mule here made its appearance from the base of the grain, while the roots proceeded from the other end-a topsy-turvy arrangement, the explanation of which has not yet been revealed.*

Fig. 4. Embryo from the side.

Fig. 3.-Barley grain with husk removed, showing

the parts of the embryo.

REVERSED POSITION OF THE CARPELS.

In the genus Citrus, as also in Cratagus, Prunus, &c., supplementary carpels are occasionally met with, and whilst the ventral sutures of the normal carpels are directed centrally, (x, those of the adventitious productions are turned outwards, )x. In the pomegranate (Punica) it will be remembered that two tiers of carpels exist. In the lower one the placentas are axile, while in the upper series they are parietal,t but, according to Payer and Baillon, this is due to the bending over of the apex of the ovary in the case of the upper series, to such an extent that the organic summit is ultimately placed lower than the base. This change seems more especially to occur in cases where the abnormal carpels are really metamorphosed stamens (pistillody of the stamens). Where the increased number of carpels is really due to an augmentation of the pistillary whorls (pleiotaxy) the carpels are arranged in the ordinary manner.

REVERSED POSITION OF THE GILLS OF MUSHROOMS.

A very frequent malformation in Agarics is one in which the top of an ordinary pileus bears a second, but in an inverted

* See Gard. Chron., March 15, 1873, and in Dr. Dammer's German translation of my Vegetable Teratology (1886), pp. 244–246.

+ Lindley, Vegetable Kingdom, p. 735.

position (fig. 5). All degrees of this change may be met with, the most remarkable perhaps being one illustrated by Mr. Worthington Smith in the Gardeners' Chronicle for Feb. 24, 1887, in a species of

Fig. 5.-Mushroom with a second one growing from its pileus in an isolated position; a third pileus is in the natural position.

direction, and furnishes additional view that there is no fundamental and phyllome.

Russula, where three adventitious pilei sprang from the top of the normal one; of these, two were reversed, whilst the third had the gills turned down. ward in the ordinary manner. See also Mr. Smith's article in Gard. Chron., July 26, 1873.

It will thus be seen that these cases of inversion are numerous, and cannot be attributed to any single cause. In ordinary chorisis, either radial or tangential, and which indeed is only a modified process of ramification, part succeeds part without any inversion. But in the class of cases known as enations or outgrowths from an already completed structure, the differentiation of the tissues often takes place in an inverted evidence in support of the difference between caulome

In other cases the inverted position seems to be due to a reversion to a primordial or even to an ancestral state of things, but what brings about this sudden resumption of pristine ways is an utter mystery.

AN ESSAY AT A KEY TO

BRITISH RUBI.

BY THE REV. W. MOYLE ROGERS, F.L.S.

(Concluded from p. 10.)

84. R. CORYLIFOLIUS Sm. Near R. dumetorum, but with st. usually much rounder and very nearly or quite glabrous; prickles slenderer, more subulate and less unequal, and very few (if any) acicles and stalked glands. L. 5-nate-pedate, often large. Lts. often much as in dumetorum, but usually with thicker paler felt beneath; while in the typical plant (R. sublustris Lees) the term. It. is conspicuously different in outline. Pan. somewhat irregular, more or less corymbose, often with 2 or 3 long axillary branches; rachis and ped. grey-felted, sometimes quite eglandular, and seldom having more than a few sunken or very shortly stalked glands (chiefly at the

top), and acicles few or none. Sep. reflexed in fr. A puzzling collection of forms intermediate between R. dumetorum and R. cæsius. a. R. sublustris (Lees). St. nearly round, more or less striate, reddish, with very scattered slender and not very unequal prickles usually slightly declining from rather a small base. Lts. sharply doubly serrate, ashy-felted beneath; term. roundly cordate-acuminate, and often more or less 3-lobed. Pan.-rachis nearly straight. A very common form in most parts of England; nearly eglandular.

b. conjungens Bab. R. cyclophyllus Lindeb.? St. rather more angular and often stouter, reddish. Prickles less scattered, rather short but strong, declining or slightly deflexed from a long base. Lts. all usually broader, rounder, and with somewhat crenate-serrate toothing; term. roundly cordate-acute, very broad, not lobate. Pan.rachis nearly straight. Perhaps as common as sublustris and as nearly eglandular, and connected with it by numerous intermediates.

c. R. fasciculatus P. J. Muell. R. purpureus Bab. St. bluntly angular, subsulcate above, usually dark purple on the upper side, slightly hairy and with a good many scattered shortly stalked glands. Prickles many, unequal, slightly declining from a large base. Lts. · doubly dentate-serrate, usually pale green-felted beneath; term. roundly ovate-acuminate or obovate-cuspidate, subcordate, sometimes lobed on one side; interm. and bas. sometimes united into a single deeply-lobed lt. Pan. leafy, rachis somewhat flexuose, hairy, often considerably glandular. Apparently a frequent plant in the Midlands, and much nearer to R. dumetorum (if indeed it can be kept apart from it) than the other two vars. Prof. Babington now considers it practically identical with R. Wahlbergii Arrh., while Areschoug (Observations on Rubus, 1887) would put the latter nearer to sublustris, as (judging from my Scandinavian specimens, as well as his description) I should also do.

85. R. BALFOURIANUS Blox. St. roundish, with a good many scattered fine hairs (both single and clustered) and a few (usually very few) acicles and stalked glands. Prickles few, slender, nearly patent from a rather small compressed base. L. 5-nate. Lts. large, irregularly and often doubly dentate-serrate, occasionally lobate, green and hairy on both sides, rugose above, paler and soft beneath; term. usually broadly elliptic or roundish acuminate subcordate. Pan. very loose, with long erect-patent few-flowered distant branches and a flexuose hairy rachis, having usually a good many unequally scattered stalked glands (which seldom exceed the hair), an occasional acicle, and a few very slender patent prickles. Sep. ovate-acuminateattenuate, hairy and glandular, soon becoming erect. Pet. suborbicular, often very large, purplish or white. Fr. black-purple, large, and richly flavoured. Stam. rather short, but usually exceeding the flesh-coloured styles. Widely but rather thinly distributed.

The typical plant, with its exceptionally large l., fl. and fr., its open few-flowered hairy and glandular pan., and its attenuate erect sep., seems distinct enough; but there are frequent intermediates connecting it with R. corylifolius. Not far removed from some of them is a very handsome plant growing in some quantity at Niton, . of Wight, which Dr. Focke thinks is R. Holandrei P. J. Muell.

It has a brown bluntly angular subglabrous and almost polished st., with more crowded broader-based patent prickles, and a longer narrower more prickly and more leafy pan., with the upper branches somewhat fasciculate; while in other respects it seems hardly distinct from the small-flowered forms of R. Balfourianus. A somewhat similar plant occurs at Evershot, Dors.

The "R. althaifolius Host." of British Rubi and Bab. Man. seems of too indeterminate a character to claim a place in our list at present; while the name "R. deltoideus Müll.," which takes its place in Lond. Cat. ed. 8, belongs, Dr. Focke assures me, to a hybrid, “R. cœsius × tomentosus," which we cannot expect to find in Britain, where R. tomentosus is unknown.

86. R. CESIUS L.-St. prostrate from a low arch, round, usually slender and very glaucous, with small scattered subulate declining or deflexed prickles; hairs, stalked glands, and acicles usually very few. L. almost always 3-nate. Lts. green on both sides (except in var. pseudo-Idaus), unevenly incise-serrate, or rarely doubly serrate; term. ovate, rhomboidal-ovate, or 3-lobed; lateral usually bilobed, subsessile. Pan. lax, usually small, often nearly racemose with very long-stalked fl. Sep. green, ovate-acuminate, with long point clasping the glaucous fr. Pet. obovate, notched. Pollen regular in the typical plant.

This species hybridises so freely, that its numerous forms hardly admit of exact distinction. I know scarcely anything of the following vars., or their distribution. For synonymy, &c., see Journ. Bot. 1886, p. 236, and Engl. Bot. Suppl. to 3rd ed., pp. 122-124.

a. aquaticus W. & N.; umbrosus Reich.; agrestis Bab.-St. very slender, glaucous-green. Prickles few, very small. Lts. thin, lobate-serrate; term. rhomboidal-ovate-acuminate, rounded below. Pan. small, often nearly simple, and, when otherwise, the branches are rarely more than once divided."

b. E. tenuis (Bell Salt.). R. degener P. J. Muell. ? - St. very slender. Prickles many, small, stout, mostly equal, much deflexed from considerably enlarged bases. Lts. rather doubly than lobate

serrate; term. obovate-acuminate, always narrowed below.

c. arvensis Wallr.; ligerinus Genev.; ulmifolius Bab. - St. often not so slender as in a. and b., purplish. Prickles many, small, deflexed or declining. Lts. slightly rugose, lobate-serrate, very broad; term. long-stalked, roundly cordate with short point, often 3-lobed. Mostly very large.

d. intermedius Bab. St. thicker, greenish-purple. Prickles many, slender, very unequal, subpatent. L. often 5-nate. Lts. lobate-serrate; term. triangular-cordate-acuminate, 3-lobed or divided into 3 sessile lts. Stalked glands and acicles few (as in a., b., and c.), but shorter and stouter. Connects c. with e.

e. R. pseudo-Idæus (Lej.). St. rather thick. Prickles slender, violet-coloured, subpatent. L. 3-nate or 5-nate-pinnate. Lts. ashyfelted beneath. Obviously R. casius × Idæus.

f. hispidus W. & N.; serpens Godr. & Gren.-St. slender, green. Lts. lobate-serrate; term. obovate-acuminate, subcordate; lateral

with a large backward lobe. Ped. and sep. with numerous stalked glands, and felted, but scarcely at all hairy. Drupelets many.

Section II. HERBACEI.-St. nearly or quite herbaceous. Stipules usually attached to the st. Fl. "umbellate," or nearly solitary. Receptacle flat.

Subsection I. SAXATILES.-St. slender, prostrate. Fl. umbellate or nearly so, or subsolitary. Carpels distinct.

87. R. SAXATILIS L. St. annual, rooting, unarmed, or with scattered bristles. L. 3-nate. Lts. oblong-obovate, nearly equal. Fl.-shoot erect, with a terminal few-flowered umbel-like corymb. Pet. erect, white, equalling sep. Fr. of 1-4 distinct drupelets. In stony hill-country; rare in S. Engl.

Subsection II. ARCTICI.-No sterile st., but a long subterranean rhizome. Fl. term., solitary or subsolitary. Carpels adhering together.

88. R. CHAMÆMORUS L. St. subterranean. L. simple, reniform, 5-7-lobed, plicate. Fl.-shoot erect, unarmed, with 1 large dicarious term. fl. Pet. large, white. Fr. of several large drupelets, first red, then orange. Alpine turf bogs; but descending below 2000 ft. on Axe-Edge, Derb.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GROUPS OF BRITISH FRUTICOSI.

:

A. St. tall, glabrous or with few hairs, not glaucous, with prickles mostly equal and confined to the angles. Usually without stalked glands. Stip. linear. Bas. lts. sessile, subsessile or stalked. a. Sep. green, with narrow white margin SUBERECTI. Increasing mainly by root-extension. Mature 1. green beneath. Pan. often simply racemose. No stalked glands. See p. 109 (1892 vol.).

b. Sep. grey- or white-felted, and either without white margin, or having only a comparatively inconspicuous one:

RHAMNIFOLII.-St. usually rooting at the end in autumn. Mature 1. green or white-felted beneath. Pan. usually compound. Stalked glands very rare, though occurring occasionally in small quantity, especially in pan. See p. 111 (1892 vol.).

B. St. arcuate or prostrate, rooting at the end in autumn, mostly hairy or furnished with stalked glands, seldom glaucous (except in BELLARDIANI), with prickles nearly equal or unequal, confined to the angles or scattered. Stip. linear or filiform. Bas. lts. distinctly stalked.

a. Large prickles on the angles of the middle and upper part of st. tolerably equal. Small prickles absent or present.

I. Pan. without stalked glands :—

DISCOLORES. St. bearing adpressed hairs. All the prickles equal, strong. L. 5-nate, white-felted beneath. See p. 202 (1892 vol.).