak wünidi," "smooth-head," as the Sioux were sometimes called. The derivation is from tso, the head, and sóni, tangled, or curly. The Paiute word for curly-head is tsosónitukadi, which is from the same stems plus the pronominal-possessive suffix -tukádi. As to the names Ute and Paiute, over which there has been much discussion, Captain Louey, a sub-chief of the Oregon Paiute, offers an explanation, which the writer has verified through other informants. He says that the name Ute is derived from the Shoshonean root yu, meaning like, or similar to, and ta, the first personal plural pronoun, and is equivalent to "like us," or "similar to us." The term Paiute is compounded of pa, water and yúta, and was formerly applied to those Indians of the Shoshonean stock whose home was on the eastern shore of Great Salt Lake. The Oregon Shoshoneans call the Ute Pakwitzimina, from pakwí, fish, and tzimína, to unjoint. The name arose from the habit of the Ute of unjointing the vertebræ of the fish for the purpose of making beads. As to the term yúta, while its meaning may be translated into English by the Indian as "like us," "similar to us," the writer is of the opinion that the real etymology of the word is derivable from the root yu, meaning like, or similar, and the Shoshonean pronominal suffix -ta, meaning "the one who," the equivalence being, "the one who is like (us)." The genius of the language would make this the more probable view. The Oregon Paiute repudiate the name "Paiute," although they recognize it as applicable to those Shoshoneans who lived near Great Salt Lake, and who called themselves Paiyúta. W. L. MARSDEN. A Tentative List of the Hispanized Chumashan Place-Names of San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Ventura Counties, California.— Will persons familiar with Spanish family names and place names kindly inform the writer if any of the words in the following list are not of Chumashan Indian origin? Anacápa, one of the Channel Islands. Anapamú, name of a street in Santa Barbara, always said by the Spanish population to be of Indian origin. Camúlos, a town on the railroad in the Santa Clara River valley, Ventura County, above Santa Paula. Cayúcas, a town on the coast north of El Morro in San Luis Obispo County. Although the Spanish-speaking people say that this is an AM. ANTH., N. S., 13-47 Indian word, Spanish dictionaries give cayuca as a word meaning "head" in the Cuban dialect of Spanish. Hueneme, a town on the coast near Oxnard, Ventura County. Magú, a point on the coast in Ventura County, south of Huenéme. Matilija, a large canyon in the vicinity of the lower Ojai valley, Ventura County. Montálvo, a town in the Santa Clara River valley, Ventura County, below Santa Paula. Nojohuí, a beautiful waterfall, canyon, and creek in the Santa Ynez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, between Las Cruces and Santa Ynez. Ójai, the name of two valleys in Ventura County, known respectively as the Lower Ojai and the Upper Ojai. Pirú, a canyon, creek, and town in Ventura County, northeast of Santa Paula. Písmo, a beach in Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo counties extending from the mouth of the Santa Maria River to the vicinity of Pismo town. Séspe, a long cañada and canyon in Ventura County, emptying into the Santa Clara River above Santa Paula.1 Simí, a large valley and a town in Ventura County encircled by the Santa Susana Mountains and Oak Ridge. Tápo, a canyon and ranch in the Santa Susana Mountains northeast of Simi town, Ventura County. Mr Guadalupe Perea, whose family has lived long in this vicinity, declares that this word is of Chumashan Indian origin. Topatópa, a conspicuous peak north of Santa Paula, Ventura County. Záca, a lake and a region in the Zaca Lake Forest Reserve, Santa Barbara County. JOHN P. HARRINGTON. THE Harvard University Gazette records among the activities of the Peabody Museum that during the summer Dr Alfred M. Tozzer and Mr Clarence L. Hay made a trip to Mexico. Mr Hay purchased a valuable collection which he has given to the museum. Dr Charles Peabody represented the museum at the Prehistoric Congress of France, held at Nimes in August, 1911, and presented a paper on "The Archeology of the Delaware Valley," with special reference to the work of Mr 1" Sesepe river" (misprint?), D. P. Barrows, The Ethno-Botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Chicago, 1900, p. 73, quoting Taylor, California Farmer, vol. XVI, no. 15. Ernest Volk. While in Europe Dr Peabody visited several prehistoric sites, and collected, with the assistance of his European colleagues, representative specimens from the eocene, pseudo-eolithic site of Clermont-de-l'Oise; the eolithic industries of Salinelles (Gard); the industries, neolithic and others, near Orpierre (Hautes Alpes); the Lake Dweller stations of the Saut de la Pucelle and of La Gresine, Lac du Bourget (Savoir). The research in relation to the antiquity of man in America was continued in the Delaware Valley by Mr Ernest Volk, and a report by Mr Volk on the twenty-two years of research in this region has been published by the museum. Dr George P. Howe conducted an expedition to Yucatan and has prepared a report on the results. Mr Samuel J. Guernsey carried on archeological researches in New Brunswick for the museum. The museum had a party in Ohio under the direction of Mr B. W. Merwin, and the long-continued exploration of the ancient cemetery at Madisonville, as well as of the famous Turner Group of mounds in the same region, has been completed. THE American Museum Journal reports that Mr Stefánsson, of the museum's Arctic expedition, has made a discovery of an archeological nature at his last winter camp near Pt. Stivens, Parry Peninsula. According to his report a great deal of pottery is found upon old village sites, some at a depth of several feet. This pottery is of similar type to that found among and lately manufactured by some of the Alaskan Eskimo. Pottery has so far not been reported from any of the central and eastern Eskimo. It was formerly assumed that the presence of pottery among the Alaskan Eskimo was to be explained as indicating forms copied from Siberian or neighboring American tribes. The recent discoveries of Mr Stefánsson indicate that the art of pottery among the Eskimo must have been of ancient origin and at one time very widely distributed. Furthermore Mr Stefánsson reports that other objects he finds are similar in type to those described by Professor Boas, discovered by Captain George Comer in ancient village sites on Southampton Island, Hudson Bay. These were also similar to objects recently discovered in Greenland, leading to the conclusion that older types of Eskimo culture must have been much more uniform throughout the entire stretch of Arctic America than at present. Mr Stefánsson's find of similar objects on the west side of Hudson Bay makes it more probable that there was formerly but a single type of Eskimo culture from Alaska to Greenland. DR DAVID STARR JORDAN, of Stanford University, one of the vicepresidents of the first international eugenics congress to be held at the University of London from July 24 to 30, 1912, has accepted the presidency of the consultative committee for the United States. The officers of the congress hope that it will result in a far wider recognition of the necessity for an immediate and serious consideration of eugenic problems in all civilized countries. The proof of this necessity must be based on the laws of heredity, on the history of the changes in racial characteristics in the past, and on what is known concerning the effect of all the many biological and social factors which tend either to improve or deteriorate the innate qualities of mankind. If this field should be covered in a wide and comprehensive manner in the papers presented to the congresss, including an adequate discussion of the general nature of the reforms, moral and legislative, necessary for insuring the progress of the race, the records of the proceedings would form a presentment of the case for eugenic reform which would assuredly be of great value to both the legislator and the social reformer. To achieve such a result should be the main object, rather than the attempt to make the congress an arena for the discussion of academic questions mainly of interest to scientific investigators.-Science. THE Bureau of American Ethnology is preparing a new work which will form a "Handbook of Aboriginal Remains in the United States," and will have to do with the ancient abodes, camps, mounds, workshops, quarries, burial places, etc., of the Indian tribes. In connection with this work, Mr F. W. Hodge, Ethnologist-in-charge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, is sending letters of inquiry to all persons thought to have any knowledge of the subject of this undertaking, as well as to all institutions and societies interested in American archeology and ethnology. The letter requests all information respecting the location, character, and history of the remains left by the Indians, or other indications of their former occupancy. In 1891 a catalogue of prehistoric works east of the Rocky Mountains was published, but that work is both out of date and out of print. It was compiled by Dr Cyrus Thomas and several collaborators. It is not expected that the prospective work on Indian antiquities will be issued for many months. Following the precedent of the old report, the new one in contemplation, will show, to even a greater and more extensive end, all available information. It is proposed to classify the former Indian remains by states and counties, and to illustrate the publication with maps, photographs and drawings. THE American Museum Journal states that in revising the installation |