Senator YOUNG. When you got to 49 percent, what was that composed of?

Mr. MANGUM. Forty-nine percent was broken corn and foreign material in that particular sample. In other words, 51 percent was good, acceptable corn and 49 percent was broken or dust or otherwise. Senator YOUNG. What percentage of foreign material is broken corn? Do you have any idea?

Mr. MANGUM. Under the definition anything that falls through a 12/64 sieve is broken corn, and foreign material.

Senator YOUNG. I am talking about what you found in the ship, what did that contain? Broken corn or foreign material or what percent?

Mr. MANGUM. It is broken corn and dust of corn and just plain dust.

Senator YOUNG. What percent? You must have some idea how much foreign material there was as compared to broken corn. Mr. MANGUM. We do not split out the difference between broken corn and foreign material. It is all in one unit. Senator YOUNG. I do not know why you do not. Mr. MANGUM. Next slide, please.

Mr. MANGUM. This is also from the center tank No. 1 which shows the foreign material or the material after the discharge. You can see the percentage of smashed and broken particles rather than full kernels.

Mr. MANGUM. This is a closeup view again showing the basic problem we ran into. Some areas, as you can see, is more than 50 percent fine material and the fine material, of course, would push it over the sample grade.

Here is a slide of what you can normally expect of good corn. We found a lot of good corn above the Rysy II. Most of the wing tanks, both the starboard and port, generally speaking, were reasonably good corn from top to bottom. The basic problems were in center

tanks.

This is what we normally would expect as compared to what you just saw.

Next slide, please.

Again, this is a comparison closeup of the problem we encountered in this very, very high percentage of BCFM, smashed particles of corn and the dust that you see among the whole kernels.

That is basically the slides. There are other slides available if the committee would like to see them. We feel that these cover the point rather well.

Could we have the lights please?

On the same day, the team met with representatives of Cook Industries, and informed them that their investigation to date confirmed the reports from the field office and that there remained a question as to grade and quality of the grain aboard the vessel, inasmuch as the condition of the grain which could be probed and observed did not appear to be the result of the loading of No. 3 yellow corn.

Later that morning, pictures were obtained of the corn in center tanks Nos. 1, 3, and 4. In addition, the barge No. 1 CI 420 containing corn removed from center tank No. 1 of the S/T Rysy II was examined and sampled by USDA personnel. The sampling was observed by representatives of Cook Industries, Destrehan Board of Trade, the press, and members of the Senate Agriculture Committee staff. Further, center tank No. 2 and two port and starboard

wing tanks were examined and sampled by USDA in the presence of all of those listed above.

Findings indicated heating, sour odor, and musty grain observed in center tank No. 2. No. 2 port wing tank contained excessive BCFM, while No. 2 starboard wing tank appeared to be as described in the ship loading log, but the top 12 feet was sour and musty corn.

That afternoon another meeting was held with Willis and other members of Destrehan Board of Trade and the apparent options available were discussed with them. Immediately following this meeting, team members again met with the representatives of Cook Industries and reviewed its findings at that point. The team informed Cook's representatives that their observations of BCFM, sour and musty corn, and stones aboard the vessel indicated that an indepth. investigation would be necessary. Under these circumstances the apparent options available to the Destrehan Board and Trade and Cook Industries were discussed.

At that point, Mr. Coleman, who is the manager of the Cook elevator there in Destrehan, suggested that the increased or excessive BCFM was the result of the longshoreman loading practices and was not the responsibility of Cook Industries. Coleman proposed to run an experiment to prove his point that what we found in the Rysy II was what normally occurred when loading a tanker. He suggests that under observation they would load corn on a vessel at berth and the results would be the same as we found aboard the Rysy II.

We agreed to conduct this inspection of such grain and report our findings to parties interested. They agreed to load U.S. No. 3 yellow corn as called for in the Polish contract.

The experiment was performed on the M/T Azov already at berth and loading. The corn was loaded into the No. 8 starboard wing tank through both the "big boy" and the "Butterworth" openings. A very high percentage of corn loaded went through the "big boy' opening where the most breakage would be expected due to the steel ladder which goes down into the tank.

No precautions were taken to prevent breakage during the loading, and, in fact, it appeared that efforts were made to break the corn as the spout was directed onto the steel ladder under the "big boy." No "dead box" was used to prevent damage.

During the loading, the BCFM for all sublots was maintained at lose to 4 percent, the maximum allowable for U.S. No. 3 yellow

corn.

The results of BCFM obtained by 6- and 12-foot probe triers are attached. As clearly noted, the results of this experiment do not explain the excessive BCFM found aboard the Rysy II.

Cook officials watched and participated in the experiment and after the trial loading they made no comment. A subsequent meeting was held with Cook Industries personnel where they requested an appeal on the sublot samples of the Rysy II. This request was denied because the evidence available indicated that the file samples retained by the Destrehan Board of Trade were not representative of the corn found in the Rysy II, and therefore it was felt an appeal inspection of these samples would not indicate the quality of the grain at rest in the tanker.

In order to complete the investigation it was decided that the grain would have to be sampled and inspected as it was off-loaded in Poland. Therefore, 6- and 12-foot probes and other necessary equipment for sampling were placed aboard the Rysy II so that they would be readily available when an additional team of USDA employees met the ship in Poland. That team arrived in Poland on February 9 and carefully explained to Polish officials and technicians procedures for sampling grain.

In fact, the team conducted a school for Polish grain samplers and inspectors, and when the Rysy II arrived the team proceeded to sample, insofar as possible, along statistically determined patterns or grids.

It was agreed that approximately 500 samples would be drawn. each representing approximately 250 tons. Probes were drawn 12 feet apart so that a representative sample could be made at each level of the ship.

The attached statistical data is furnished to the committee for its review as time permits. It is quite lengthy. We will have additional information when the other samples arrive and are analyzed. We anticipate they will be analyzed in about 10 days.

The preliminary data on the first samples are attached.1

Sampling was done in Poland prior to removal by vaculators. Several of the ship's tanks averaged 4 to 6 percent BCFM, showing clearly that corn can be loaded under conditions which cause only 2 to 3 percent additional BCFM. However, some tanks ranged up to 19 percent BCFM for significant percentages of the tanks, indicating in those areas that the ship was not uniformly loaded according to regulations and that either sample grade corn or screenings were loaded.

Drs. Stice and Hill of the University of Illinois, in preliminary data in a study of grain movement from Toledo, Ohio, to Rotterdam, The Netherlands, found that in the case of the M/V Nanfri, corn from diverter-type samplers in the elevator which was placed directly aboard the ocean carrier Nanfri and probed in Rotterdam showed an average change in BCFM which ranged from 2.5 percent to 4 percent. This data showed a sharp increase in BCFM, however, when later probed after off-loading in Rotterdam, but it should be clearly understood at this point we did not sample off-loaded grain from Poland; rather, we sampled grain at rest in the tanks of the Rysy. By Mr. Cook's own testimony, he indicated that he thought 11 percent or thereabouts, after a second handling and again our data was gathered before the second handling, would be about what he could expect. The results found were up to 20 percent BCFM and, in addition, sour, heating, and musty grain was found at many layers in several tanks.

Mr. Cook's earlier testimony before the committee indicated that it was his belief that the tanks containing bad grain, if any, were directly loaded with grain from upriver that never was in the Cook elevators. However, the facts indicate that tank Nos. 3 and 4 were entirely loaded at the Cook elevator. BCFM in tank No. 4 ranged from an expected level of 4.9 percent up to as high as 25 percent. with an average for the entire tank of 10 percent BCFM.

1 See p. 49.