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BOOK II.
HISTORY OF THE PHYSICAL SCIENCES IN ANCIENT
GREECE
PAGE
Introduction...
95
CHAPTER 1.-EARLIEST STAGES OF MECHANICS AND
HYDROSTATICS.
Sect. 1. Formation of the Notion of a Year.
Sect. 2. Fixation of the Civil Year...
Sect. 3. Correction of the Civil Year (Julian Calendar).
Sect. 4. Attempts at the Fixation of the Month....
Sect. 5. Invention of Lunisolar Years....
Sect. 6. The Constellations..
Sect. 7. The Planets ...,
Sect. 8. The Circles of the Sphere.....
Sect. 9. The Globular Form of the Earth.
Sect. 10. The Phases of the Moon...
Sect. 11. Eclipses ...
Sect. 12. Sequel to the Early Stages of Astronomy.
CHAPTER II.-PRELUDE TO THE INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF
HIPPARCHUS.
138
CHAPTER III.-INDUCTIVE Epoch OF HIPPARCHUS.
Sect. 1. Establishment of the Theory of Epicyles and Eccentrics..... 145
Sect. 2. Estimate of the Value of the Theory of Eccentrics and Epicycles. 151
Sect. 3. Discovery of the Precession of the Equinoxes...
155
CHAPTE
TER IV.-SEQUEL TO THE INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF
Sect. 1. Researches which verified the Theory..
Sect. 2. Researches which did not verify the Theory...
Sect. 3. Methods of Observation of the Greek Astronomers.
Sect. 4. Period from Hipparchus to Ptolemy..
Sect. 5. Measures of the Earth....
Sect. 6. Ptolemy's Discovery of Evection..
Sect. 7. Conclusion of the History of Greek Astronomy.
Sect. 8. Arabian Astronomy....
157
159
161
166
169
170
175
176
BOOK IV.
HISTORY OF PHYSICAL SCIENCE IN THE MIDDLE
AGES.
Introduction.....
185
CHAPTER 1.-ON THE INDISTINCTNESS OF IDEAS OF THE
MIDDLE AGES.
1. Collections of Opinions....
2. Indistinctness of Ideas in Mechanics.
3.
" shown in Architecture..
4.
in Astronomy.
5.
shown by Skeptics..
6. Neglect of Physical Reasoning in Christendom.
7. Question of Antipodes.....
8. Intellectual Condition of the Religious Orders.
9. Popular Opinions....
66
187
188
191
192
195
197
199
201
CHAPTER II.—THE COMMENTATORIAL Spirit OF THE
1. Natural Bias to Authority.
2. Character of Commentators.
3. Greek Commentators of Aristotle..
202 4. Greek Commentators of Plato and Others...
204
205
5. Arabian Commentators of Aristotle.....
207
208
CHAPTER III. OF THE MYSTICISM OF THE MIDDLE AGES.. 211
1. Neoplatonic Theosophy...
2. Mystical Arithmetic..
3. Astrology...
4. Alchemy..
5. Magic....
212
216
218
224
225
CHAPTER IV.-OF THE DOGMATISM OF THE STATIONARY
PERIOD.
1. Origin of the Scholastic Philosophy.....
2. Scholastic Dogmas.
3. Scholastic Physics.....
4. Authority of Aristotle among the Schoolmen...
5. Subjects omitted. Civil Law. Medicine.....
228
230
235
236
238
CHAPTER 1.-PROGRESS OF THE ARTS IN THE MIDDLE AGES.
CHAPTER 1.—PRELUDE TO THE INDUCTIVE Epoch Of Co-
PERNICUS..
257
CHAPTER II.-INDUCTION OF COPERNICUS. THE HELIOCEN-
TRIC THEORY ASSERTED ON FORMAL GROUNDS
262
CHAPTER III.—SEQUEL TO COPERNICUS. THE RECEPTION
AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COPERNICAN THEORY.
269
272
Sect. 1. First Reception of the Copernican Theory.
Sect. 2. Diffusion of the Copernican Theory.....
Soct. 3. The Heliocentric Theory confirmed by Facts. Galileo's Astro-
nomical Discoveries......
Sect. 4. The Copernican System opposed on Theological Grounds....
Sect. 5. The Heliocentric Theory confirmed on Physical Considerations.
(Prelude to Kepler's Astronomical Discoveries.).........
276
280
287
CHAPTER IV.-INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF KEPLER.
Sect. 1. Intellectual Character of Kepler.......
Sect. 2. Kepler's Discovery of his Third Law.....
Sect. 3. Kepler's Discovery of his First and Second Laws. Elliptical
Theory of the Planets.....
290
293
296
CHAPTER V.-SEQUEL TO THE EPOCH OF KEPLER. RECEPTION,
VERIFICATION, AND EXTENSION OF THE ELLIPTICAL THEORY.
Sect. 1. Application of the Elliptical Theory to the Planets..
302
Sect. 2.
Moon
803
Sect. 3. Causes of the further Progress of Astronomy...
305
THE MECHANICAL SCIENCES.
BOOK VI.
HISTORY OF MECHANICS, INCLUDING FLUID
MECHANICS.
311
CHAPTER I.---PRELUDE TO THE EPOCH OF GALILEO.
312
316
Sect. 1. Prelude to the Science of Statics. .....
Sect. 2. Revival of the Scientific Idea of Pressure.-Stevinus.—Equilib-
rium of Oblique Forces......
Sect. 3. Prelude to the Science of Dynamics.-Attempts at the First Law
of Motion....
VOL. I.-2
319
CHAPTER II.-INDUCTIVE EPOCH OF GALILEO.—DISCOVERY
OF THE LAWS OF MOTION IN SIMPLE CASES.
Sect. 1. Establishment of the First Law of Motion.....
322
Sect. 2. Formation and Application of the Motion of Accelerating Force.
Laws of Falling Bodies.....
324
Sect. 3. Establishment of the Second Law of Motion.-Curvilinear Mo-
tions.....:
330
Sect. 4. Generalization of the Laws of Equilibrium.—Principle of Virtual
Velocities......
331
Sect. 5. Attempts at the Third Law of Motion.--Notion of Momentum... 334
CHAPTER III.-SEQUEL TO THE Epoch OF GALILEO.-PE-
RIOD OF VERIFICATION AND DEDUCTION..
... 340
CHAPTER IV.-DISCOVERY OF THE MECHANICAL PRINCIPLES
of Fluids.
Sect. 1. Rediscovery of the Laws of Equilibrium of Fluids..
Sect. 2. Discovery of the Laws of Motion of Fluids..
345
348
CHAPTER V.–GENERALIZATION OF THE PRINCIPLES OF
Sect. 1. Generalization of the Second Law of Motion.-Central Forces... 352
Sect. 2. Generalization of the Third Law of Motion.-Centre of Oscilla-
tion.-Huyghens..
356
CHAPTER VI.-SEQUEL TO THE GENERALIZATION OF THE
PrincipLES OF MECHANICS.-PERIOD OF MATHEMAT-
ICAL DEDUCTION.—ANALYTICAL MECHANICS
1. Geometrical Mechanics.-Newton, &c. ...
2. Analytical Mechanics.-Euler..
3. Mechanical Problems...
4. D'Alembert's Principle..
5. Motion in Resisting Media.–Ballistics..
6. Constellation of Mathematicians..
7. The Problem of Three Bodies..
8. Mécanique Céleste, &c. .
9. Precession.-Motion of Rigid Bodies.
10. Vibrating Strings.
11. Equilibrium of Fluids.—Figure of the Earth.—Tides.
12. Capillary Action.
13. Motion of Fluids..
14. Various General Mechanical Principles..
15. Analytical Generality.-Connection of Statics and Dynamics..
363
364
365
366
367
371
374
375
376
377
378
380
381