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and is healed" (61). "The Deere being stroken though never so deep, feedeth on the herb Dictaninum [sic], and forth with is healed," Carde of Fancie' (iv. 58). In Virgil ('En.,' xii.) and in Pliny.

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11. Albeit their heartes seem tender, yet they harden them lyke the stone of Sicilia, the which the more it is beaten the harder it is " (56). "Shee will prove lyke the Stone of Silicia, which the more it is beaten the harder it is," Carde of Fancie' (iv. 46). Which is the wiser here? The stones of Sicillia" are used again for another purpose in Greene's 'Vision' (xii. 202). Many misprints in Greene are corrected in this manner. H. C. HART.

66

(To be continued.)

FOUR ETYMOLOGICAL NOTES. Bayonet.- H.E.D.' throws some doubt on the usual derivation from Bayonne. But I think the etymologists have the support of history in maintaining the traditional derivation. " H.E.D.' quotes Des Accords (1583) for the phrase "bayonnettes de Bayonne." This is pretty early evidence, considering that the bayonet appears to have been used in the modern way long after the Wars of the League. Voltaire, to be sure, in the Henriade (chant viii.) mentions the use of this weapon in the battle of Ivry (1590):

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a figurative use of marquise, the wife of a
marquis.
Monkey. Prof. Skeat derives this word
from Moneke, the name of the ape's son in
'Reinke de Vos,' a version of the Beast Epic,
published A.D. 1498. He connects the word
Moneke with the Ital. mona, a monkey, and
madonna, my lady. I think another etymo-
logy is possible. It should be noted that in
Reinke' nearly all the names of the animals
are real names, or pet-names of men and
women, as, for instance, Boldewin; Hinze, pet-
name of Hinrek (Henry); Lütke, pet-name
of Ludolf; Metke, pet-name of Mechthild
(Matilda); Reinke, pet-name of Reginhart.
Is it not possible that Moneke may be the
Koseform of a Christian name also? It has
been suggested in Germania, xiv. 216, xvi.
303, that Moneke is a Koseform of the Chris-
tian name Simon. Such decapitated forms
for pet-names are, of course, extremely com-
mon in Italy and Germany. Simon would
be a good name for an ape from association
with Lat. simus, Gr. oiuos, flat-nosed, simia,
an ape. Cp. 'Pug.'

Paper.-How are we to account for the form paper? Is it to be explained as an irregular form of M.E. and A.F. papir, adopted from Lat. papyrus, as suggested by H.E.D.,' or as directly representing a Romanic form paperum or paperum? Is the -er in paper to be accounted for by suffix-contamination, i.e., -er for the unusual ir? or is it due to a Romanic -er- or -er- ? The same difficulty Au mousquet réuni le sanglant coutelas meets us in the French papier (whence Déjà de tous côtés porte un double trépas. Cette arme que jadis, pour dépeupler la terre, G. papier), which cannot be explained by the Dans Baïonne inventa le démon de la guerre, Latin form. A Romanic form paperum is Rassemble en même temps, digne fruit de l'enfer, required to account for Welsh pabwyr, the 'Ce qu'ont de plus terrible et la flamme et le fer. wick of a lamp or candle, for which a reed But in a note he says: "La baïonnette au was formerly used; compare O. Ital. papero bout du fusil ne fut en usage que long-temps (papejo, papeo), a wick, a gunner's match; see après. Le nom de baïonnette vient de Florio. A Romanic form is required to Baïonne, où l'on fit les premières baïonnettes." explain Flemish poper, a bulrush, whence Marquee.-This word is doubtless Fr. mar- Poperingen, orig. the bulrush people; also quise. But no English dictionary, as far as Span. and Port. papel, Catalonian paper. I know, has explained the exact meaning of There is a possibility that the Eng. word marquise. Dr. Skeat explains simply, a paper may be due to a continental Romanic large tent, orig. a tent for a marchioness or form introduced through commerce. lady of rank. This explanation is picturesque, but neither exact nor historical. A marquise is not strictly a tent, and is not intended for a lady of high rank. The word is defined in the dictionary of the French Academy (ed. 1786) as follows: "Terme qui est en usage parmi les gens de guerre, pour signifier, une tente de toile, qu'un officier fait tendre par-dessus sa tente, pour y être d'autant plus à l'abri des injures de l'air." Hatzfeld explains: "Toile tendue au-dessus des tentes d'officier." The word is, no doubt,

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A. L. MAYHEW.

HARVEST-TIME.-There is not much of the romantic in harvest-time work in the cornfields nowadays. The human harvester is superseded by the machine harvester, which cuts, gathers, and binds a sheaf in one operation, and does in one working day more than six men could do in three under the old system; yet there is no better result now financially, if the cry of hard times is to be believed, than was the case sixty years ago,

when an ordinary harvest - time in good weather lasted quite two months. Those who know the harvest customs of sixty years ago must regret that such have passed, never to be revived, for these are days of implements, which have all but pushed out the human harvester.

In the Midland villages of sixty years ago the harvest-time was brighter and sunnier than now seems to be the case; every man, woman, and child went forth into the fields to help the farmer, and win the "extra wage for harvest" which was one of the conditions of farming work, as is still the case even when only machines are employed. When the first cornfield was ready for the sickle or scythe, word was passed round, and early on a morning the sicklemen or scythemen with the gatherers and binders were at the field. The gatherers of the sheaves and the binders were generally the wives and children of the men, and the whole work of the harvest was of the nature of a family outing, and at that a most pleasant though hard-working one if the weather was good.

On some farms the work began by the pleasing ceremony of the farmer himself taking the sickle and cutting the first handfuls, or making the first sweep with the scythe. Then the reapers or mowers fell in one by one behind the leader, the women and children, as gatherers and binders, following in their wake. The first stop was when the leader wanted to sharpen. He said, "Now," and all stopped at the end of his sickle cut or scythe swing. Then came the music of half a dozen tools sharpening as the stone rasped the steel blades, and in the case of scythes the sound of each in a different note was far from unpleasing, the newest and broadest blades making the deepest notes, the worn ones the higher. The sharpening pause was as often as not the time for "lowance as well, when from the wooden kegs or stone bottles came the welcome "guggle, guggle," of the home-brewed as it fell into the horn ale-tots provided for that purpose. These ale-tots of horn were held to be the best for harvest drinkings, the liquor drunk in this way being cooler and sweeter than in any other form, and far before that of "sucking the monkey," as liquor drunk from a bottle was called. The tots were emptied at a drain, all except a few drops, and a curious action was that of each man tossing the last drops from the horn to the ground by a twist of the wrist, a custom that was always carried out. The drink for the women and children was beer made of herbs, or milk.

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Eleven o'clock was the first stopping for a

meal, when the workers sat down on the cut corn, or sheltered from the sun behind the shocks, each shock made up by seven sheaves, which the binders had built as the work went on. This meal was generous in kind, but plain-bread, cheese, or bacon, with ale, beer, and milk for drink. The food came from the farmhouse quite ready for use, in deep baskets lined and covered with snowwhite cloths. It was the pride of the farmer's wife to send out each day fresh, good, and wholesome food - the bread, cheese, and bacon of a kind for quality seldom met with now, everything home-made.

The work went on after this with breaks for "drinkings" to the "four o'clock," as the second meal in the field was called. When dusk was near, the leader stopped the whole harvest gang, and then the rest of the eatables and drinkables were finished before going home. The first day's work of harvest was trying to the best hands, but all considered it pleasurable work. THOS. RATCLIFFE. Worksop.

"COOP," TO TRAP.-The opening sentence of a story, 'Charley's "Coup," by Mr. Jack London, in the July number of The Pall Mall Magazine, reads thus:

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"Charley called it a coup,' having heard Neil Partington use the term; but I think he misunderstood the word, and thought it meant 'coop,' to catch, to trap.'

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Coop is not given in Hotten's 'Slang Dictionary,' though therein is "Cooper, to destroy, spoil, settle, or finish"; but the following illustrative paragraph is from The Observer of Sunday, 28 July, 1805, republished in that journal of 30 July, 1905:

"One of the large schooners belonging to the Boulogne flotilla was lately brought into the Downs under the following circumstances:-An American Creole, bound, some time since, from Philadelphia to Amsterdam, was, according to their phrase, 'silver cooped,' that is getting the American seamen into a state of intoxication, putting money into their pockets, and afterwards swearing them in as having enlisted in the Batavian serof the Creole, who was forced on board a large vice. This stratagem was made use of in the case steamer, bound, with forty others, along shore from Dunkirk to Boulogne. Indignant at the treatment he had met with, he determined to extricate himself. On Thursday se'night, himself and two flotilla. The Creole contrived to make the master others, the mate and the master, sailed with the and the other man inebriated and persuaded them to turn in to sleep, and he would take the helm. In the course of the night he steered for the English land.”

ALFRED F. ROBBINS.

VANE OF KENT.-John West, of Tunbridge, in the county of Kent, yeoman, otherwise called John a Vane, of Tunbridge, yeoman,

was called to answer Thomas a Ventre on a plea why he did not pay him 10l. which he owed him, and unjustly detained; and Thomas, by John Benge, his attorney, says that he, on 26 September in the third year of the reign of the king that now is, at Tunbridge, demised to the same John Vane the manor of Hilden with its appurtenances in Tunbridge, except 10s. 74d. of rent and the rent of four peppercorns, two ploughshares, three hens, and twenty-four eggs, parcel of the manor aforesaid, to have and to hold the manor aforesaid, except the above, to John Vane and his assigns, from Michaelmas next following for seven years at a rent of five mares. Vane had neglected to the rent; hence the action. By John Nethersole, his attorney, he asks leave to imparle the plaintiff, which is granted (De Banco, 847, Trin. 13 E. IV. m. 158).

pay

It seems not unlikely that John West or his father changed his name on his marriage with Vane. If this is so, further light may be obtainable on the much disputed history of the Vane family. MARK W. BULLEN. Ealing.

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66 JIGGERY POKERY." The expression "Hickery-puckery," which MR. JAS. PLATT justly styles (ante, p. 87) singular, brings to mind one, of apparently a similar construction, which in years gone by I was in the habit of constantly hearing, viz., Jiggery-pokery." This was an expression then (and may be it is still) in everyday use with the conjuring fraternity and many other showmen, where their aim was to delude the public. Its meaning seems to be closely allied to that of the phrase alluded to by MR. PLATT, which we may take to be trickery. The expression which I now give was rather forcibly brought to memory within the last week, when I came across two men disputing over some matter; one, shaking his clenched fist at the other, said menacingly, "Mind! I'll have no jiggery-pokery about it," which seemed to imply that he fancied some subterfuge was intended. Of course, I know that, although the sound of the two expressions shows some similarity, their origin may be widely different, so I should like to have expert opinion on the matter.

Westminster.

W. E. HARLAND-OXLEY.

HENRY LUCAS.-I have been reading in theDict. Nat. Biog.' the article on Henry Lucas, founder of the Cambridge Mathematical Professorship. It omits, I see, one or two interesting points connected with him. It does not mention, for instance, that

he belonged to the Middle Temple. His entry is thus recorded on the books of that Inn :"February 6, 1605.-Henry Lucas, son and heir of Edward Lucas, of Thriplow, co. Cambridge, Esq., deceased." In the account given of him in the 'Dict. Nat. Biog.' he is represented as dying on 22 July, 1663. I think there must be an error here, as this date does not accord with an entry in the Temple Church register of burials. A copy of this, furnished to me by the late Dr. Vaughan, Master of the Temple, runs thus :

"Lucas.-Henry Lucas, of the Middle Temple, Esq: was buried in the high Chancell under Serj Turner's Moniment the one and twentieth day of July, 1663.”

It has sometimes been imagined that the above Henry Lucas belonged to the family of Lucases residing at Guilsborough; but this would appear to be incorrect, as the latter bear different arms.

The Lucases of Thriplow were of the same stock as the well-known family who were settled in Suffolk as early as 1180. This race owned numerous manors in that county, one of which was Little Saxham. Here Thomas Fitz Lucas, secretary to Jasper, Duke of Bedford, Solicitor General, 19 Hen. VII., erected a fine mansion, and the church at one time contained many striking monuments to the Lucas family.

John Lucas, third son of this Thomas Fitz Lucas, removed to Colchester, and became the founder of the Essex branch. Of these the more noted were Sir Thomas Lucas, Knt., of Lexden, and his brothers, Lord Lucas of Shenfield, and Sir Charles Lucas, Knt., the defender of Colchester, who, along with Sir George Lisle, was shot, by the order of Lord Fairfax, when the town surrendered, 28 August, 1648. Their sister Margaret became the wife of William Cavendish, the loyal Duke of Newcastle.

Mary, daughter of the first Lord Lucas, was created Baroness Lucas of Crud well, Wilts, and carried with her several of the family estates on her marriage to Anthony de Grey, Earl of Kent. (Rev.) J. STRATTON,

Master of Lucas's Hospital, Wokingham.

EASTER BY THE JULIAN AND GREGORIAN STYLES.-Now that the attention of almanacmakers is being turned towards 1906, and the time is approaching when others will follow them in this, it may be of some interest to point out that Easter Day next year will fall on the same actual day by both styles of the calendar, though we shall call it 15 April, and those of the Eastern Church 2 April. This coincidence has not happened for ten

years; it fell so last time on two successive years, viz., 1895 and 1896. But this will not be the case next time, Easter Day in 1907 falling by the Julian calendar five weeks after its date by the Gregorian. W. T. LYNN.

Blackheath.

MODERN ALCHEMY: MAKING DIAMONDS.— Now and anon comes an announcement from Paris or another learned centre that a savant has at last discovered a method for the transmutation of a base metal, such as lead, into silver or gold. Has the literature of these attempts ever been made the subject of bibliographic investigation? The mere possibility () of such a discovery being made is profoundly suggestive of many sociological problems.

Of indirect bearing on the same topic is the production of genuine diamonds by artificial processes. On this a few refer

ences follow:

The Making of Diamonds.-Chambers's Journal, whole vol. lxxix.; series 6, vol. v. (1901-1902) 724-6.

Perkin, F. M. A New Method of making Diamonds.- Public Opinion, xxix., No. 4 (26 July, 1900): 112. Originally appeared in Nature, London. Sherard, Robert H. How Real Diamonds are made out of Sugar.-Pearson's Magazine, ix. 260-4. Illustrated.

There is said to be an article on the same subject in The Anglo-American Magazine, iii. 28, to which I have not access at this writing. EUGENE F. McPIKE.

Chicago, U.S.

HOW THE ENGLISH PRESS OBTAINED COPIES OF THE TREATY OF PEACE, 1815.-In a book just published by H. Bouillant, Paris, entitled Mory & Cie., 1804-1904,' by Henri Mory, an interesting account is given of this. It appears that Nicolas Alexandre Toussaint Mory, who founded the firm at Calais, was corresponding clerk to the English Post Office, and had the exclusive privilege of the transmission of English journals to the Continent, as well as the forwarding of foreign journals to England. The text of the treaty appeared in the Moniteur of the 26th of November. Mory at once started a courier, who reached Calais on the following morning at ten o'clock. The wind was favourable, and he arrived in London at nine the same evening, having accomplished the journey in thirty-three hours. The treaty appeared the following morning in all the London papers, where the French ambassador read it for the first time. It was not until the same day that the official news was received at Calais. JOHN C. FRANCIS.

:

Queries.

WE must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that answers may be sent to them direct.

ORIGINAL REGISTERS SOUGHT.-Je serais très - reconnaissant à qui voudra bien me donner des renseignements aux trois questions suivantes.

1. Où se trouve le manuscrit original de Jean Stillingflete "de nominibus fundatorum Hospitalis S. Johannis Jerusalem in Anglia," dont une copie du XVIIe siècle se trouve à la bibliothèque du College of Arms à Londres?

2. Où se trouvent les chartes concernant le Temple publiées par Dugdale "ex autograph' in turri beatæ Mariæ Ebor'"? Ya-t-il quelqu'un à York qui puisse me rechercher ces chartes et me les photographier?

3. Où se trouve le registre de Guillaume Grenefeld, archevêque d'York. dont des extraits concernant le concile d'York en 1311 ont été publiés dans les Concilia Magnæ Britannia' (London, 1737), ii. pp. 393-401? LE MARQUIS D'ALBON.

Paris, VII., 17, Rue Vaneau.

GEORGE III.'s DAUGHTERS.-Where can be be found any biographical information about the different daughters of George III., especially Princess Sophia and Princess Amelia, in historical works, private memoirs, published or unpublished, portraits or engravings, &c.? F. REBOUL.

2, Avenue Victor Hugo, Nogent-sur-Marne.

WHEEL AS A SYMBOL IN RELIGION. - Can any one say in what way is the wheel a symbol of religion? I have been referred to Scribner's Magazine, vol. xxii. p. 733, and cannot find it. I shall be glad if any one can supply me with the explanation given in Scribner. JAS. MATTHEWS.

Public Library, Newport, Mon.

[The wheel of the sun-god's chariot becomes an emblem of the sun himself. The spokes of the inexhaustible. See Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,' wheel constitute a species of cross. The subject is ii. 585; H. Gaidoz, Le Dieu Gaulois du Soleil et le Symbolisme de la Roue'; Revue Archéologique, III. Série, iv. pp. 14 sqq.; and the writings of Mannhardt, Frazer, &c.]

GIBBON, CH. LVI. NOTE 81.- Can any of your readers say where an explanation is to be found of ȧorporéλekus (Anna Comuena, 'Alexias,' iii. 10)? Gibbon seems to accept the meaning "flash of lightning"; but this does not seem to afford any sense in the passage, and Gibbon only speaks of himself as groping out a meaning for the sentence in which the word occurs. I do not find the

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word in Liddell and Scott, Pape, Sophocles, the Swale in Yorkshire, by other writers for or Contopoulos. E. T. BURCH.

LABYRINTH AT POMPEII. Has the labyrinth shown in the tessellated pavement in the House of the Labyrinth at Pompeii ever been photographed or engraved? and, if so, where can a copy of it be obtained? No one seemed to know either on the spot or in Naples. As a rule the thing one wants is the very subject that the camera has never cared to see. ST. SWITHIN.

CARDINAL MEZZOFANTI.-I should like to know who was the author of a pamphlet on Cardinal Mezzofanti, of which the title-page reads:

"Il Cardinale Mezzofanti: sua vita, sua conoscenza delle lingue, e la sua biblioteca. Estratto dall' Université Catholique. Bologna, 1857, Tipi delle Scienze, Piazza S. Martino, Palazzo Foldi." 8vo. pp. 24.

I do not find any reference to it in Dr.
Russell's life of the great linguist.
WILLIAM E. A. AXON.

Manchester.

GYTHA, MOTHER OF HAROLD II. - I shall be grateful to any one who can direct me to sources of information regarding Gytha, wife of Godwin, and mother of Harold II. There is no biographical notice of her in the 'D.N.B.' I am specially anxious to ascertain the date HELGA. of her death.

STANIHURST WALSIE.-Can any one tell me the name of the wife of Richard Stanihurst, Mayor of Dublin in 1489? Their son Nicholas (father of James Stanihurst, the Speaker) married Catherine Walsie. Who were these Walsies? and what were their arms? KATHLEEN WARD.

Castle Ward, Downpatrick.

OSCAR WILDE'S DE PROFUNDIS.'-I under

stand that a German translation of this work appeared in Berlin prior to the edition recently published by Methuen & Co. in London, although both the title-page and preface of the latter suggest that it is the first and complete edition from the MS. Is it a fact that the translation did appear first, and that it contained many passages omitted from the English edition? Why were these passages omitted without an explanation? Is the German translation easy to procure? Does a trustworthy bibliography exist of Wilde's works?

C. B.

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the Kentish Swale. Is there any trustworthy authority for the number, the year and time of year, or the exact place? JOHN OATES.

"OF" AFTER "INSIDE," "OUTSIDE," &c.Ante, p. 101, occurs the sentence, "They stood outside of the western gate." Is not the "of" in italic type superfluous here- also after such words as approve, inside, &c.? I should be glad of any information dealing with this question of the use or omission of "of" in such cases. F. HOWARD COLLINS.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED.To maintain The day against the moment: and the year Against the day. I have seen this ascribed to Tennyson, but cannot find it. In any case I require the exact reference, as well as the name of the R. E. FRANCILLON. author.

The following is arranged, I rather think, as a glee or part-song. Who is the author of

the words?

Could a man be secure

That his life would endure,

As of old, for a thousand long years, Like the patriarchs of old,

What deeds might he do!

JOHN PICKFORD, M.A.

What is the correct version, and who is the author, of the following?

There is so much good in the worst of us,
And so much bad in the best of us,
That it hardly behoves any of us

To talk about the rest of us.

St. Louis, Mo.

Like as the waves make for the pebbled shore So do our minutes hasten to their end.

KING JOHN POISONED BY A TOAD. - There is a story that through the agency of a monk King John was poisoned by the blood of a toad. What is the earliest authority for this fable? I have seen what seems to be a sixteenth-century engraving of the monk preparing the potion. It was a cutting from a printed book. In what volume does it occur?

THE ALMSMEN, WESTMINSTER ABBEY.-I have been seeking for a considerable period for information concerning this small body of men, the origin being, I believe, of a respectable antiquity. So far my search has been without success. May I ask for the help of readers of N. & Q.' in the matter? (Miss) JENNIE LAVENDER. 2, Surbiton Park Terrace, Kingston-on-Thames.

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