the early attempts at mechanical blocking of spawning migrations and the capture or electrocution of recently transformed lampreys in their downstream migration, to the invention of more sophisticated electric barriers, and finally the discovery of a selectively toxic chemical. The first three field tests of selective larvicides are described.

MOFFETT, JAMES W.

1958c. Trout in the Great Lakes. U.S. Trout News 3(3):8-10.

Popular account of penetration of sea lamprey into upper Great Lakes, of its effects on fish stocks, and of research to bring about lamprey control. Details early experimentation on selective toxicants for destruction of sea lamprey larvae and touches on problems of rehabilitating late trout stocks reduced or destroyed by lampreys.

MOFFETT, JAMES W. 1960a. Attack on the sea lamprey--a report of progress. Mich. Conserv. 29(5):7-9.

Lake trout stocks of the Great Lakes were destroyed by the sea lamprey-not by overfishing, disease, other predators, or failure of food supply. Lampreys have damaged also stocks of whitefish, the larger chubs, suckers, and walleyes. For control, lampreys must be attacked in streams as spawners or as larvae. Blocking of spawning runs long offered the best means of control, but the discovery of chemicals that are selectively toxic to sea lamprey larvae has made possible the more rapid reduction of the pest. After lamprey stocks are minimized, the once plentiful, high-priced species of fish can be restored.

MOFFETT, JAMES W. 1960b. The American Fisheries Society. Its

objectives: A chronicle of fishery conservation in North America. U.S. Trout News 5(4):20-22.

In his capacity as the incumbent president, author reviews origin and development of the American Fisheries Society and appraises current outlooks in fisheries.

MOFFETT, JAMES W.

1962. An instance of upwelling along the east shore of Lake Michigan, 1955. In Proc. 5th Conf. Great Lakes Res., 126. Univ. Mich., Inst. Sci. Technol., Great Lakes Res. Div., Publ. 9.

Temperature records from bathythermograph casts made during eight crossings of Lake Michigan between Ludington, Mich., and Manitowoc, Wis., Aug. 4-16, 1955, permitted description of a massive upwelling that extended 8-10 miles lakeward from the east shore. At maximum development, surface temperatures varied from 250 to 4.7° C. Persistent north and northeast winds probably caused the upwelling. MOFFETT, JAMES W.

1963. Biological Laboratory. Amer. Zool. 3(3):374.

Gives location of the Ann Arbor Laboratory and reviews briefly the research program in relation to conditions in the Great Lakes and in the Lake fisheries.

MOFFETT, JAMES W., vide: VERNON C. APPLEGATE; ALFRED M. BEETON.

MRAZ, DONALD.

1952. Movements of yellow perch marked in southern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, in 1950. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 81:150-161.

Analysis of data on recoveries in the commercial fishery of 108 of 4,172 spawning yellow perch marked in southern Green Bay in May 1950 by strap tags attached to the operculum. Recoveries indicated progressive northward movement following spawning. Fish recaptured outside the marking area averaged significantly longer than those recaptured locally. Rise of percentage return with increase in size suggested greater ability of larger fish to survive tagging or to retain tags. Marking by fin- clipping proved unproductive.

MRAZ, DONALD.

1964a. Age and growth of the round whitefish in Lake Michigan. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 93(1):46-52.

Age-group III (66.3 percent) and IV (20.6 percent) dominated the catch of commercial gill nets in northwestern Lake Michigan. The round whitefish reached 12.3 inches in 3 years and 18.9 inches in 8. This growth is much more rapid than that reported earlier for the species in Lake Superior. Weight of round whitefish of Lake Michigan increased as the 3.2940 power of the length. Some males (36 percent) but no females were mature as the II group. All fish, males and females, older than age-group III were mature.

MRAZ, DONALD.

1964b. Age, growth, sex ratio, and maturity

of the whitefish in central Green Bay and adjacent waters of Lake Michigan. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. Bull. 63:619-634.

Seven samples of whitefish (819 fish) from five localities in central Green Bay (1948-49 and 1951-52), and a single collection (204 fish) just outside Green Bay in Lake Michigan proper (1948) permitted comparisons between various points in the Bay and between the Bay and the Lake. Green Bay whitefish grew faster and were heavier, length for length, than those from Lake Michigan. The length advantage of Green Bay fish was greatest at 3 years (calculated lengths of 16.0 and 13.8 inches). The weight advantage was greatest at 9 years (calculated weights of 96.2 and 84.0 ounces). Within the Bay, growth and the length-weight relation differed among localities but differences between two samples at a single locality were equally great. The whitefish of central Green Bay was treated, therefore, as a single stock. The 1943 year class was dominant or strongly represented in all 1948-49 samples; 1951-52 collections all were dominated by age-group III. All fish older than age-group III were mature. NIELSEN, WILLIS L., vide: VERNON C. APPLEGATE; ALBERTON L. McLAIN.

Eighteen developmental stages from zygote to larva are described and illustrated; comparisons are given with previous descriptions of stages. Sea lampreys were reared from artificially fertilized eggs at 5° intervals of temperature from 45° F. to 80° F. and at 52.50 and 77.5° F. No viable burrowing larvae were produced at any temperature below 60° F. or above 70° F. Optimum temperature was 65° F., which yielded 78-percent survival to the burrowing stage. Rate of development and highest stage reached are described for each temperature.

Stomach contents were examined from 14,118 fish of the following species: smelt; trout-perch; yellow perch; spottail shine r; sheepshead (freshwater drum); white bass; channel catfish; walleye; alewife; and gizzard shad. According to availability of materials, information is given along the lines: diurnal variation; seasonal variation; variation by area; and variation with size of fish. Among the significant general observations were: broad replacement of the formerly important mayflies by tendipedid larvae; selection for cladocerans over copepods; importance of amphipods to trout-perch, yellow perch, and sheepshead; basically piscivorous diet for walleyes only; and

The 1929-57 statistics on production, fishing intensity, and availability of walleyes are described, and the more recent fluctuations are examined in relation to evidence on year-class strength as indicated by scales of fish collected in 1949-58. The strength of the 1943 year class was phenomenal. The unprecedented abundance and the record fishing intensity it stimulated carried production to the alltime high of 1,294,000 pounds in 1950. Before it passed from the commercial fishery, the year class contributed an estimated 1,173,000 fish weighing 3,355,000 pounds. Some year classes (1945, 1946, 1948) were extremely small. The abundance of certain later year classes (1950, 1951, 1952) approached or exceeded that of the 1943 year class at the younger ages, but greatly increased mortality, attributed to sharp expansion of the sport fishery, limited their total production.

PYCHA, RICHARD L. 1962. The relative efficiency of nylon and cotton gill nets for taking lake trout in Lake Superior. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 19(6):1085–1094.

Nylon nets took 2.25 times as many legal-size (1-1/4 pounds, dressed, or heavier) and 2.8 times as many undersized lake trout as cotton gill nets. These ratios agree well with those determined by earlier investigators. Mean sizes of fish in the two kinds of nets did not differ greatly, and the "efficiency ratio" had no seasonal trend.

PYCHA, RICHARD L., and LLOYD L. SMITH, JR.

1955. Early life history of the yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), in the Red Lakes, Minnesota. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 84:249-260.

Study of the life history during the first year of life with particular reference to: scale formation; body-scale relation; timing and variability of growth; length-weight relation; and food habits in relation to growth and survival.

SMITH, BERNARD R., vide: VERNON C. APPLEGATE; LEO F. ERKKILA.

SMITH, LLOYD L., JR., and ROBERT H. KRAMER.

1964. The spottail shiner in Lower Red Lake, Minnesota. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 93(1):35-45.

Growth rates, strength of year classes, and food utilization were studied from 14,654 spottail shiners collected in 1955-57. Body-scale relations of males and females differed, and females grew faster than males. Strength of year classes was closely related to size of spawning population. Food varied according to the availability of plankton and bottom fauna, but feeding was selective. The larger spottail shiners preyed on shiner eggs.

SMITH, LLOYD L., JR., and LAURITS W. KREF TING.

1954. Fluctuations in production and abundance of commercial species in the Red Lakes, Minnesota, with special reference to changes in the walleye population. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 83:131160.

Analyses of production statistics, 1917-53, and of records of catch, effort, and abundance, 1930-53, with special respect to the principal commercial species, walleye and yellow perch. Changes of walleye abundance are independent of fishing pressure but traceable to

fluctuations of year-class strength. Year-class strength could not be correlated with abundance of brood fish, abundance of competing species, hatchery plantings, or weather. Provision for prediction of abundance and flexible regulation are recommended.

SMITH, LLOYD L., JR., and RICHARD L. PYCHA.

1960. First-year growth of the walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), and associated factors in the Red Lakes, Minnesota. Limnol. Oceanogr. 5(3): 281-290.

First-year growth in 1940-56 fluctuated from 15.0 percent below to 9.0 above the 17-year average. The fluctuations were not correlated with water temperature, year-class strength, or the abundance of large walleyes or yellow perch. Date of spawning did affect the growth, and the length attained by the end of the first year was largely determined by size in midJuly, before the walleyes had turned to

a diet of fish. Growth in the first and later years of life was correlated, but not closely.

SMITH, LLOYD L., JR., and RICHARD L. PYCHA.

1961. Factors related to commercial production of the walleye in Red Lakes, Minnesota. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 90(2):190-217.

Annual fluctuation of growth that ranged from 30.7 percent above to 42.2 percent below average in 1941-56 and variations of year-class strength as great as 23-fold affected strongly the availability of walleyes to commercial gill nets. These factors, the fishing mortality of preceding years, and the seasonal distribution of fishing effort were major determinants of commercial production. Commercial catches contained age-groups II-XII but consisted principally of age-groups IVVIII. Maximum availability is at 15.1 inches. Total annual mortality beyond that length is 0.66.

SMITH, LLOYD L., JR., vide: MARVIN D. GROSSLEIN; JOHN L. MAGNUSON; RICHARD L. PYCHA.

SMITH, MANNING A., VERNON C. APPLEGATE, and B. G. H. JOHNSON. 1960. Colorimetric determination of halogenated nitrophenols added to streams as sea lamprey larvicides. Anal. Chem. 32(12):1670-1675.

Precise knowledge of the concentration of the larvicide in the stream water is essential to effective use for sea lamprey control. A rapid procedure for determining the concentration under field conditions is based on measurement of the intensity of the alkaline color. Variations caused by changes in stream color are corrected by use of a nomograph to convert instrumental reading to parts per million.

SMITH, MANNING A., VERNON C. APPLEGATE, and B. G. H. JOHNSON.

1961. Physical properties of some halonitrophenols. J. Chem. Eng. Data 6(4): 607-608.

Certain physical properties are reported for eight mononitrophenols that are selectively toxic to sea lamprey ammocetes. Absorption maxima and molar absorptivities in the ultraviolet range and principal infrared bands are described. Acidity characteristics of the larvicides were measured.