was then established? Have we any record of it as it existed before the New Testament became the sole authoritative standard? I answer, we have. The creeds of the Christian Church are the record of it. That is precisely what they purport to be; not documents taken from the New Testament, but documents transmitting to us the faith as it was held from the beginning: the faith as it was preached by inspired men before the inspired men put forth any writings; the faith once for all delivered to the Saints."

AN ECCLESIASTICAL DICTIONARY; Containing Definitions of Terms and Explanations and Illustrations of Subjects pertaining to the History, Ritual, Discipline, Worship, Ceremonies and Usages of the Christian Church; with Brief Notices of Ancient and Modern Sects, and Biographical Sketches of the Early Fathers and Writers of the Church. By the Rev. WILLIAM STAUNTON, D. D. New York: Church Book Society. 1861. 8vo. pp. 700.

In a Church like the American, where so large a number both of Clergy and laity are converts from Sects who hold little that is positive in common with the Church, and who are won to her with a slight acquaintance with her usages and language, the great necessity of a good Ecclesiastical Dictionary is obvious. And then there are the ordinary needs of such a work. Parents, Sponsors, Sunday School teachers, all need a faithful and true explanation of things with whose outward phenomena they are familiar, but with whose real meaning they are more or less unacquainted. The qualifications of Dr. Staunton to write such a book were proved by the success of the Dictionary first issued in 1839, a 12mo. of 473 pages, of which the one before us is an enlarged and greatly improved edition. The labor of preparing accurate papers upon such a variety and number of subjects, and there are nearly 2,500 of them, is immense, and would more than exhaust a long life-time; but the Doctor has had the aid of the best libraries, and for some years he has been steadily at work. The Dictionary embraces;

1. Such terms as relate to the ministry, sacraments, worship, discipline, ceremo nies and usages, etc., of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

2. Obsolete words and phrases, occurring in the Prayer-book, etc., together with expressions liable to misconstruction by those who are not familiar with the views and language of the Church.

3. Some geographical, biographical, ethnological, and other names and terms occurring in the Psalter, Gospels, and Epistles, in the Prayer-book.

4. Words relating to the controversies, discipline, institutions, worship, and customs, of the various branches, and the various ages of the Catholic Church. 5. Brief notices of the principal ancient and modern Sects and their leaders. 6. Sketches illustrative of the lives of the Fathers and distinguished writers of the Ancient Church.

7. Terms relating to Ecclesiastical Architecture, Music, Antiquities, the furniture of Churches, and the vestments of the Clergy.

8. A miscellaneous class of words and names often found in Ecclesiastical works, but sufficiently antiquated, technical, or otherwise obscure, to need explanation. Of course a work with so wide a scope must partake to some extent of a theological or doctrinal character. We have seen nothing which in this respect is not thoroughly sound, or at least is not sustained by the best authors. The sketches of the Early Fathers are exceedingly valuable, and on nearly all the points named above, the Clergy and others will find the Dictionary a Vade Mecum.

There is one respect, in which we venture a suggestion to the author. We wish that he had made some portions of his work less summary, and given us those facts, names, and dates, for which we have a right to look to a Dictionary. Thus, in respect to the Sect of the Baptists, Maclaine, in his Translation of Mosheim, says, "the origin of the Baptist is lost in the misty depths of antiquity." Murdock, in his translation, does not say any such thing; and one of our Clergy, a while since, in a controversy with a Baptist, wrote to Dr. Murdock to know what the original language of Mosheim is. Now, without increasing the bulk of the volume at all, the Doctor might give a condensed statement of facts, dates and references on such matters, which, as we have said, we have certainly a right to look for in a Dictionary. It would require learning, reading and labor, but the Doctor is equal to it.

There is one feature of the book worthy of special mention. In a Dictionary we do not ordinarily look for fine rhetoric or glow of emotion; and yet, in several of the Articles, there is a warmth of tone which is creditable to the author, and which will not be lost upon the reader.

In the Preface to the work, Dr. Staunton takes the venerable Dr. Hook to task for appropriating without the slightest acknowledgement, more than fifty pages of the former edition, in a Dictionary which has had quite a reputation in this country. The Very Reverend Dean we know was only copying an example very common in England, and of which we can give an instance, even much worse than this. Still he does owe to our American author the handsomest apology which he is able to make.

CARTHAGE AND HER REMAINS: Being an account of the Excavations and Researches on the Site of the Phoenician Metropolis in Africa and other Adjacent Places. Conducted under the Auspices of Her Majesty's Government. By Dr. N. DAVIS, F. R. G. S. Profusely Illustrated with Maps, Wood cuts, Chromo-Lithographs, &c., &c. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1861. 8vo. pp. 504.

Modern research is prosecuting no field of enquiry more interesting or important than that of which this volume is one of the fruits. Carthage yields to Nineveh in. the value of its explorations, at least so the Biblical scholar will deem: and yet there are associations enough to throw a powerful charm around a field like this. The names of Hannibal and Tertullian, and Cyprian, and of Augustine too, the vast power and wealth, the large population, the commercial importance, and the eventful history of Carthage invest the place itself with thrilling interest and make us anxious to know all we can of a city now for centuries buried in ruins. The author, having gained the confidence of the Bey of Tunis, and secured the patronage of the British Museum, and of Lord Clarendon, then Foreign Secretary, and so being master of ample means for the enterprise, entered upon an examination of the ruins of Carthage. (When or in what year we believe he has not told us.) For about three years he had about twenty-five Arabs in his employ, sinking his shafts, and digging his trenches wherever the field seemed most promising. The results will perhaps disappoint the reader, and yet they were not by any means fruitless. One of the most important of his discoveries was the pavement of a Chapel, which he thinks was dedicated to Dido and Anna, Ceres and Proserpine. Of the portion brought to light he says; "it measured about fifteen feet by nine, and contained, besides the elegant and chaste designs, a colossal female bust, and! two priestesses, full length and robed. The heads of the latter were rather dam-aged; but there can be but one opinion as to the artistic talent displayed in the execution of this mosiac, whether as regards grace, attitude, or coloring." These ruins he regards as Punic, though Mr. Beulé and Mr. Franks of the British Museum assign to them a Roman origin. He also made investigations among the remains of the Temple of Saturn, "the Moloch and Baal Hammon of the Carthaginians," and he gives what he calls a ground-plan of this structure, of which the diameter was two hundred feet; and specimens of its pavement and of its fluted columns were also found. The number of relics, however, brought to light was small, for the whole field has again and again been ravaged in quest of gain, not only by the ancient invaders but by the modern Arabs. And so this old City, founded more than 800 years B. C., and which, when the Punic wars began, numbered its 700,000 souls, which has been devastated successively by Vandals and Romans and Sara-cens, is at length utterly destroyed. A few fragments of its temples, and remnants of its sewers and walls are nearly all that meet the eye.

We have attempted to state what Dr. Davis has actually done. We ought also to say that the author has cumbered his volume with long disquisitions, which seem to us quite out of place, as having really nothing to do with the matter in hand; and what is still worse, the work is full of quotations from authors, many of whom are of no authority, and from many languages living and dead, the appearance of• which is far more suggestive of the pedantry, than of the thorough learning and good taste of the author. The book however is an interesting and important one; and the publishers have spared no pains or expense, by maps, plans, and other illustrations, to make it attractive and valuable.

THE OKAVANGO RIVER: A Narrative of Travel, Exploration and Adventure. By CHARLES JOHN ANDERSSON, Author of "Lake Ngami." With numerous Illustrations and a Map of Southern Africa. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1861. 8vo. pp. 414.

Mr. Andersson's last Expedition was commenced in the Spring of 1858. He started from Otjimbinque in Lat. 22° S., and reached the Okavango River at about Lat. 17° S.; and, although he struck and crossed the River several times, he was not able to explore it thoroughly. In rough adventure, and in deeds of daring, however, the story is full of interest. Some of his hunting exploits it seems to us border somewhat on the marvelous. After bagging two elephants in a single afternoon, and dropping we forget how many lions, which he fairly stared out of countenance as they were about to spring upon him, he ought, to make the story a really good one, to have thrown in a boa-constrictor or two. However, we never dispute with a sportsman. He says he looks upon Africa, "as a vast Zoological garden and a vast hunting-field at the same-time." The book is full of spirited illustrations of wild game and hunting scenes; and an excellent Map distinguishes those portions of Southern and Central Africa which have been partially visited by Andersson, and Cumming, and Livingston, and Burton, and Du Chaillu. The book is beautifully published.

THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA.

A popular Dictionary of General Knowledge. Edited by GEORGE RIPLEY and CHARLES A. DANA. New York: D. Appleton & Co. Vol. XIII. 8vo. 1861. pp. 800.

The Thirteenth Volume is up well to the high character which the editors have kept constantly before them in conducting this really valuable work. Its biographical and geographical Articles, and especially those on the Natural Sciences generally, are almost always exceedingly well written, as are those on Intellectual Philosophy. Its papers on Moral Philosophy, and particularly those pertaining to Christianity, are less trustworthy, and are sometimes very exceptionable. We do not know what sort of religionist has been called upon to write on such Ecclesiastical terms as are common to all Christian Sects, but a poorer selection could hardly have been made. The author or authors of the Articles on the words 'Priest' and 'Pusey,' (and they are probably both from the same pen,) has only exposed his own ignorance and prejudice. Despite some such glaring defects, the Cyclopedia deserves and will doubtless receive a high place in public confidence.

TROW'S NEW YORK CITY DIRECTORY. Compiled by H. Wilson, Vol. LXXV, for the year ending May 1, 1862. New York: 1861. pp. 1068.

Mr. JOHN F. TROW, who, by the by, has one of the largest and best appointed Printing Offices in the country, and whose facilities for executing works in the Ancient or Modern Languages, accurately and neatly, are not surpassed, we suppose, any where, has issued promptly the Seventy-fifth Volume of the New York City Directory. It contains 991 pages, double column, agate type, of the record of names, containing 152,825 names, an increase of 2,522 over those given in the previous Directory. The compiler has taken the pains to show what are the relative predominances of the initial letters, and presents the subjoined curious list, giving the number of surnames, commencing with the different letters as follows:-A 3,566, B 14,603, C 11,578, D 8,396, E 2,663, F 6,666, G 6,955, H 12,329, I 541, J 2,771, K 6,610, L 7,188, M 17,450, N 2,419, O 2,880, P 5,120, Q 501, R 7,547, 8 15,320, T 4,485, U 425, V 2,054, W 9,491, X 5, Y 489, Z 468. There are about 1,700 Smiths, with more than 200 John Smiths.

In addition to the usual catalogue of names, the Directory is full of information upon general matters pertaining to the city. All the "churches" of the city are given their location and pastors, banks and their officers, Common Council boards, heads of departments, list of cemeteries, lines of city railroads, colleges, omnibus routes, constables, consuls, coroners, custom-house employees, clubs, benevolent societies, commissioners of health, emigration, jurors, police, dispensaries, fire engine houses, distances in the city, ferries, civic societies, hospitals, insurance companies, newspapers, magazines, military companies, miving companies, rates of postage, junk shops, pawnbrokers, hack-hire, location of police stations, schools,

courts, telegraph lines, and so on through every branch possible of inquiry relative to the city, including a large and well executed map of the city. It is got up in the same style and size with the recent volumes, but of better quality of paper and type.

The main Avenues of the city are nearly all 100 feet wide; the numerical streets are 60 feet wide, except fifteen, which are 100 feet wide. The population of the city is estimated to be nearly one million, and the immediately surrounding neighborhoods, Brooklyn, Staten Island, Jersey City, Hoboken, &c., which are really parts of the city, must comprise nearly half a million more. Providence has designed New York to be the greatest city of the world; and in wealth, in works of art, and in public improvements, its growth during the last few years has been very great.

EXPLORATIONS AND ADVENTURES IN EQUATORIAL AFRICA, with accounts of the Manners and Customs of the People, and of the Chase of the Gorilla, Crocodile, Leopard, Elephant, Hippopotamus, and other animals. By PAUL B. DU CHAILLU, Corresponding Member of the American Ethnological Society; of the Geographical and Statistical Society of New York, and of the Boston Society of Natural History. With numerous illustrations. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1861. 8 vo. pp. 531.

M. du Chaillu is an American, of French parentage. His father had been a trader near the mouth of the Gaboon River, where a large part of the son's childhood had been passed. His familiarity with the seacoast tribes and with their language, and his qualifications in other respects, have enabled him to prepare a volume which rivals in interest the late works of Livingstone, and Barth, and Burton, and Speke. Of the eight years which he passed in Africa, the volume gives an account only of his explorations in 1856, 7, 8 and 9. The region traversed lies mostly between the parallels of 2° N. and 2° S.; and into the interior he penetrated about 500 miles. M. du Chaillu made several excursions into the interior, always returning to the Gaboon in the intervals between his journeys. His first expedition began on the 18th of August, 1856, when he started up the River Muni, with the intention of penetrating to the heart of the Sierra del Crystal. Another expedition was the exploration of the country around Cape Lopez. A third was in the Camma country, south of Cape Lopez; when he took up his head-quarters at Biagano, explored the river Ogobay, resided among the Bakalai, and hunted the gorilla and other great apes of the interior of Equatorial Africa. A fourth time he visited the interior. He says, that while in Africa he travelled-always on foot and without white company-eight thousand miles; shot, stuffed, and brought home over two thousand birds, of which more than sixty are new species, and killed upwards of one thousand quadrupeds, of which two hundred were stuffed and brought home, with more than eighty skeletons. Not less than twenty of these quadrupeds are species hitherto unknown to science. He suffered fifty attacks of the African fever, taking, to cure himself, over fourteen ounces of quinine.

Among the most important of his discoveries is the River Ogobay, which, 350 miles from the coast is 500 yards wide, and three or four fathoms deep. He also says:-"Judging from my own examination, and from the most careful inquiries among people of the far interior, I think there is good reason to believe that an important mountain range divides the continent of Africa nearly along the line of the Equator, starting on the west from the range which runs along the coast north and south, and ending in the east, probably in the southern mountains of Abyssinia, or perhaps terminating abruptly to the north of Captain Burton's Lake Taganyika. In the northern slope of this great range originate probably many of the feeders of the Niger, the Nile, and Lake Tchad; while, of the streams rising in the southern slope, it is probable that some join their waters to the Rembo Okanda, the Rembo Ngouyai, and the Congo, and others flow south into the Zambesi, and into the great lake or chain of lakes in the eastern part of Africa."

In the department of Zoology, M. du Chaillu and his gorillas will certainly be remembered a long time. If some of his stories border on the marvelous, he writes as if he believed them himself; and his accounts of the Fans, the Cannibals and other interior tribes, and of his adventures in hunting, are told with an interest which never tires.

We see that an attempt has been made to support the "development" theory on the authority of the author, and some severe attacks have been made upon him on this ground, and we are not sure that they are not well deserved; yet his work, as a scientific production, has too little pretension to be used in this regard on either side. The furious assaults which have been made upon his book in England, while they have given to the work itself a large circulation, have brought to his defense some of the most distinguished of Naturalists, as Murchison, Owen and Burton, who unite in bestowing upon him the tribute due to his rare merits as a traveller and explorer. This little spleen at everything American, which has been so persist. ently followed up in the Athenæum, in the present instance, is, we are sure, not a fair indication of the temper of our English neighbors.

The work is handsomely printed, profusely illustrated, and, notwithstanding the hard times, is sure of being widely read.

THE WAYS OF THE HOUR. A TALE. Illustrated from drawings by F. O. C. Darley. 1861. 12mo. pp. 512.

PRECAUTION. A NOVEL. Illustrated, &c. 1861. 12mo. pp. 484.

Mr. J. G. Gregory, successor to W. A. Townsend & Co., has at last completed the illustrated edition of Cooper's Novels, by publishing "Precaution," the first novel which Cooper wrote. This concluding volume has also a striking likeness and beautiful portrait of the great Novelist; and it contains also, what we had been trying in vain to find, Bryant's Discourse on the Life, Genius, and Writings of the Author, pronounced in Metropolitan Hall, New York, soon after his death. Mr. Bryant's effort is discriminating and genial, and is worthy of both author and subject; its only defect is its want of thorough appreciation of those great principles, which were the basis of all Cooper's conceptions of ethics in morals and religion. Bryant and Cooper differ fundamentally here. And hence the tribute is more graceful and grateful. The paper in review of Cooper, which appeared in our last Number, will, we hope, induce many of our readers to add this beautiful edition to their libraries.

LIFE AND ADVENTURE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC. By a Roving Printer. New York: Harper & Brothers. 1861. 12mo. pp. —.

Without any pretension to elegance or even excellence of style, the story of a four years' whaling voyage is told in a plain straight forward way, with amusing sketches of incidents and adventures both by sea and land. There is an air of honesty in the book, and, barring a little attempt at sentiment now and then, the volume is altogether a readable one.

THE LAST TRAVELS OF IDA PFEIFFER: inclusive of a Visit to Madagascar. With an Autobiographical Memoir of the Author. Translated by H. W. Dulcken. Steel Portrait. 12mo. Muslin, $1.25. (Uniform with Ida Pfeiffer's Second Journey Round the World.") New York. Harper & Brothers. 1861. pp. 281. The impression concerning Madame Pfeiffer that she was a masculine woman is. judging from the memoir prefixed to this volume, quite an erroneous one. That she had great strength of purpose, firmness of character, insensibility to fear, and love of adventure, is certain; and that she possessed certain rare moral virtues we do not doubt. Rut her slanderous reports of the English Missions can not be for gotten. Born in Vienna in 1797, her individuality and eccentricity were partly the result of her early education, and partly of disappointed love, and of an ill-assorted marriage. Having been a great traveller, and in the course of her journeys gone twice around the world, she started for Madagascar, in May, 1856, and arrived there on the 1st of May, 1857. Here, during a residence of more than four months, where she "saw and heard more marvellous things" than she ever saw of heard before, she was seized with a malignant fever, which was aggravated by the inhuman cruelties which she received from the Queen; and although she lived to retura to Vienna, she died Oct. 28, 1858, followed to her grave by many distinguished notabilities. This volume contains her diary during her last journey, and, aside from its intrinsic value, and it gives a minute account of the interior life of the strange people of Madagascar, it will be read now with a melancholy interest. The work is edited and very appropriately by her son, Oscar Pfeiffer, of Rio de Janeiro.