has a blacker, more glandular involucre, and a more hairy upper surface of the leaf. The Derry plant grew on warm shingle under a southern exposure, a circumstance quite sufficient to account for the greater hairiness of the leaf. The Perthshire gatherings were made on the north side of the mountain, and therefore in all probability received less direct sunshine. In general habit this species bears some resemblance to H. Farrense F. J. Hanbury, from which the shape of the subentire leaves, the subsolitary stem-leaf, the senescent phyllaries, and the ciliate ligules distinguish it. There is an approach to H. submurorum Lindeb. in some respects, but the involucre alone requires that these two should be placed far apart. The description (drawn up by E. F. L.) is appended:

H. eustales Linton. Stem 12-18 in., moderately hairy, floccose above, branching little, but at a very acute angle, usually bearing one stem-leaf, and sometimes a bract-like linear-lanceolate one high up as well. Leaves long-petioled, light green (becoming yellowgreen when dried), moderately firm, narrowly ovate-oblong, acute; blade narrowed equally to both ends, attenuated to the petiole, and narrowly decurrent; thinly hairy below, chiefly on the nerves, softly ciliate with curled hairs, glabrescent on the upper surface (or hairy, as in the Aberdeenshire plant); margin slightly crenate and denticulate or subentire. Petiole thinly hairy, channelled, with midrib inclined to turn red. Stem-leaf petioled, similar to radical, denticulate; petiole winged, almost amplexicaul. Heads few, moderate in size, on very floccose peduncles, which are usually straight, long, and moderately glandular, with a very few scattered simple hairs. Involucre ovate-obconic in flower, ovoid-conic after flowering, very floccose, clothed with numerous rather short blackbased hairs and some very unequal glandular hairs. Phyllaries narrow, but becoming broader below as they mature, narrowly acuminate, markedly floccose-tipped, and with a white floccose margin. Ligules pilose at the tips. Style medium livid. Pappus very light brown.

H. orcadense W. R. Linton, n. sp. Basal leaves in a rosette, outer broad ovate, narrowed to the petiole, rounded and apiculate above, dentate or denticulate, inner lanceolate, nearly equally narrowed to apex and petiole, with a few medium-sized patent teeth; margins ciliate with bulbous-based hairs; surfaces with similar hairs, or partially denuded; stem-leaves 1-4 at regular intervals, with short winged petioles, and acute teeth in the lower half; stem 1-2 ft. high, floccose and with bulbous-based hairs, specially in the upper part, bearing a closely aggregated corymbose panicle of 2 to many heads; peduncles floccose, with black-based hairs, and few seta; involucres small, dark, cylindric, slightly floccose, with many black-based hairs, and few or no setæ; phyllaries few, broad, blunt, dark olive, pale-edged, white-tipped; ligules medium yellow, tips glabrous; styles dark livid. The corymb-like panicle of neat dark heads, and the somewhat leafy stem, are the more obvious distinguishing features of this plant. It was named H. cæsium Fr. by Dr. Boswell, and Fries' Epicrisis contains a remark under H. cæsium on a plant from "Orney," sent by Mr. Backhouse,

which probably refers to this. Dr. Lindeberg said of it, "Not known to me, not known in Scandinavia"; and on another occasion, "Species nova inter vulgata." Mr. Backhouse, in a letter to Mr. Hanbury, said, "Unless an extreme form of vulgatum, which I suspect, it is apparently a new species." It grows extensively on Quoys Hamars, Hoy, Orkney Isles, 200-300 ft. above sea-level. The name is due to a suggestion by Mr. Hanbury. For position, on account of the number of stem-leaves, we incline to place this plant between H. eustales and H. Farrense, the group being already pointed out by Dr. Boswell and Dr. Lindeberg.

H. Farrense F. J. Hanbury. Wood S. of Braemar, *S. Aberdeen; we have also specimens from the R. Clunie, Braemar, which are no doubt this species. Clova Valley, 14 miles below the Hotel, *Forfar; specimen confirmed by Mr. F. J. Hanbury.

H. silvaticum (L.) Almq., subsp. subulatidens Dahlst. (Hier. Exs. Fasc. iv. No. 61). Glen Doll, Forfar. Entered here under H. silvaticum, as so described; though it must be borne in mind that this name with Almquist signifies what we understand by H. murorum L. The correspondence between Dahlstedt's specimens and ours is so complete that we do not hesitate to report this interesting form. The leaves, which are ovate-acuminate, are singularly dentate, with large spreading deltoid-acuminate teeth, sometimes equalling half the breadth of the blade. Stem wiry, flexuous, floccose, sparingly hairy, with one stem-leaf or 0. Radical leaves forming a rosette, thinly hairy, ciliate with white silky hairs. Panicle subcorymbose, with ascending branches. Heads numerous, rather small; peduncles densely glandular and floccose; flowers deep yellow. Involucre ovoid, floccose and glandular; phyllaries narrow, inner acutely acuminate, glandular almost to the tip. Ligules with a few scattered deciduous hairs about the tip. Style livid. Pappus pure white. This description is drawn from Dahlstedt's specimens; our plant, however, agrees well with it.

H. vulgatum Fr., var. sciaphilum Uechtr. (H. sciaphilum Uechtr.). A form of large size, with very glandular heads and peduncles, and in this differing greatly from ordinary H. vulgatum, has been met with in Somerset, at Cheddar; Stroud, in West Gloucestershire; at Sellack, Herefordshire (by Rev. A. Ley, as H. orarium); in Glyn Neath, Glamorgan; in Carnarvonshire, on the Great Orme's Head, and in other localities; in Dovedale, Derbyshire; and also near Alstonfield (by the Rev. W. H. Purchas); which would appear in all likelihood to be the limestone form of the very glandular plant from Shirley, Brailsford, and Yeldersley, S. Derbyshire, which M. Arvet-Touvet determined in 1891 as coming under the var. sciaphilum. The question whether our limestone vulgatum form is this variety perhaps requires further proof; but we draw attention to the plant, and to its distribution, under this as its possible name.

H. diaphanum Fr. We understand that Mr. Hanbury, in writing the note at the foot of p. 131 in this Journal (1892), was referring to a series of plants gathered by one of us at Longridge in 1891, which certainly had a good deal of the aspect of an H. vulgatum f. He had, however, previously assented to a Longridge plant, gathered

by one of us in 1874, as identical with Mr. Melvill's Prestwich H. diaphanum Fr. Both stations happen to be within short range of a large manufacturing town; and it is a question whether this plant may not after all be a state of H. vulgatum, the floccose clothing of which has been denuded by a smoky climate. Rubi, e. g., in the neighbourhood of Manchester, have been observed to be much more glabrous than they usually are in a purer atmosphere.

H. diaphanoides Lindeb. Tal-y-Llyn, *Montgomery, H. T. Mennell, sent through the Watson B. E. C. as H. orarium. Festiniog, Merioneth. Near the Resolven Fall, and on Craig-y-Llyn, Gla

morgan.

H. diaphanoides Lindeb., var. apiculatum, Linton, n. var. A plant was noticed on the Unich Water above Loch Lee, Forfar, in 1889, which was sent after a time through Mr. Hanbury to Dr. Lindeberg, but failed to receive a name. Cultivation has, however, brought out (what we had a suspicion of before) a clear affinity with H. diaphanoides. The wild specimens bear much resemblance to H. zetlandicum Beeby, differing chiefly in the leaves; and, in fact, the var. apiculatum is a connecting link between these two species. It differs from H. diaphanoides, the leaves of which are of a dull, often cæsious green, in having fresh green leaves, more cuneate at the base, and more blunt and apiculate, the upper part of the leaf having a sugar-loaf outline with an apiculate point, whereas the leaf of diaphanoides is triangular acute. The heads of the variety are in a laxer more irregular subcorymbose panicle, and the phyllaries are broad acuminate obtuse, compared with those of the type, which are moderately broad, linear-acuminate, and acute. Var. apiculatum usually has the upper surface of the root-leaves covered with bulbous-based hairs. On the whole, it has the look of a somewhat refined alpine or northern variety of H. diaphanoides.

H. sparsifolium Lindeb. Sent us unnamed by Lieut.-Col. Rimington, from R. Creed, Stornoway, Lewis, *Outer Hebrides. Here we place a plant gathered in various valley localities near Fortingal, in one place five miles up Glen Lyon, where the plant grew on light soil on turf, and taken for H. sparsifolium; in others, among loose rubble or in richer soil, taken for H. norvegicum Fr., var. confertum Lindeb., a plant for which, by Mr. Hanbury's directions, we were searching. This latter form has leaves rather crowded towards the base, and the plants were luxuriant and many-flowered. It was not long before we perceived that these two plants were identical. We also learnt later on that the more luxuriant plant was the same as that which Mr. W. F. Miller had previously gathered at this station in 1888, and which Dr. Lindeberg had named H. norvegicum Fr. var. confertum for Mr. Hanbury (see Journ. Bot. 1892, p. 131). We have already mentioned in this Journal (1892, 147) our finding H. sparsifolium five miles up Glen Lyon. We now feel obliged to express our conviction that the more luxuriant river-side plant about Fortingal and Culdamore is also this species, and not a H. norvegicum form. The involucres have not the floccose and hairy clothing (" albo-floccosa, pilis eglandulosis albidis undique hirta"), nor the dentation of the leaves, that Fries

describes, and that Lindeberg's specimens (Hi. Scand. Exs. 141145) show; the root-leaves, too, of our specimens are rather numerous and persistent, whereas H. norvegicum should have no persistent root-leaves; and the plant grown in the garden (at Shirley) shows no other differences from H. sparsifolium grown side by side in the same soil, than a greater profusion of leaves in the lower part of the stem, and the leaves more decidedly dentate. The last of Lindeberg's varieties (No. 145) shows a considerable approach to the Fortingal plant, and also to H. sparsifolium, having the persistent root-leaves which good soil maintains in this species. It may be added that H. sparsifolium stands between H. gothicum and H. norvegicum in some respects, and was known to Fries as H. gothicum var. pseudo-norvegicum.

H. Friesii Hn. (H. gothicum Fries, Backh.) Berriedale cliffs, *Caithness.

H. Friesii Hn., var. basifolium Lindeb. Clova Valley, *Forfar. Glen Lyon, *Mid-Perth, not far from Fortingal. Mr. Hanbury has mentioned in this Journal (1892, p. 132) our Clova gathering of this marked variety, and Dr. Lindeberg's thorough approval of our naming of the plant; but he unites with it plants gathered by Mr. Miller, Mr. A. Somerville, and himself, which after examination we consider are not all good for var. basifolium; and remarks that after five years' cultivation of this form it tends to revert to the type. We think that this observation does scant justice to Lindeberg's variety. Dr. Lindeberg observed on a second Clova sheet we sent through Mr. Hanbury, labelled as above, "Recte! Rectius credo esse hanc formam a ceteris formis H. Friesii segregare. Peculiarem semper induit habitum, quo ab omnibus aliis formis e longinquo differt." Though we have missed cultivating this, and at first thought with Mr. Hanbury that it was but a slight variety, we hold now with Dr. Lindeberg that it has distinctive characters. Our Clova plant has a strong rosette of 4-8 ovate-oblong to ovateacuminate root-leaves, and the stem-leaves at once tailing off in point of size, and few in number, e. g., not more than three stemleaves in the lowest 6-8 in. of stem. Mr. Miller's and Mr. Somerville's specimens referred to above are chiefly gothicum type, two only out of six approaching var. basifolium. One of Mr. Hanbury's specimens, from Braemar, also approaches our Clova plant, but in it stem-leaves are frequent near the root, and do not at once tail off in size. While the plant Mr. Hanbury has in cultivation, and which seemed to show tendency to revert to the type, is still further from the variety; the original specimen from the root has no true. root-leaf attached to it, and five large approximate leaves in the lowest part of the stem; it has, moreover, been to Lindeberg without any suggestion of its being var. basifolium having been made by him. We have stated the matter thus fully to show that this variety of Lindeberg's is still free from the charge of reverting to type in cultivation.

H. Friesii Hn., var. latifolium Backh. Assuming Backhouse's variety to be the broad-leaved Clova form (which we have had in cultivation since 1887, and which is considered by Mr. Hanbury rightly

named), we can report this from *Skye, in the neighbourhood of Uig, with the type; and from Mid-Perth, near Fortingal, where it was scarce. In both these the style is pure yellow, a point insisted on by Backhouse in his description. The Berriedale plant above referred to (under H. Friesii) is broad-leaved, but has a livid style. It is a noticeable fact, however, that Backhouse's description of var. latifolium fits almost exactly (except in the colour of the style) a plant we detected in 1889, and then came to consider the true var. latifolium. This after cultivation (at Shirley) we have shown to be nothing less than-

H. scoticum F. J. Hanbury, a most interesting extension of the species southward, and addition to *Forfar. The locality was the same Backhouse gives for his plant, viz., "Heathy hillocks near the Kirktown of Clova." Can our plant, which is "more robust, but comparatively shorter when of equal vigour," with "stem purplish red" to a remarkable degree, and stem-leaves large, broad, distant," and phyllaries with markedly "pale margins," be the plant which Backhouse had in view? Such a confusion seems not at all impossible between two plants which are so very closely allied. At the same time it must be admitted that good gothicum latifolium has been gathered (viz., by Mr. Hanbury, at Melvich, accepted by the late Mr. Backhouse) in the very district where H. scoticum is most prevalent.

We would mention at this point that in 1890 we made careful search through Hareheadwood, near Selkirk, for the purpose of seeing if H. juranum Fr. could be found there. As a result of our search, we are fairly satisfied that it does not grow in the wood now. H. strictum Fr. Vaternish Cliffs, and cliff S. of Uig, *Skye;

scarce.

H. strictum Fr., var. subcrocatum Linton, n. var. Growing on rocks in the bottom of the gorge below the Grey Mare's Tail; also up the Spoon Burn; near Moffat, Dumfriesshire. By the R. Yarrow, near Selkirk, Selkirkshire. This we believed to be H. strictum Fr. at first, but could get only a qualified assent to our view. Dr. Lindeberg remarked on it, "H. strictum quoad herbam, H. crocatum quoad capitula." It differs from the type in the total absence of any hair or pubescence from the upper part of the ligules, in the shorter peduncles, in the comparative absence of glands and floccose down from the involucres, and in the broader ovate-acuminate leaves. The plant will probably be found to be widely spread in the S. of Scotland and the N. of England. We have it collected under the name of "H. crocatum Fr." by the Rev. H. E. Fox, from the R. Rothay, Grasmere, Westmorland. It is very probable that a plant gathered near Bethesda, Carnarvonshire, by one of us in bud, in 1890, is also this plant, evidence having been obtained later of the style being very dark, a usual feature in both type and variety.

H. crocatum Fr., var. angustatum Fr. (H. angustum Lindeb.). Braemar, S. Aberdeen.

H. reticulatum Lindeb. (H. crocatum Fr., var. reticulatum Lindeb.). We identify specimens we gathered in former years by